Evaluación in vitro de la actividad antifúngica de extractos fluidos de Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabú) frente a Candida albicans

Introducción: La Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabú) es una planta que crece en Cuba, de la que se estudian propiedades medicinales. La resistencia de levaduras del género Candida a los antifúngicos sintéticos disponibles en la actualidad es cada vez mayor, por lo que se buscan nuevos compuestos de origen vegetal que puedan ser eficaces en el tratamiento de infecciones causadas por este germen. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de Dichrostachys cinerea L. contra una cepa de Candida albicans. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal in vitro para evaluar la actividad antifúngica de extractos fluidos de hojas y de tallos de D. cinerea L mediante el método de macrodilución en caldo y como sustancia de referencia el alcohol. Resultados: A través del proceso se mostró la actividad antifúngica del extracto fluido de tallos de D. cinerea L. al 50 % hasta la dilución 1/32, determinada como la concentración mínima inhibitoria; el extracto fluido de hojas al 30 % no logró inhibir el crecimiento de la cepa de Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Conclusiones: La actividad antifúngica del extracto fluido al 50 % de las hojas de Dichrostachys cinerea L. fue efectiva, no así el preparado farmacéutico al 30 %. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria del extracto fluido de hojas al 50 % y se demostró que ésta superó a la del alcohol al 50 % en tres diluciones contra la Candida albicans.

Introduction: Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabou) is a plant that grows in Cuba, medicinal properties of this plant are being studied. The resistance of yeasts of the Candida genus to current available synthetic antifungals is increasingly greater. This is why, new compounds of plant origin are being searched for the effective treatment of infections caused by this germ. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of Dichrostachys cinerea L against a strain of Candida albicans. Methods: An in vitro a cross-sectional analytic observational study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of fluid extracts of D. cinerea L leaves and stems using the broth macro-dilution method and alcohol as the reference substance. Results: Through the process was shown the antifungal activity of the fluid extract of Dichrostachys cinerea L. stems at 50% up to the 1/32 dilution; it was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration. The leaves fluid extract at 30% failed to inhibit the growth of the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain. Conclusions: The antifungal activity of the fluid extract at 50% of the leaves was effective, but not the pharmaceutical preparation at 30%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the fluid extract of leaves at 50% was determined and it was shown that it exceeded that of alcohol at 50% in three dilutions against Candida albicans.

A rare case of colonic malakoplakia at the bottom of an adenoma mimicking an invasive carcinoma.

We present the case of a 47-year-old man with a history of refractory multiple myeloma who was referred to our hospital for the presence of a colonic lesion suspected of having signs of deep submucosal invasion. After a surgical resection, the histological study revealed that it was a case of malakoplakia that had developed at the base of a tubular adenoma.

The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Mexican Firecracker (Hamelia patens Jacq.): Evaluation of Bioactivities and Identification of Phytochemicals by HPLC-ESI-MS.

The objective of the present work was to optimize the extraction of phytochemicals from Hamelia patens Jacq. by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to evaluate the factors solid/liquid ratio (1:8, 1:12, and 1:16), extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min), and ethanol concentration (0, 35, and 70%). Total polyphenols were the response variable. Chromatographic fractionation using Amberlite XAD-16 was carried out and the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified. The redox potential, the reduction of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the lipid oxidation inhibition were determined. Anti-bacterial activity was evaluated. The phytochemicals were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Optimal extraction conditions were a solid/liquid ratio of 1:16, ethanol of 35%, and 10 min of ultrasound-assisted extraction. Maximum polyphenol content in the crude extract was 1689.976 ± 86.430 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of dried plant material. The purified fraction showed a total polyphenols content of 3552.84 ± 7.25 mg of GAE, flavonoids 1316.17 ± 0.27 mg of catechin equivalents, and condensed tannins 1694.87 ± 22.21 mg of procyanidin B1 equivalents, all per 100 g of purified fraction. Its redox potential was 553.93 ± 1.22 mV, reducing 63.08 ± 0.42% of DPPH radical and inhibiting 77.78 ± 2.78% of lipid oxidation. The polyphenols demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterococcus faecalis. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis revealed the presence of coumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids.

