RESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by dopaminergic neuronal death in the midbrain. Recently, the association between alterations in PD pathology and the gut microbiota has been explored. Microbiota-targeted interventions have been suggested as a novel therapeutic approach for PD. Agathobaculum butyriciproducens SR79T (SR79) is an anaerobic bacterium. Previously, we showed that SR79 treatment induced cognitive improvement and reduced Alzheimer's disease pathologies in a mouse model. In this study, we hypothesized that SR79 treatment may have beneficial effects on PD pathology. To investigate the therapeutic effects of SR79 on PD, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced mouse models were used. D-Amphetamine sulfate (d-AMPH)-induced behavioral rotations and dopaminergic cell death were analyzed in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Treatment with SR79 significantly decreased ipsilateral rotations induced by d-AMPH. Moreover, SR79 treatment markedly activated the AKT/GSK3ß signaling pathway in the striatum. In addition, SR79 treatment affected the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and its downstream target genes in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Our findings suggest a protective role of SR79 in 6-OHDA-induced toxicity by regulating the AKT/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and astrocyte activation. Thus, SR79 may be a potential microbe-based intervention and therapeutic strategy for PD.
Assuntos
Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Doença de Parkinson , Animais , Composição de Bases , Clostridiales , Dextroanfetamina/metabolismo , Dextroanfetamina/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Camundongos , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Oxidopamina/metabolismo , Oxidopamina/farmacologia , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Filogenia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico 16S/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Humulus japonicus (HJ) is a traditional herbal medicine that exhibits antiinflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumor effects that is used for the treatment of hypertension, pulmonary disease and leprosy. Recently, it has also been reported that HJ demonstrates neuroprotective properties in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. The current study hypothesised that the administration of HJ would exhibit therapeutic effects in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder with lifelong consequences. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse model of ASD was used to investigate the antiautistic like behavioural effects of HJ. Chronic oral administration of the ethanolic extract of HJ significantly increased social interaction, attenuated repetitive grooming behaviour and improved novelobject recognition in BTBR mice. Antiinflammatory effects of HJ in the brain were analysed using immunohistochemistry and reversetranscription quantitative PCR analysis. Microglia activation was markedly decreased in the striatum and hippocampus, and proinflammatory cytokines, including CC Motif Chemokine Ligand 2, interleukin (IL)1ß and IL6, were significantly reduced in the hippocampus following HJ treatment. Moreover, HJ treatment normalised the phosphorylation levels of: NmethylDaspartate receptor subtype 2B and calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase type II subunit α in the hippocampus of BTBR mice. The results of the present study demonstrated that the administration of HJ may have beneficial potential for ameliorating behavioural deficits and neuroinflammation in ASD.
Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/tratamento farmacológico , Humulus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipocampo/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopment disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and restrictive, repetitive, and stereotypical patterns of behavior. However, there is no pharmacological drug that is currently used to target these core ASD symptoms. Sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB) is a well-known long-term treatment of urea cycle disorders in children. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of NaPB, which is a chemical chaperone as well as histone deacetylase inhibitor on a BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice model of ASD. We found that acute and chronic treatment of NaPB remarkably improved, not only core ASD symptoms, including repetitive behaviors and sociability deficit, but also cognitive impairment in the BTBR mice. NaPB substantially induced histone acetylation in the brain of the BTBR mice. Intriguingly, the therapeutic effects of NaPB on autistic-like behaviors, such as repetitive behaviors, impaired sociability, and cognitive deficit also showed in the valproic acid (VPA)-induced mouse model of autism. In addition, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure was significantly attenuated by NaPB treatment in C57BL/6J and BTBR mice. These findings suggest that NaPB may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with ASD.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Asseio Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenilbutiratos/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Social , Comportamento Estereotipado/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/psicologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Asseio Animal/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Fenilbutiratos/farmacologia , Comportamento Estereotipado/fisiologia , Ácido Valproico/toxicidadeRESUMO
Piperlongumine (PL), a biologically active compound from the Piper species, has been shown to exert various pharmacological effects in a number of conditions, including tumours, diabetes, pain, psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of PL on hippocampal function and cognition decline in aged mice. PL (50 mg/kg/day) was intragastrically administrated to 23monthold female C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks. Novel object recognition and nest building behaviour tests were used to assess cognitive and social functions. Additionally, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed to examine the effects of PL on the hippocampus. We found that the oral administration of PL significantly improved novel object recognition and nest building behaviour in aged mice. Although neither the percentage area occupied by astrocytes and microglia nor the level of 4hydroxynonenal protein, a specific marker of lipid peroxidation, were altered by PL treatment, the phosphorylation levels of NmethylDaspartate receptor subtype 2B (NR2B), calmodulindependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) and extracellular signalregulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were markedly increased in the hippocampus of aged mice following the administration of PL. We also found that PL treatment resulted in a CA3specific increase in the phosphorylation level of cyclic AMP response element binding protein, which is recognized as a potent marker of neuronal plasticity, learning and memory. Moreover, the number of doublecortinpositive cells, a specific marker of neurogenesis, was significantly increased following PL treatment in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. On the whole, these data demonstrate that PL treatment may be a potential novel approach in the treatment of agerelated cognitive impairment and hippocampal changes.