RESUMO
A total of 77 traditionally smoked meat samples produced in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were tested for the occurrence of four EU regulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Levels of PAHs exceeding the EU maximum levels for benzo[a]pyrene and for the sum of four PAHs (PAH4) were detected in 46% and 48% of the samples originating from Latvia. The detected BaP levels in smoked meats ranged from 0.05 to 166 µg kg-1, while the PAH4 content ranged from 0.42 to 628 µg kg-1. The mean dietary exposure to PAHs was estimated at the levels of 5.4 ng BaP/kg bw/day and 36 ng PAH4/kg bw/day. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was utilised to assess the risks to Latvian consumers due to PAHs and the obtained MOEs were in a range of 7205-24,434, thus indicating a potential concern for consumer health for specific population groups.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Produtos da Carne/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Métodos Analíticos de Preparação de Amostras , Países Bálticos , Calibragem , Carcinógenos Ambientais/isolamento & purificação , Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Cromatografia Gasosa , Dieta/etnologia , União Europeia , Inspeção de Alimentos , Preferências Alimentares/etnologia , Conservação de Alimentos , Alimentos em Conserva/efeitos adversos , Alimentos em Conserva/economia , Alimentos em Conserva/normas , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Produtos da Carne/efeitos adversos , Produtos da Carne/economia , Produtos da Carne/normas , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/isolamento & purificação , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Fumaça , Propriedades de Superfície , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
This work reports data on the occurrence of nine mycotoxins and two food processing contaminants - acrylamide and furan - in a total of 100 beers produced in Latvia. Mycotoxins were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, acrylamide by HPLC coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and furan by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most frequently occurring mycotoxins were HT-2 and deoxynivalenol (DON), which were detected in 52% and 51% of the analysed samples. The highest content was observed for DON, reaching the maximum of 248 µg kg-1. Furan was ubiquitous, and 74% of the samples contained acrylamide. In terms of the estimated exposure, the biggest potential risk was identified for HT-2 representing more than 11% of tolerable weekly intake. The margin of exposure approach indicated the exposure to furan through beer as significant, this parameter being close to the critical limit.
Assuntos
Acrilamida/análise , Cerveja/análise , Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos , Furanos/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Acrilamida/toxicidade , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Métodos Analíticos de Preparação de Amostras , Cerveja/efeitos adversos , Cerveja/economia , Calibragem , Carcinógenos Ambientais/química , Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Manipulação de Alimentos , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Furanos/química , Furanos/toxicidade , Humanos , Letônia , Limite de Detecção , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Medição de Risco , Toxina T-2/análogos & derivados , Toxina T-2/análise , Toxina T-2/toxicidade , Tricotecenos/análise , Tricotecenos/toxicidade , VolatilizaçãoRESUMO
Due to the high consumption level, cereals represent one of the major sources of human exposure to PAHs. Taking into account the low maximum permitted level (ML) established in the European Union (EU) for the sum of four priority PAHs (PAH4) in processed cereal-based foods, sensitive and selective analysis for very low concentrations of these carcinogenic compounds was developed and compared by applying two different analytical techniques. Elaborated methods demonstrated appropriate performance in PAHs analysis even at low contamination levels. Limits of detection (LOD) for the PAH4 varied between 0.002µgkg-1 and 0.006µgkg-1, recoveries were in the range of 92-103% for GC-MS/MS and 108-117% for GC-HRMS. Elaborated methods were applied for the analysis of 35 Latvian cereals and bread samples. The concentrations of PAH4 were in a range of 0.22-1.62µgkg-1 with 14% of samples exceeding the current EU maximum permitted levels.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Grão Comestível/química , Humanos , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
Selective methodology employing a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to a gas chromatograph with headspace autosampler (HS-GC-MS/MS) was elaborated in this study. Application of the elaborated procedure resulted in a limit of detection of 0.021µgkg(-1) and a limit of quantification of 0.071µgkg(-1). The mean recoveries during in-house validation ranged from 89% to 109%, and coefficients of variation for repeatability ranged from 4% to 11%. The proposed analytical method was applied for monitoring the furan content of 30 commercial baby food samples available on the Latvian retail market. The level of furan found in these samples varied from 0.45 to 81.9µgkg(-1), indicating that infants whose sole diet comprises baby food sold in jars and cans are exposed constantly to furan. Samples containing vegetables and meat had higher levels of furan than those containing only fruits.
Assuntos
Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Furanos/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Ozone is widely used in food processing, for example, to decompose mycotoxins or pesticide residues, to extend the shelf life of products, and for sanitation. The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of expanding the application of ozone for oxidative degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The evaluation was conducted by ozonation of a benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) standard solution and smoked fish (sprats) contaminated with PAHs. The effect of ozonation was immediate in the BaP solution; 89% of this toxic compound was decomposed after only 1 min of treatment. However, the impact of ozonation on the smoked sprats was less pronounced, even after prolonged treatment. The final reduction in benzo[b]fluoranthene and BaP concentrations in smoked sprats contaminated with PAHs was 34 and 46%, respectively, after 60 min of ozonation, but no significant decrease of benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene concentrations was observed. To evaluate the safety of ozonation, the toxicity of the ozone-treated BaP standard solution was investigated. In vitro toxicity was evaluated using human hepatocellular carcinoma and mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines as models. The cytotoxicity of the BaP standard solution significantly increased after ozonation, indicating a pronounced negative effect in terms of food safety.