Análisis crítico del programa curso propio Terapéutica Razonada para la carrera de Medicina en Cuba / Critical analysis of the Reasoned Therapeutic course program for the Medicine career in Cuba

RESUMEN Fundamento: el análisis de los programas de estudio para identificar potencialidades e insuficiencias, formular propuestas para su gestión o rediseño curricular, constituye una necesidad en las universidades médicas cubanas. Objetivo: analizar el programa analítico del curso de contenido propio Terapéutica Razonada para la carrera de Medicina en Cuba. Métodos: estudio cualitativo realizado en el tercer trimestre del año 2021. Se realizaron búsquedas en internet mediante buscadores especializados y los descriptores en ciencias de salud. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos como el analítico sintético y el inductivo deductivo y como método empírico, el análisis documental, los cuales permitieron establecer los criterios para el análisis y realizar el análisis del programa propiamente dicho. Resultados: se identifican las fortalezas y debilidades en torno a la justificación, pertinencia social, aspectos generales que lo caracterizan, nexos con el currículo formal, secuencia lógica en el currículo, organización de los temas, equilibrio entre las horas teóricas, prácticas y de trabajo independiente, análisis de los componentes no personales, orientaciones metodológicas, así como el análisis de la bibliografía. Las insuficiencias de mayor relevancia se orientan hacia la necesidad de reformular los objetivos, declarar métodos de enseñanza, incluir horas para la educación en el trabajo, explicitar las orientaciones metodológicas y actualizar la bibliografía. Conclusiones: el programa responde al encargo social de las universidades cubanas y su diseño se ajusta a las exigencias curriculares contemporáneas, pero se identifican aspectos que requieren atención en aras de su perfeccionamiento.

ABSTRACT Background: the analysis of the study programs to identify potentialities and insufficiencies, formulate proposals for their management or curricular redesign, constitutes a necessity in Cuban medical universities. Objective: to analyze the analytical program of the Reasoned Therapeutics course with its own content for the Medicine career in Cuba. Methods: qualitative study carried out in the third quarter of 2021. Internet searches were carried out using specialized search engines and descriptors in health sciences. Theoretical methods were used, such as synthetic analytical and inductive-deductive, and documentary analysis as an empirical method, which allowed establishing the criteria for the analysis and carrying out the analysis of the program itself. Results: the strengths and weaknesses around the justification, social relevance, general aspects that characterize it, links with the formal curriculum, logical sequence in the curriculum, organization of topics, balance between theoretical, practical and independent work hours, analysis of the non-personal components, methodological orientations, as well as the analysis of the bibliography are identified. The most relevant insufficiencies are oriented towards the need to reformulate the objectives, declare teaching methods, include hours for education at work, explain the methodological orientations and update the bibliography. Conclusions: the program responds to the social assignment of Cuban universities and its design is adjusted to contemporary curricular demands, but aspects that require attention for the sake of its improvement are identified.

Risk Factors Associated With Inadequate Brain Relaxation in Craniotomy for Surgery of Supratentorial Tumors.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral swelling often occurs during craniotomy for cerebral tumors. Poor brain relaxation can increase the risk of cerebral ischemia, possibly worsening the outcome. The surgical team should identify any risk factors that could cause perioperative brain swelling and decide which therapies are indicated for improving it. The present investigation aimed to elucidate the risk factors associated with brain swelling during elective craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors. METHODS: This prospective, nonrandomized, observational study included 52 patients scheduled for elective supratentorial tumor surgery. The degree of brain relaxation was classified upon the opening of the dura according to a four-point scale (brain relaxation score: 1, perfectly relaxed; 2, satisfactorily relaxed; 3, firm brain; and 4, bulging brain). Moreover, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, arterial blood gas, and plasma osmolality were recorded after the removal of the bone flap. RESULTS: This study showed that the use of preoperative dexamethasone was associated with a brain relaxation score of ≤2 (p = 0.005). The median midline shift of 6 (3-0) mm and median hemoglobin level of >13 g/dL were associated with a brain relaxation score of ≥3 (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). The dosage of mannitol (0.25 g/kg versus 0.5 g/kg), physical status, intraoperative position, tumor diameter and volume, peritumoral edema and mass effect, World Health Organization (WHO) grading, mean arterial pressure, PaCO2, osmolality, and core temperature were not identified as risk factors associated with poor relaxation. CONCLUSION: The use of preoperative dexamethasone was associated with improved brain relaxation, whereas the presence of a preoperative midline shift and a higher level of hemoglobin were associated with poor brain relaxation.

