RESUMO
Loss of protein function is a driving force of ageing. We have identified peptidyl-prolyl isomerase A (PPIA or cyclophilin A) as a dominant chaperone in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Depletion of PPIA accelerates stem cell ageing. We found that proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are frequent PPIA substrates. IDRs facilitate interactions with other proteins or nucleic acids and can trigger liquid-liquid phase separation. Over 20% of PPIA substrates are involved in the formation of supramolecular membrane-less organelles. PPIA affects regulators of stress granules (PABPC1), P-bodies (DDX6) and nucleoli (NPM1) to promote phase separation and increase cellular stress resistance. Haematopoietic stem cell ageing is associated with a post-transcriptional decrease in PPIA expression and reduced translation of IDR-rich proteins. Here we link the chaperone PPIA to the synthesis of intrinsically disordered proteins, which indicates that impaired protein interaction networks and macromolecular condensation may be potential determinants of haematopoietic stem cell ageing.
Assuntos
Proteínas Intrinsicamente Desordenadas , Proteínas Intrinsicamente Desordenadas/química , Ciclofilina A/genética , Ciclofilina A/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismoRESUMO
Cellular differentiation requires extensive alterations in chromatin structure and function, which is elicited by the coordinated action of chromatin and transcription factors. By contrast with transcription factors, the roles of chromatin factors in differentiation have not been systematically characterized. Here, we combine bulk ex vivo and single-cell in vivo CRISPR screens to characterize the role of chromatin factor families in hematopoiesis. We uncover marked lineage specificities for 142 chromatin factors, revealing functional diversity among related chromatin factors (i.e. barrier-to-autointegration factor subcomplexes) as well as shared roles for unrelated repressive complexes that restrain excessive myeloid differentiation. Using epigenetic profiling, we identify functional interactions between lineage-determining transcription factors and several chromatin factors that explain their lineage dependencies. Studying chromatin factor functions in leukemia, we show that leukemia cells engage homeostatic chromatin factor functions to block differentiation, generating specific chromatin factor-transcription factor interactions that might be therapeutically targeted. Together, our work elucidates the lineage-determining properties of chromatin factors across normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
Assuntos
Cromatina , Leucemia , Humanos , Cromatina/genética , Linhagem da Célula/genética , Hematopoese/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
The lung epithelium is constantly exposed to harmful agents present in the air that we breathe making it highly susceptible to damage. However, in instances of injury to the lung, it exhibits a remarkable capacity to regenerate injured tissue thanks to the presence of distinct stem and progenitor cell populations along the airway and alveolar epithelium. Mechanisms of repair are affected in chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive life-threatening disorder characterized by the loss of alveolar structures, wherein excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components cause the distortion of tissue architecture that limits lung function and impairs tissue repair. Here, we review the most recent findings of a study of epithelial cells with progenitor behavior that contribute to tissue repair as well as the mechanisms involved in mouse and human lung regeneration. In addition, we describe therapeutic strategies to promote or induce lung regeneration and the cell-based strategies tested in clinical trials for the treatment of IPF. Finally, we discuss the challenges, concerns and limitations of applying these therapies of cell transplantation in IPF patients. Further research is still required to develop successful strategies focused on cell-based therapies to promote lung regeneration to restore lung architecture and function.
Assuntos
Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática , Animais , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos , Células Epiteliais , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/terapia , Pulmão , Camundongos , Células-TroncoRESUMO
Eradicating leukemia requires a deep understanding of the interaction between leukemic cells and their protective microenvironment. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has been postulated as a critical pathway dictating leukemia stem cell (LSC) chemoresistance in AML due to its role in controlling cellular egress from the marrow. Nevertheless, the cellular source of CXCL12 in the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) microenvironment and the mechanism by which CXCL12 exerts its protective role in vivo remain unresolved. Here, we show that CXCL12 produced by Prx1+ mesenchymal cells but not by mature osteolineage cells provide the necessary cues for the maintenance of LSCs in the marrow of an MLL::AF9-induced AML model. Prx1+ cells promote survival of LSCs by modulating energy metabolism and the REDOX balance in LSCs. Deletion of Cxcl12 leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in LSCs, impairing their ability to perpetuate leukemia in transplantation experiments, a defect that can be attenuated by antioxidant therapy. Importantly, our data suggest that this phenomenon appears to be conserved in human patients. Hence, we have identified Prx1+ mesenchymal cells as an integral part of the complex niche-AML metabolic intertwining, pointing towards CXCL12/CXCR4 as a target to eradicate parenchymal LSCs in AML.
