RESUMO
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent disease that has become a public health problem. Progression of CKD is associated with serious complications, including the systemic CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Laboratory, bone and vascular abnormalities define this condition, and all have been independently related to cardiovascular disease and high mortality rates. The "old" cross-talk between kidney and bone (classically known as "renal osteodystrophies") has been recently expanded to the cardiovascular system, emphasizing the importance of the bone component of CKD-MBD. Moreover, a recently recognized higher susceptibility of patients with CKD to falls and bone fractures led to important paradigm changes in the new CKD-MBD guidelines. Evaluation of bone mineral density and the diagnosis of "osteoporosis" emerges in nephrology as a new possibility "if results will impact clinical decisions". Obviously, it is still reasonable to perform a bone biopsy if knowledge of the type of renal osteodystrophy will be clinically useful (low versus high turnover-bone disease). However, it is now considered that the inability to perform a bone biopsy may not justify withholding antiresorptive therapies to patients with high risk of fracture. This view adds to the effects of parathyroid hormone in CKD patients and the classical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The availability of new antiosteoporotic treatments bring the opportunity to come back to the basics, and the knowledge of new pathophysiological pathways [OPG/RANKL (LGR4); Wnt-ß-catenin pathway], also affected in CKD, offers great opportunities to further unravel the complex physiopathology of CKD-MBD and to improve outcomes.
RESUMO
Osteoporosis (OP) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) both independently affect bone health. A significant number of patients with CKD have decreased bone mineral density (BMD), are at high risk of fragility fractures and have an increased morbidity and mortality risk. With an ageing population, these observations are not only dependent on "renal osteodystrophy" but also on the associated OP. As BMD predicts incident fractures in CKD patients (partI), we now aim to analyse the potential therapeutic consequences. Post-hoc analyses of randomised studies have shown that the efficacy of drugs such as alendronate, risedronate, raloxifene, teriparatide and denosumab is similar to that of the general population in patients with a mild/moderate decline in their glomerular filtration rate (especially CKD-3). These studies have some flaws however, as they included mostly "healthy" women with no known diagnosis of CKD and generally with normal lab test results. Nevertheless, there are also some positive preliminary data in more advanced stages (CKD-4), even though in CKD-5D they are more limited. Therefore, at least in the absence of significant mineral metabolism disorders (i.e. severe hyperparathyroidism), the potential benefit of these drugs should be considered in patients with a high or very high fracture risk. It is an important change that the new guidelines do not make it a requirement to first perform a bone biopsy and that the risk/benefit ratio of these drugs may be justified. However, we must also be aware that most studies are not consistent and the level of evidence is low. Consequently, any pharmacological intervention (risk/benefit) should be prudent and individualised.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Distúrbio Mineral e Ósseo na Doença Renal Crônica/terapia , Osteoporose/terapia , Distúrbio Mineral e Ósseo na Doença Renal Crônica/complicações , Humanos , Osteoporose/complicaçõesRESUMO
Introducción: Los valores espirométricos constituyen un test de detección invaluable de salud del aparato respiratorio e identifican individuos en riesgo de enfermedad pulmonar, por tanto es importante establecer valores de referencia de cada comunidad. Objetivos: Determinar los valores del Flujo Espiratorio Máximo (FEM) yVolumen Espiratorio Forzado en el primer segundo (FEV-1) en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Mayor de San Simón, período Junio - Diciembre 2009; además determinar valores promedio de FEM en estudiantes que fuman y no fuman, realizan deporte y aquellos que no, y estudiantes sanos o con patología pulmonar y/o cardíaca. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal. Muestra 221 estudiantes (18 a 25 años). Se utilizó la técnica de medición preestablecida internacionalmente empleando un espirómetro manual. Los datos se recolectaron en una hoja de registro y el análisis estadístico (t-Student y correlación) se realizó en SPSS. Resultados: Los valores promedio de FEM en L/min fueron: 517,28± 145,19 en personas sanas, 421,42± 156,04 en personas con patología pulmonar y/o cardíaca (p<0,001);en personas fumadoras 523,74± 151,03, en no fumadores 426,3 1 ± 154,81 (p<0,001); entre personas deportistas 466,72± 160 y 424,86± 155,61 en no deportistas (p=0,071). Los valores promedio de FEV-1 en L/seg fueron:varones 3,39 (18-20 años) y 3,76 (21-25 años), mujeres 2,79 (18-20 años) y 2,72 (21-25 años). Conclusión: Los valores de FEM y FEV-1 son inferiores a valores internacionales, y están en relación directa con la estatura. Las personas sanas, fumadoras poseen un valor de FEM más alto.
Background: Spirometric values are an invaluable test of health screening of the respiratory and identifying individuals at risk for lung disease, it is therefore important to establish reference values of each community. Objectives: To determine the values of peak expiratory flow (PEF) and Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV-1) students of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Mayor de San Simón, period June-December 2009; also determine average values FEM in students who smoke and nonsmokers, and those who do physical exercise and students not healthy or lung disease and / or heart disease. Materials and methods: In this prospective, longitudinal study. Sample 221 students (18-25 years).We used the preset measurement technique using a spirometer internationally Microlife ® manual. Data were collected on a log sheet and statistical analysis (t-Student and correlation) was performed in SPSS. Results: The mean values of PEF in L / min were 517,28 ± 145,19 in healthy subjects, 421,42 ± 156,04 in people with lung disease and / or heart rate (p = 0,00) in people smokers and 523,74 ± 151,03 426,31 ± 154,81 in nonsmokers (p = 0,00) and between people and athletes 466,72 ± 160 424,86 ± 155,61 in non-athletes (p = 0,071) The average values of FEV-1 in L / sec were: 3,39 male (18-20 years) and 3,76 (21 -25 years), women 2,79 (18-20 years) and 2,72 (21 -25 years). Conclusion: The values of PEF and FEV-1 are lower than international values, and are in direct relation to height. Healthy people, smokers have a higher PEF value.
RESUMO
Los tumores retroperitoneales representan un 0,07 a 0,2% de todas las neoplasias del organismo. Los liposarcomas, formas predominantes de sarcomas, se originan del mesodermo embrionario y pueden alcanzar grandes dimensiones en el retroperitoneo, presentándose en forma de masas voluminosas sin sintomatología específica. Las metástasis a distancia son poco probables; la mortalidad específica es del 40 al 50% a los 5 años del diagnóstico y su pronóstico depende de su variedad histopatológica. La conducta es quirúrgica y consiste en exéresis radical del tumor; junto con la radioterapia y la quimioterapia como tratamiento paliativo. Se presenta un caso del liposarcoma retroperitoneal gigante bien diferenciado de células fusiformes; manifestado por distensión abdominal progresiva acompañado de dolor tipo opresivo de moderada intensidad y el tratamiento efectuado, la resección quirúrgica radical.
The retroperitoneal tumors represent 0.07 to 0.2% of all neoplasias.The liposarcomas are predominant forms of sarcomas, they can reach big size in the retroperitoneum, and they show like voluminous mass without specific symptomatology. The metastasis is improbable; the specific mortality is from 40 to 50% in 5 years since the diagnostic, and the prognostic depends of the histopathologic variety. The conduct is surgical and this consists in radical excision of the tumor, together with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, like palliative treatments. We present a case of giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma, differentiated of fusiforms cells; it is shown as a progressive abdominal distension with oppressive pain of moderate intensity; and the treatment effectuated was the radical surgical excision.