Mikros, aplicación androide para Microbiología y Parasitología en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey / Mikros, an Android Application for the Microbiology and Parasitology Subject in the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey

Introducción: El aprendizaje móvil (m-learning) es la inclusión de dispositivos móviles en las actividades de aprendizaje. En la enseñanza de Microbiología y Parasitología médica estos ofrecen un alto poder de ilustración y contribuyen al aprendizaje de la asignatura de los estudiantes de la carrera de medicina; además, sirven de apoyo a otros perfiles como Tecnología de la Salud. Objetivo: Exponer la actualización del curso de Microbiología y Parasitología en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey mediante una aplicación androide. Métodos: Se realizó una aplicación optimizada para androide 4.4 o superior con el lenguaje de programación Java. Esta investigación se desarrolló en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Carlos J. Finlay y se aplicó a estudiantes de la carrera de medicina en los cursos 2018-2019 y 2019-2020. El universo del estudio fueron 1446 estudiantes de los cursos de 2016-2020. Se realizó una encuesta validada por expertos a una muestra probabilística de 88 estudiantes de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, en el período comprendido entre noviembre y diciembre de 2020. Se calculó el coeficiente concordancia general W de Kendall en cuanto a las respuestas a las preguntas. Resultados: Mikros fue una herramienta de apoyo a la docencia, fruto de un proyecto de colaboración entre el Centro de Inmunología y Productos Biológicos de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas y la Facultad de Ingeniería Informática de la Universidad Ignacio Agramonte, de Camagüey, que permitió introducir al profesor en una modalidad de enseñanza muy a tono con estos tiempos. Conclusiones: La aplicación Mikros incluyó conceptos básicos y un alto nivel de actualización. También contribuyó a elevar el índice académico y a una mayor satisfacción del alumno en el aprendizaje, y resultó una herramienta de consulta práctica para estudiantes de años posteriores de la carrera en rotación por el área clínica y útil para el aprendizaje a distancia en tiempos de COVID-19(AU)

Introduction: Mobile learning (m-learning) consists in the inclusion of mobile devices into learning activities. In the teaching of medical parasitology and microbiology, such devices offer a high power of illustration and contribute to medical students' learning of the subject; in addition, they serve as support to other profiles such as health technology. Objective: To present the update, by means of an android application, of the Microbiology and Parasitology course at the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. Methods: An optimized application for android 4.4 or higher was created with the Java programming language. This research was carried out at Carlos J. Finlay University of Medical Sciences and applied to medical students in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 academic years. The study universe was made up of 1446 students from the academic years from 2016 to 2020. A survey validated by experts was carried out, in the period between November and December 2020, with a probabilistic sample of 88 students from the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. Kendall's coefficient of general concordance (W) was calculated for the answers to the questions. Results: Mikros was a teaching support tool, the result of a collaborative project between the Center of Immunology and Biological Products at the University of Medical Sciences and the School of Computer Engineering at Ignacio Agramonte University, in Camagüey, which allowed to present the professor in a teaching modality much in tune with the current times. Conclusions: The Mikros application included basic concepts and a high update level. It also contributed to raising the student's academic index and satisfaction with learning. It turned out to be a practical consultation tool for students of higher academic years of the major who are rotating through the clinical area, as well as a useful tool for distance learning in COVID-19 times(AU)

Actividad antimicrobiana de la peroxiadenosina en cultivos in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina / Antimicrobial activity of peroxyadenosine in vitro culture of resistant methicillin Staphylococcus aureus