Assuntos
Medula Óssea , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Understanding the regulation of normal and malignant human hematopoiesis requires comprehensive cell atlas of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regulatory microenvironment. Here, we develop a tailored bioinformatic pipeline to integrate public and proprietary single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets. As a result, we robustly identify for the first time 14 intermediate cell states and 11 stages of differentiation in the endothelial and mesenchymal BM compartments, respectively. Our data provide the most comprehensive description to date of the murine HSC-regulatory microenvironment and suggest a higher level of specialization of the cellular circuits than previously anticipated. Furthermore, this deep characterization allows inferring conserved features in human, suggesting that the layers of microenvironmental regulation of hematopoiesis may also be shared between species. Our resource and methodology is a stepping-stone toward a comprehensive cell atlas of the BM microenvironment.
RESUMO
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer complex biologic material between cells. However, the role of this process in vivo is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that osteoblastic cells in the bone marrow (BM) niche elaborate extracellular vesicles that are taken up by hematopoietic progenitor cells in vivo. Genotoxic or infectious stress rapidly increased stromal-derived extracellular vesicle transfer to granulocyte-monocyte progenitors. The extracellular vesicles contained processed tRNAs (tiRNAs) known to modulate protein translation. 5'-ti-Pro-CGG-1 was preferentially abundant in osteoblast-derived extracellular vesicles and, when transferred to granulocyte-monocyte progenitors, increased protein translation, cell proliferation, and myeloid differentiation. Upregulating EV transfer improved hematopoietic recovery from genotoxic injury and survival from fungal sepsis. Therefore, EV-mediated tiRNA transfer provides a stress-modulated signaling axis in the BM niche distinct from conventional cytokine-driven stress responses.
Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Medula Óssea , Células da Medula Óssea , HematopoeseRESUMO
The remodeling of the extracellular matrix is a central function in endochondral ossification and bone homeostasis. During secondary fracture healing, vascular invasion and bone growth requires the removal of the cartilage intermediate and the coordinate action of the collagenase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, produced by hypertrophic chondrocytes, and the gelatinase MMP-9, produced by cells of hematopoietic lineage. Interfering with these MMP activities results in impaired fracture healing characterized by cartilage accumulation and delayed vascularization. MMP-10, Stromelysin 2, a matrix metalloproteinase with high homology to MMP-3 (Stromelysin 1), presents a wide range of putative substrates identified in vitro, but its targets and functions in vivo and especially during fracture healing and bone homeostasis are not well defined. Here, we investigated the role of MMP-10 through bone regeneration in C57BL/6 mice. During secondary fracture healing, MMP-10 is expressed by hematopoietic cells and its maximum expression peak is associated with cartilage resorption at 14 days post fracture (dpf). In accordance with this expression pattern, when Mmp10 is globally silenced, we observed an impaired fracture-healing phenotype at 14 dpf, characterized by delayed cartilage resorption and TRAP-positive cell accumulation. This phenotype can be rescued by a non-competitive transplant of wild-type bone marrow, indicating that MMP-10 functions are required only in cells of hematopoietic linage. In addition, we found that this phenotype is a consequence of reduced gelatinase activity and the lack of proMMP-9 processing in macrophages. Our data provide evidence of the in vivo function of MMP-10 during endochondral ossification and defines the macrophages as the lead cell population in cartilage removal and vascular invasion. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Assuntos
Consolidação da Fratura , Metaloproteinase 10 da Matriz , Animais , Cartilagem , Condrócitos , Consolidação da Fratura/genética , Metaloproteinase 10 da Matriz/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , OsteogêneseRESUMO
Despite the bone marrow microenvironment being widely recognised as a key player in cancer research, the current animal models that represent a human haematopoietic system lack the contribution of the humanised marrow microenvironment. Here we describe a murine model that relies on the combination of an orthotopic humanised tissue-engineered bone construct (ohTEBC) with patient-specific bone marrow (BM) cells to create a humanised bone marrow (hBM) niche capable of supporting the engraftment of human haematopoietic cells. Results showed that this model supports the engraftment of human CD34+ cells from a healthy BM with human haematopoietic cells migrating into the mouse BM, human BM compartment, spleen and peripheral blood. We compared these results with the engraftment capacity of human CD34+ cells obtained from patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We demonstrated that CD34+ cells derived from a diseased BM had a reduced engraftment potential compared to healthy patients and that a higher cell dose is required to achieve engraftment of human haematopoietic cells in peripheral blood. Finally, we observed that hematopoietic cells obtained from the mobilised peripheral blood of patients yields a higher number of CD34+, overcoming this problem. In conclusion, this humanised mouse model has potential as a unique and patient-specific pre-clinical platform for the study of tumour-microenvironment interactions, including human bone and haematopoietic cells, and could, in the future, serve as a drug testing platform.