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Região CA3 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Dioxolanos/farmacologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/patologia , Animais , Astrócitos/patologia , Região CA3 Hipocampal/patologia , Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/patologia , Feminino , Camundongos , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Histone acetylation is a key regulatory factor for gene expression in cells. Modulation of histone acetylation by targeting of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) effectively alters many gene expression profiles and synaptic plasticity in the brain. However, the role of HATs on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia of Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been reported. Our aim was to determine whether HAT inhibitors such as anacardic acid, garcinol, and curcumin from natural plants reduce severity of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia using a unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse model. Anacardic acid 2 mg/kg, garcinol 5 mg/kg, or curcumin 100 mg/kg co-treatment with L-DOPA significantly reduced the axial, limb, and orofacial (ALO) score indicating less dyskinesia with administration of HAT inhibitors in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Additionally, L-DOPA's efficacy was not altered by the compounds in the early stage of treatment. The expression levels of c-Fos, Fra-2, and Arc were effectively decreased by administration of HAT inhibitors in the ipsilateral striatum. Our findings indicate that HAT inhibitor co-treatment with L-DOPA may have therapeutic potential for management of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in patients with PD.
Assuntos
Ácidos Anacárdicos/uso terapêutico , Antiparkinsonianos/toxicidade , Curcumina/uso terapêutico , Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Histona Acetiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Levodopa/toxicidade , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/tratamento farmacológico , Terpenos/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Anacárdicos/farmacologia , Animais , Curcumina/farmacologia , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/biossíntese , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/etiologia , Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/genética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Antígeno 2 Relacionado a Fos/biossíntese , Antígeno 2 Relacionado a Fos/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Código das Histonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/biossíntese , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Oxidopamina/toxicidade , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/biossíntese , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Substância Negra/efeitos dos fármacos , Substância Negra/patologia , Terpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. (HJ) has traditionally been administered to patients with pulmonary disease, skin disease and hypertension in Korea, and it is considered to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial effects. However, its effects against Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yet to be explored. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate whether HJ has a beneficial effect on the progression of AD in an animal model. A methanolic extract of HJ (500 mg/kg/day) was intragastrically administered to 5-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg-APP/PS1) mice for 2.5 months. Novel object recognition and Y-maze alteration tests were used to assess cognitive function, and an immunohistochemical assay was performed to assess amyloid ß (Aß)deposition, tau phosphorylation and gliosis. An in vitro assay using a microglial cell line was also performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of HJ. Our results revealed that HJ significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by lipopolysaccharide in the microglial cell line. The administration of HJ for 2 months improved the cognitive function of Tg-APP/PS1 mice. HJ notably reduced the area occupied by Aß and neurofibrillary tangles, and the number of activated astrocytes and microglia in the cortex of Tg-APP/PS1 mice. The findings of our study suggest that HJ has the therapeutic potential to inhibit the progression of AD and to improve cognitive deterioration in Tg-APP/PS1 mice.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Progressão da Doença , Humulus/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Presenilina-1/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Linhagem Celular , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Inflamação/patologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Insulisina , Lipopolissacarídeos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
The dopamine precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (L-DOPA) is currently the most efficacious pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term L-DOPA treatment leads to the development of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in patients and animal models of PD. Recently, involvement of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45ß (Gadd45ß) was reported in neurological and neurobehavioral dysfunctions. However, little is known about the role of Gadd45ß in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway or L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). To address this issue, we prepared an animal model of PD using unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions in the substantia nigra of Gadd45ß(+/+) and Gadd45ß(-/-) mice. Dyskinetic symptoms were triggered by repetitive administration of L-DOPA in these 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Whereas dopamine denervation in the dorsal striatum decreased Gadd45ß mRNA, chronic L-DOPA treatment significantly increased Gadd45ß mRNA expression in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum of wild-type mice. Using unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned Gadd45ß(+/+) and Gadd45ß(-/-) mice, we found that mice lacking Gadd45ß exhibited long-lasting increases in AIMs following repeated administration of L-DOPA. By contrast, adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of Gadd45ß in the striatum reduced AIMs in Gadd45ß knockout mice. The deficiency of Gadd45ß in LID increased expression of ΔFosB and c-Fos in the lesioned striatum 90 min after the last administration of L-DOPA following 11days of daily L-DOPA treatments. These data suggest that the increased expression of Gadd45ß induced by repeated administration of L-DOPA may be beneficial in patients with PD.