RESUMEN Fundamento : las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria y de la comunidad causadas por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina, constituyen un problema de salud en el mundo. Esta situación se asocia al uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos y a la mutagénesis bacteriana, por tanto, el desarrollo de nuevos productos con actividad antimicrobiana constituye una prioridad para Cuba. Objetivo : evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de la peroxiadenosina en cultivo in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina. Métodos : se realizó un estudio experimental de laboratorio en un modelo biológico (cultivo microbiano) en el Hospital Universitario Amalia Simoni de la provincia Camagüey, desde enero de 2016 hasta julio de 2020. La muestra se conformó con 60 cultivos biológicos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina, mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple, distribuidos en dos grupos, cada uno con 30 cultivos. Un grupo correspondió a una cepa salvaje de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina, obtenida de la colección de cultivos del hospital y el otro a la cepa de referencia (ATCC 25923) de la American Type Culture Collection. Se estudiaron las variables: formación y concentración de la peroxiadenosina, preservación de la estructura aromática de la adenosina y el patrón de susceptibilidad a la meticilina. Resultados : la peroxiadenosina se formó a partir de la interacción del peróxido de hidrógeno con la adenosina. Los cultivos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina se mostraron sensibles a las concentraciones de peroxiadenosina sin diluir y 1:2, demostrado por la presencia de halos de inhibición en el cultivo. Conclusiones : la inhibición del crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina por la peroxiadenosina sugiere su evaluación como un nuevo producto antibacteriano eficaz contra este microorganismo.

ABSTRACT Background: infections associated with healthcare and the community caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes a health problem in the world. This situation is associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and bacterial mutagenesis, therefore, the development of new products with antimicrobial activity is a priority for Cuba. Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of peroxyadenosine in vitro culture of MRSA. Methods: an experimental laboratory study was carried out in a biological model (microbial culture) at the Amalia Simoni Hospital in Camagüey province, from January 2016 to July 2020. The sample consisted of 60 biological cultures through simple random sampling, distributed in two groups with 30 crops of each investigated layer. One group corresponded to a wild MRSA strain, obtained from the hospital culture collection and the other to the reference strain (ATCC 25923) from the American Type Culture Collection. The studied variables were: formation and concentration of peroxyadenosine, preservation of the aromatic structure of adenosine and the pattern of susceptibility to methicillin. Results: peroxyadenosine was formed from the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with adenosine. The MRSA cultures were sensitive to 1: 2 undiluted peroxyadenosine concentrations, demonstrated by the presence of inhibition halos in the culture. Conclusions: the inhibition of MRSA growth by peroxyadenosine suggests its evaluation as a new antibacterial product effective against this microorganism.

National survey on the treatment of acute appendicitis in Spain during the initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on Spanish hospitals, which have had to allocate all available resources to treat these patients, reducing the ability to attend other common pathologies. The aim of this study is to analyze how the treatment of acute appendicitis has been affected. METHOD: A national descriptive study was carried out by an online voluntary specific questionnaire with Google Drive™ distributed by email by the Spanish Association of Surgeons (AEC) to all affiliated surgeons currently working in Spain (5203), opened from April 14th to April 24th. RESULTS: We received 337 responses from 170 centers. During the first month of the pandemic, the incidence of acute appendicitis decreased. Although conservative management increased, the surgical option has been the most used in both simple and complicated appendicitis. Despite the fact that the laparoscopic approach continues to be the most widely used in our services, the open approach has increased during this pandemic period. CONCLUSION: Highlight the contribution of this study in terms of knowledge of the status of the treatment of acute appendicitis during this first month of the pandemic, being able to serve for a better possible organization in future waves of the pandemic and a reorganization of current protocols and management of acute appendicitis in a pandemic situation.