RESUMO
Metabolic alterations in cancer represent convergent effects of oncogenic mutations. We hypothesized that a metabolism-restricted genetic screen, comparing normal primary mouse hematopoietic cells and their malignant counterparts in an ex vivo system mimicking the bone marrow microenvironment, would define distinctive vulnerabilities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemic cells, but not their normal myeloid counterparts, depended on the aldehyde dehydrogenase 3a2 (Aldh3a2) enzyme that oxidizes long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to prevent cellular oxidative damage. Aldehydes are by-products of increased oxidative phosphorylation and nucleotide synthesis in cancer and are generated from lipid peroxides underlying the non-caspase-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis. Leukemic cell dependence on Aldh3a2 was seen across multiple mouse and human myeloid leukemias. Aldh3a2 inhibition was synthetically lethal with glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) inhibition; GPX4 inhibition is a known trigger of ferroptosis that by itself minimally affects AML cells. Inhibiting Aldh3a2 provides a therapeutic opportunity and a unique synthetic lethality to exploit the distinctive metabolic state of malignant cells.
Assuntos
Aldeído Oxirredutases/fisiologia , Carbolinas/farmacologia , Cicloexilaminas/farmacologia , Ferroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Hematopoese/fisiologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/enzimologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/fisiologia , Fenilenodiaminas/farmacologia , Aldeído Oxirredutases/genética , Aldeídos/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citarabina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/fisiologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/deficiência , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Ácido Oleico/farmacologia , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/fisiologia , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , Fosfolipídeo Hidroperóxido Glutationa Peroxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfolipídeo Hidroperóxido Glutationa Peroxidase/fisiologiaRESUMO
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative therapy for blood and immune diseases with potential for many settings beyond current standard-of-care. Broad HSCT application is currently precluded largely due to morbidity and mortality associated with genotoxic irradiation or chemotherapy conditioning. Here we show that a single dose of a CD117-antibody-drug-conjugate (CD117-ADC) to saporin leads to > 99% depletion of host HSCs, enabling rapid and efficient donor hematopoietic cell engraftment. Importantly, CD117-ADC selectively targets hematopoietic stem cells yet does not cause clinically significant side-effects. Blood counts and immune cell function are preserved following CD117-ADC treatment, with effective responses by recipients to both viral and fungal challenges. These results suggest that CD117-ADC-mediated HSCT pre-treatment could serve as a non-myeloablative conditioning strategy for the treatment of a wide range of non-malignant and malignant diseases, and might be especially suited to gene therapy and gene editing settings in which preservation of immunity is desired.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoconjugados/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-kit/imunologia , Animais , Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Morte Celular , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Terapia Genética , Humanos , Imunoconjugados/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
Somatic mutations in spliceosome genes are detectable in â¼50% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We hypothesize that cells harbouring spliceosome gene mutations have increased sensitivity to pharmacological perturbation of the spliceosome. We focus on mutant U2AF1 and utilize sudemycin compounds that modulate pre-mRNA splicing. We find that haematopoietic cells expressing mutant U2AF1(S34F), including primary patient cells, have an increased sensitivity to in vitro sudemycin treatment relative to controls. In vivo sudemycin treatment of U2AF1(S34F) transgenic mice alters splicing and reverts haematopoietic progenitor cell expansion induced by mutant U2AF1 expression. The splicing effects of sudemycin and U2AF1(S34F) can be cumulative in cells exposed to both perturbations-drug and mutation-compared with cells exposed to either alone. These cumulative effects may result in downstream phenotypic consequences in sudemycin-treated mutant cells. Taken together, these data suggest a potential for treating haematological cancers harbouring U2AF1 mutations with pre-mRNA splicing modulators like sudemycins.