Mastitis quística granulomatosa neutrofílica asociada a corinebacterias: Reporte de caso

La mastitis granulomatosa neutrofílica quística (MGNQ) es una entidad recientemente caracterizada, con detalles histopatológicos específicos que la diferencian de otros tipos de mastitis crónicas idiopáticas. La presencia de bacilos grampositivos dentro de espacios de apariencia quística rodeados de neutrófilos, en un contexto de inflamación granulomatosa supurativa, definen esta entidad. La importancia de su reconocimiento en el reporte diagnóstico recae en su asociación a la infección por especies de corinebacterias, de esa manera se puede direccionar el tratamiento con antibióticos, más allá del tratamiento antiinflamatorio que suele administrarse en mastitis idiopáticas. Se describe el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, de 35 años de edad, sin antecedentes relacionados, con dolor mamario intermitente, asociado a la presencia de múltiples nodulaciones palpables, duras, en ambas mamas, con resultados de múltiples biopsias particulares previas que describieron mastitis crónica granulomatosa con reacción de tipo tuberculoso, por lo cual recibió tratamiento antituberculoso. Pese a ello, las tumoraciones cedieron sólo parcialmente. Se revisó las láminas histológicas en la institución y se estableció el diagnóstico de MGNQ. Se consideró importante la presentación de este caso debido a su escaso reconocimiento entre patólogos, pese a presentar características ya definidas en estudios previos.

Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) is a recently characterized entity, with specific histopathological details that differentiate it from other types of chronic idiopathic mastitis. The presence of gram-positive bacilli within cystic-like spaces surrounded by neutrophils, in a context of suppurative granulomatous inflammation, define this entity. The importance of its recognition in the diagnostic report lies in its association with infection by corynebacterial species, so that treatment with antibiotics can be targeted, beyond the anti-inflammatory treatment that is usually administered to idiopathic mastitis. We describe the case of a 35-year-old female patient with no related history, with intermittent breast pain, associated with the presence of multiple hard, palpable nodules in both breasts, with results from multiple previous private biopsies that described chronic granulomatous mastitis with a tubercular reaction, for which she received treatment for tuberculosis. Despite this, the clinical response was partial. Histological slides were reviewed at the institution and the diagnosis of CNGM was then established. The presentation of this case was considered important due to its low recognition among pathologists, despite presenting characteristics already defined by previous studies.

Mastitis Quística Granulomatosa Neutrofílica, Reporte De Caso / Granulomatous Neutrophilic Cystic Mastitis, Case Report

La mastitis granulomatosa neutrofílica quística (MGNQ) es una entidad recientemente caracterizada, con detalles histopatológicos específicos que la diferencian de otros tipos de mastitis crónicas idiopáticas. La presencia de bacilos grampositivos dentro de espacios de apariencia quística rodeados de neutrófilos, en un contexto de inflamación granulomatosa supurativa, definen esta entidad. La importancia de su reconocimiento en el reporte diagnóstico recae en su asociación a la infección por especies de corinebacterias, de esa manera se puede direccionar el tratamiento con antibióticos, más allá del tratamiento antiinflamatorio que suele administrarse en mastitis idiopáticas. Se describe el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, de 35 años de edad, sin antecedentes relacionados, con dolor mamario intermitente, asociado a la presencia de múltiples nodulaciones palpables, duras, en ambas mamas, con resultados de múltiples biopsias particulares previas que describieron mastitis crónica granulomatosa con reacción de tipo tuberculoso, por lo cual recibió tratamiento antituberculoso. Pese a ello, las tumoraciones cedieron sólo parcialmente. Se revisó las láminas histológicas en la institución y se estableció el diagnóstico de MGNQ. Se consideró importante la presentación de este caso debido a su escaso reconocimiento entre patólogos, pese a presentar características ya definidas en estudios previos.

Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) is a recently characterized entity, with specific histopathological details that differentiate it from other types of chronic idiopathic mastitis. The presence of gram-positive bacilli within cystic-like spaces surrounded by neutrophils, in a context of suppurative granulomatous inflammation, define this entity. The importance of its recognition in the diagnostic report lies in its association with infection by corynebacterial species, so that treatment with antibiotics can be targeted, beyond the anti-inflammatory treatment that is usually administered to idiopathic mastitis. We describe the case of a 35-year-old female patient with no related history, with intermittent breast pain, associated with the presence of multiple hard, palpable nodules in both breasts, with results from multiple previous private biopsies that described chronic granulomatous mastitis with a tubercular reaction, for which she received treatment for tuberculosis. Despite this, the clinical response was partial. Histological slides were reviewed at the institution and the diagnosis of CNGM was then established. The presentation of this case was considered important due to its low recognition among pathologists, despite presenting characteristics already defined by previous studies.