Assuntos
Cicloexilaminas/farmacologia , Mutação , Splicing de RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Spliceossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Processamento U2AF/genética , Animais , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HEK293 , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/genética , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/metabolismo , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/patologia , Cultura Primária de Células , Spliceossomos/genética , Fator de Processamento U2AF/metabolismoRESUMO
Alternative splicing generates a diversity of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts from a single mRNA precursor and contributes to the complexity of our proteome. Splicing is perturbed by a variety of mechanisms in cancer. Recurrent mutations in splicing factors have emerged as a hallmark of several hematologic malignancies. Splicing factor mutations tend to occur in the founding clone of myeloid cancers, and these mutations have recently been identified in blood cells from normal, healthy elderly individuals with clonal hematopoiesis who are at increased risk of subsequently developing a hematopoietic malignancy, suggesting that these mutations contribute to disease initiation. Splicing factor mutations change the pattern of splicing in primary patient and mouse hematopoietic cells and alter hematopoietic differentiation and maturation in animal models. Recent developments in this field are reviewed here, with an emphasis on the clinical consequences of splicing factor mutations, mechanistic insights from animal models, and implications for development of novel therapies targeting the precursor mRNA splicing pathway.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Hematológicas/genética , Fatores de Processamento de RNA/genética , Animais , Humanos , MutaçãoRESUMO
Stem cells determine homeostasis and repair of many tissues and are increasingly recognized as functionally heterogeneous. To define the extent of-and molecular basis for-heterogeneity, we overlaid functional, transcriptional, and epigenetic attributes of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) at a clonal level using endogenous fluorescent tagging. Endogenous HSC had clone-specific functional attributes over time in vivo. The intra-clonal behaviors were highly stereotypic, conserved under the stress of transplantation, inflammation, and genotoxic injury, and associated with distinctive transcriptional, DNA methylation, and chromatin accessibility patterns. Further, HSC function corresponded to epigenetic configuration but not always to transcriptional state. Therefore, hematopoiesis under homeostatic and stress conditions represents the integrated action of highly heterogeneous clones of HSC with epigenetically scripted behaviors. This high degree of epigenetically driven cell autonomy among HSCs implies that refinement of the concepts of stem cell plasticity and of the stem cell niche is warranted.
Assuntos
Epigenômica , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Animais , Linhagem da Célula , Células Clonais/citologia , Fluorescência , Hematopoese , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers curative therapy for patients with hemoglobinopathies, congenital immunodeficiencies, and other conditions, possibly including AIDS. Autologous HSCT using genetically corrected cells would avoid the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the genotoxicity of conditioning remains a substantial barrier to the development of this approach. Here we report an internalizing immunotoxin targeting the hematopoietic-cell-restricted CD45 receptor that effectively conditions immunocompetent mice. A single dose of the immunotoxin, CD45-saporin (SAP), enabled efficient (>90%) engraftment of donor cells and full correction of a sickle-cell anemia model. In contrast to irradiation, CD45-SAP completely avoided neutropenia and anemia, spared bone marrow and thymic niches, enabling rapid recovery of T and B cells, preserved anti-fungal immunity, and had minimal overall toxicity. This non-genotoxic conditioning method may provide an attractive alternative to current conditioning regimens for HSCT in the treatment of non-malignant blood diseases.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA/imunologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/imunologia , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/imunologia , Proteínas Inativadoras de Ribossomos Tipo 1/genética , Proteínas Inativadoras de Ribossomos Tipo 1/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/genética , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Sobrevivência Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Dano ao DNA/genética , Feminino , Melhoramento Genético/métodos , Fenômenos Imunogenéticos/genética , Imunotoxinas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , SaporinasRESUMO
Tle1 (transducin-like enhancer of split 1) is a corepressor that interacts with a variety of DNA-binding transcription factors and has been implicated in many cellular functions; however, physiological studies are limited. Tle1-deficient (Tle1(Δ/Δ)) mice, although grossly normal at birth, exhibit skin defects, lung hypoplasia, severe runting, poor body condition, and early mortality. Tle1(Δ/Δ) mice display a chronic inflammatory phenotype with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the skin, lung, and intestine and increased circulatory IL-6 and G-CSF, along with a hematopoietic shift toward granulocyte macrophage progenitor and myeloid cells. Tle1(Δ/Δ) macrophages produce increased inflammatory cytokines in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and Tle1(Δ/Δ) mice display an enhanced inflammatory response to ear skin 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment. Loss of Tle1 not only results in increased phosphorylation and activation of proinflammatory NF-κB but also results in decreased Hes1 (hairy and enhancer of split-1), a negative regulator of inflammation in macrophages. Furthermore, Tle1(Δ/Δ) mice exhibit accelerated growth of B6-F10 melanoma xenografts. Our work provides the first in vivo evidence, to our knowledge, that TLE1 is a major counterregulator of inflammation with potential roles in a variety of inflammatory diseases and in cancer progression.