Contribuciones de la Universidad de las Ciencias de la Salud en Venezuela a la Educación Médica / Venezuela Health Sciences University contributions to Medical Education

RESUMEN La Universidad de las Ciencias de la Salud de Venezuela se establece de forma legal, como centro formador, años después de la gestión del Programa Nacional de Formación en Medicina Integral Comunitaria y el Programa Nacional de Formación Avanzada en Medicina General Integral. Las bases legales, teóricas y metodológicas de esta se sustentan en el proyecto Alma Mater y, de manera particular, en las experiencias normativas, metodológicas, didácticas e instrumentales de estos dos programas. Como universidad médica inmersa en la generación de modelos de formación que garanticen egresados transformadores de los problemas sociales, ha contribuido -a consideración de los autores de este artículo- con la Educación Médica en lo siguiente: enseñanza en el servicio asistencial y educación en el colectivo laboral, desarrollo de nuevas formas de organización de la enseñanza, trabajo metodológico desde una visión integradora de los niveles organizativos del proceso docente educativo y concepción del Servicio Comunitario Estudiantil como actividad de investigación, integración de saberes y transformación comunitaria permanente. La Universidad de las Ciencias de la Salud ha enriquecido las concepciones formativas que regulan el proceso docente educativo en las universidades encargadas de egresar profesionales para los Sistemas Públicos de Salud.

ABSTRACT The University of Health Sciences of Venezuela is legally established, as a training center, years after the management of the National Training Program in Integral Community Medicine and the National Advanced Training Program in Integral General Medicine. Its legal, theoretical and methodological bases are based on the conceptions of the Alma Mater project and, in particular, on the normative, methodological, didactic and instrumental experiences of these programs. As a medical university, immersed in the generation of training models that guarantee transformative graduates of social problems, it has contributed - to the authors of this article - with the Medical Education in the following contributions: education of students in and by the work team, teaching of the profession from the assistance service, development of new forms of organization of teaching, methodological work from an integrative vision of the organizational levels of the educational teaching process and the conception of the Student Community Service as a research activity, integration of knowledge and permanent community transformation. This University has enriched the training conceptions that regulate the teaching learning process in the university that train professionals for Public Health Systems.

Antifungal Activity against Fusarium culmorum of Stevioside, Silybum marianum Seed Extracts, and Their Conjugate Complexes.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease that poses a major challenge in cereal production that has important food and feed safety implications due to trichothecene contamination. In this study, the effect of stevioside-a glycoside found in the leaves of candyleaf (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)-was evaluated in vitro against Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc., alone and in combination (in a 1:1 molar ratio) with polyphenols obtained from milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn). Different concentrations, ranging from 32 to 512 µg·mL-1, were assayed, finding EC50 and EC90 inhibitory concentrations of 156 and 221 µg·mL-1, respectively, for the treatment based only on stevioside, and EC50 and EC90 values of 123 and 160 µg·mL-1, respectively, for the treatment based on the stevioside-polyphenol conjugate complexes. Colony formation inhibition results were consistent, reaching full inhibition at 256 µg·mL-1. Given that synergistic behavior was observed for this latter formulation (SF = 1.43, according to Wadley's method), it was further assessed for grain protection at storage, mostly directed against mycotoxin contamination caused by the aforementioned phytopathogen, confirming that it could inhibit fungal growth and avoid trichothecene contamination. Moreover, seed tests showed that the treatment did not affect the percentage of germination, and it resulted in a lower incidence of root rot caused by the pathogen in Kamut and winter wheat seedlings. Hence, the application of these stevioside-S. marianum seed extract conjugate complexes may be put forward as a promising and environmentally friendly treatment for the protection of cereal crops and stored grain against FHB.

Material didáctico para la enseñanza aprendizaje del sistema hemolinfopoyético en la carrera Bioanálisis Clínico / Teaching aid for the teaching-learning of the hemolinfopoietic system in the Clinical Bioanalysis degree

RESUMEN Fundamento: la educación superior efectúa transformaciones profundas que se convierten en un factor clave para la puesta en marcha de procesos necesarios en el enfrentamiento a los desafíos del mundo existente. Objetivo: elaborar un material didáctico para la enseñanza aprendizaje del sistema hemolinfopoyético, con énfasis en el extendido de sangre periférica en la carrera de Bioanálisis Clínico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el período septiembre 2017-febrero 2018, en la Facultad Tecnológica "Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja" de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas "Carlos J. Finlay", de Camagüey. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; empíricos: observación a clases, la encuesta en forma de entrevista a docentes y la prueba exploratoria a estudiantes; y matemático-estadísticos para el cálculo de las frecuencias absolutas y el porcentaje. El producto fue valorado por criterios de especialistas. Resultados: se evidenciaron insuficiencias en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje por los profesores para trabajar de manera integrada los procesos cognitivos sobre extendidos de sangre periférica como una vía para analizar las células hematopoyéticas; entre los estudiantes primaron el uso incorrecto de técnicas y procederes en los análisis y en la elaboración de los informes a partir de la observación e interpretación de extendidos de sangre periférica como componente esencial de la Hematología. Conclusiones: se elaboró un material didáctico que fue valorado por criterios de especialistas en las categorías de muy adecuado y adecuado en todos los indicadores propuestos, por lo que se consideró factible de ser aplicado.

ABSTRACT Background: Higher education carries out profound transformations that become a key factor for the implementation of necessary processes in the face of world challenges. Objective: to develop a teaching aid for the teaching - learning of the hemolinfopoietic system, with emphasis on the spread of peripheral blood in the Clinical Bioanalysis degree. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2017-to February 2018, at the "Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja" Technological Faculty of the "Carlos J. Finlay" Camagüey University of Medical Sciences. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; Empirical ones: observation to classes, the survey in the form of teacher interviews and the exploratory test to students; and mathematical-statistics for the calculation of the absolute frequencies and the percentage. The product was valued by criteria of specialists. Results: inadequacies in the teaching-learning process were evidenced by teachers to work in a comprehensive way on the cognitive processes on peripheral blood as a way to analyze hematopoietic cells; Among the students, the incorrect use of techniques and procedures prevailed in the analysis and in the preparation of the reports based on the observation and interpretation of peripheral blood spreads as an essential component of Hematology. Conclusions: a teaching aid was developed that was assessed by criteria of specialists in the categories of very adequate and adequate in all the proposed indicators, so it was considered feasible to be applied.

Impacto del virus Epstein Barr en el cáncer gástrico en el Perú / Impact of the Epstein Barr virus on gastric cancer in Peru

El virus de Epstein Barr (VEB) es responsable del 10% del cáncer gástrico (CG) y se correlaciona con mejor tasa de sobrevida. En Perú, no existen estudios sobre prevalencia y características clínicas de CG VEB positivo. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y las características clínico patológicas del CG VEB positivo. Materiales y métodos: 111 muestras de GC fueron examinadas centralmente por hibridización cromogénica in situ del RNA del VEB (EBER CISH). Resultados: El 8,4% de los casos fueron positivos para VEB. La mayoría de los casos VEB positivos tuvieron más de 60 años, varones y la localización, antro / píloro fue la más frecuente. La mayoría de los casos fueron de tipo intestinal y un patrón tubular con una tendencia a un mejor pronóstico en comparación con los casos de VEB negativo. Conclusión: CG VEB positivo es una entidad con una prevalencia de 8,4% en Perú con características clínicas y morfológicas distintivas.

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is responsible of 10% of Gastric Cancer (GC), correlating with better survival rates. In Peru, there were not studies about prevalence and clinical characteristics of CG EBV positive. Objective: Determine prevalence and clinicopathological characteristics of GC EBV positive. Materials and methods: 111 GC tumour samples were centrally screened by Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) technique for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) transcript. Results: 8.4% of cases were positive for EBV. Most cases EBV positive were more than 60 years old; male, antrum/pylorus had more frequent localizations. Most cases had an intestinal type and tubular patter and a tendency to better prognostic in comparison EBV negative cases. Conclusion: EBV positive GC is an entity with a prevalence of 8.4% in Peru with distinctive clinical and morphological characteristics.