Assuntos
Proteínas Correpressoras/fisiologia , Genes Supressores de Tumor , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas Correpressoras/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
Following myocardial infarction (MI), myeloid cells derived from the hematopoietic system drive a sharp increase in systemic leukocyte levels that correlates closely with mortality. The origin of these myeloid cells, and the response of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to MI, however, is unclear. Here, we identify a CCR2(+)CD150(+)CD48(-) LSK hematopoietic subset as the most upstream contributor to emergency myelopoiesis after ischemic organ injury. This subset has 4-fold higher proliferation rates than CCR2(-)CD150(+)CD48(-) LSK cells, displays a myeloid differentiation bias, and dominates the migratory HSPC population. We further demonstrate that the myeloid translocation gene 16 (Mtg16) regulates CCR2(+) HSPC emergence. Mtg16(-/-) mice have decreased levels of systemic monocytes and infarct-associated macrophages and display compromised tissue healing and post-MI heart failure. Together, these data provide insights into regulation of emergency hematopoiesis after ischemic injury and identify potential therapeutic targets to modulate leukocyte output after MI.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/fisiologia , Macrófagos/fisiologia , Monócitos/fisiologia , Células Mieloides/fisiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/imunologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Receptores CCR2/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Movimento Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Mutantes , Modelos Animais , Mielopoese/genética , Infarto do Miocárdio/cirurgia , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Receptores CCR2/genética , Proteínas Repressoras , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Cicatrização/genéticaRESUMO
Production of the cells that ultimately populate the thymus to generate α/ß T cells has been controversial, and their molecular drivers remain undefined. Here, we report that specific deletion of bone-producing osteocalcin (Ocn)-expressing cells in vivo markedly reduces T-competent progenitors and thymus-homing receptor expression among bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Decreased intrathymic T cell precursors and decreased generation of mature T cells occurred despite normal thymic function. The Notch ligand DLL4 is abundantly expressed on bone marrow Ocn(+) cells, and selective depletion of DLL4 from these cells recapitulated the thymopoietic abnormality. These data indicate that specific mesenchymal cells in bone marrow provide key molecular drivers enforcing thymus-seeding progenitor generation and thereby directly link skeletal biology to the production of T cell-based adaptive immunity.
Assuntos
Células da Medula Óssea/imunologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Timo/imunologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Osteocalcina/genética , Osteocalcina/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T alfa-beta/imunologia , Timo/citologiaRESUMO
The glycosyltransferase gene, Ext1, is essential for heparan sulfate production. Induced deletion of Ext1 selectively in Mx1-expressing bone marrow (BM) stromal cells, a known population of skeletal stem/progenitor cells, in adult mice resulted in marked changes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) localization. HSPC egressed from BM to spleen after Ext1 deletion. This was associated with altered signaling in the stromal cells and with reduced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 production by them. Further, pharmacologic inhibition of heparan sulfate mobilized qualitatively more potent and quantitatively more HSPC from the BM than granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone, including in a setting of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor resistance. The reduced presence of endogenous HSPC after Ext1 deletion was associated with engraftment of transfused HSPC without any toxic conditioning of the host. Therefore, inhibiting heparan sulfate production may provide a means for avoiding the toxicities of radiation or chemotherapy in HSPC transplantation for nonmalignant conditions.