Relevancia de factores socioeconómicos en la convergencia a NIIF: Análisis en Pymes de dos sectores de Villavicencio / Relevance of socioeconomic factors in the convergence to IFRS: Analysis in SMEs in two sectors of Villavicencio / Relevância dos fatores socioeconômicos na convergência para o IFRS: Análise em PME de dois setores de Villavicencio

Resumen El propósito del presente artículo consiste en demostrar el estado en el cual se encuentra la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) en las pequeñas y medianas entidades y su relación con los factores socioeconómicos del orden nacional. La metodología empleada es de carácter cuantitativo de tipo comparativo, con base en informes extraídos del sistema de información y reporte empresarial de la Superintendencia de Sociedades de Colombia y de la aplicación de un cuestionario a 68 contadores encargados de llevar a cabo la implementación en entidades de los sectores agroindustrial y de servicios de la ciudad de Villavicencio. Los resultados se muestran en tres apartados: la caracterización de las entidades, el estado de la implementación y la relevancia de los factores económico y social sobre el proceso. A partir de la aplicación de la prueba no paramétrica chi-cuadrado, fue posible concluir la existencia de variables con un alto grado de significancia en la implementación de estos estándares internacionales, los cuales impactan tanto positiva como negativamente el desarrollo de la convergencia. Clasificación JEL: M41, M48.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the state in which the application of international Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is found in small and medium-sized entities and their relationship to the socioeconomic factors of the National order The methodology used is quantitative in nature, based on reports extracted from the information System and Business Report of the Superintendency of Companies of Colombia and the application of a questionnaire to 68 accountants responsible for To carry out the implementation in companies of the agro-industrial and services sectors of the city of Villavicencio. The results are shown in three sections: the characterization of the entities, the status of the implementation and the relevance of the economic and social factors on the process. From the application of the chi-square non-parametric test, it was possible to conclude the existence of variables with a high degree of significance in the implementation of these international standards, which impact both positively and negatively the Convergence development. JEL Classification: M41, M48.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar o estado em que a aplicação das Normas Internacionais de Relatório Financeiro (IFRS) é encontrada em entidades de pequeno e médio porte e sua relação com fatores socioeconômicos em nível nacional. A metodologia utilizada é de natureza quantitativa comparativa, baseada em relatórios extraídos do sistema de informação e do relatório de atividades da Superintendência de Empresas da Colômbia e da aplicação de um questionário a 68 contadores encarregados de executar a implementação em entidades de os setores agroindustrial e de serviços da cidade de Villavicencio. Os resultados são apresentados em três seções: a caracterização das entidades, o estado da implementação e a relevância dos fatores econômicos e sociais no processo. A partir da aplicação do teste qui-quadrado não paramétrico, foi possível concluir a existência de variáveis com alto grau de significancia na implementação desses padrões internacionais, que impactam tanto no desenvolvimento positivo quanto negativo da convergência. Classificações JEL: M41, M48.

[Impact of the Epstein Barr virus on gastric cancer in Peru]. / Impacto del virus Epstein Barr en el cáncer gástrico en el Perú.

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is responsible of 10% of Gastric Cancer (GC), correlating with better survival rates. In Peru, there were not studies about prevalence and clinical characteristics of CG EBV positive. OBJECTIVE: Determine prevalence and clinicopathological characteristics of GC EBV positive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 111 GC tumour samples were centrally screened by Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) technique for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) transcript. RESULTS: 8.4% of cases were positive for EBV. Most cases EBV positive were more than 60 years old; male, antrum/pylorus had more frequent localizations. Most cases had an intestinal type and tubular patter and a tendency to better prognostic in comparison EBV negative cases. CONCLUSION: EBV positive GC is an entity with a prevalence of 8.4% in Peru with distinctive clinical and morphological characteristics.