The Anti-hypoxia Potentials of Trans-sodium Crocetinate in Hypoxiarelated Diseases: A Review.

Crocetin is a kind of apocarotenoid carboxylic acid extracted from saffron (Crocus sativus L.), which is effective in upregulating tissue oxygenation. However, crocetin is difficult to solubilize. It was shown that the trans isomer of crocetin is effective in improving oxygen diffusivity, while its cis isomer appears not to be. Hence, the isolated trans isomer of crocetin or trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC) can be used instead of crocetin. It is shown that TSC can upregulate hypoxic tissue oxygenation and be effective in treating some hypoxia-related diseases. Moreover, experimental and clinical studies have reported no adverse effects following TSC treatment, even at high doses. The current study will discuss the potential role of TSC in hemorrhagic shock, ischemia, brain tumor radiotherapy, and others.

Red light-activable biotinylated copper(II) complex-functionalized gold nanocomposite (Biotin-Cu@AuNP) towards targeted photodynamic therapy.

We report the synthesis and characterization of red-light activable gold nanoparticle functionalized with biotinylated copper(II) complex of general molecular formula, [Cu(L3)(L6)]-AuNPs (Biotin-Cu@AuNP), where L3 = N-(3-((E)-3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamide, L6 = 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)-N-(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)pentanamide, which was explored for their photophysical, theoretical and photo-cytotoxic potentials. The nanoconjugate exhibits differential uptake in biotin positive and biotin negative cancer cells as well as normal cells. The nanoconjugate also shows remarkable photodynamic activity against biotin positive A549 (IC50: 13 µg/mL in red light; >150 µg/mL in dark) and HaCaT (IC50: 23 µg/mL in red light; >150 µg/mL in dark) cells under red light (600-720 nm, 30 Jcm-2) irradiation, with significantly high photo-indices (PI>15). The nanoconjugate is less toxic to HEK293T (biotin negative) and HPL1D (normal) cells. Confocal microscopy confirms preferential mitochondrial and partly cytoplasmic localization of Biotin-Cu@AuNP in A549 cells. Several photo-physical and theoretical studies reveal the red light-assisted generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) (Ф (1O2) =0.68) as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) which results in remarkable oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane damage, leading to caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis of A549 cells. Overall, the nanocomposite (Biotin-Cu@AuNP) exhibiting red light-assisted targeted photodynamic activity has emerged as the ideal next generation PDT agents.

Association between Polypharmacy and Cardiovascular Autonomic Function among Elderly Patients in an Urban Municipality Area of Kolkata, India: A Record-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

We assessed the association between polypharmacy and cardiovascular autonomic function among community-dwelling elderly patients having chronic diseases. Three hundred and twenty-one patients from an urban municipality area of Kolkata, India were studied in August 2022. The anticholinergic burden and cardiac autonomic function (Valsalva ratio, orthostatic hypotension, change in diastolic blood pressure after an isometric exercise, and heart rate variability during expiration and inspiration) were evaluated. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to find out the association of polypharmacy and total anticholinergic burden with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. A total of 305 patients (age, 68.9 ± 3.4; 65.9% male) were included. Of these patients, 81 (26.6%) were on polypharmacy. Out of these 81 patients, 42 patients were on ninety-eight potential inappropriate medications. The anticholinergic burden and the proportion of patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy were significantly higher among patients who were on polypharmacy than those who were not (8.1 ± 2.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.9; p = 0.03 and 56.8% vs. 44.6%; p = 0.01). The presence of polypharmacy and a total anticholinergic burden of > 3 was significantly associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy (aOR, 2.66; 95% CI, 0.91−3.98 and aOR, 2.51; 95% CI, 0.99−3.52, respectively). Thus, polypharmacy was significantly associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy among community-dwelling elderly patients.

RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL IRREGULARITY AND ATROPHY AFTER INTERNAL MEMBRANE PEELING: A REPORT OF TWO CASES.

PURPOSE: To report two cases of widespread retinal pigment epithelial clumping, irregularity, and atrophy after uncomplicated 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with brilliant blue-green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 2 eyes of 2 patients who underwent 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for macular diseases (macular hole with retinal detachment and vitreomacular traction) was performed. Surgical notes and video recordings were reviewed to determine the surgical procedures performed and the duration of the surgery. Multimodal imaging analysis, including fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence imaging, and optical coherence tomography were performed to determine the pathological changes in the postoperative period. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients (all females) was 78 years. In all the patients, brilliant blue-green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling was performed without any intraoperative complications. Four weeks after an uncomplicated surgery, the patients complained of progressive central visual disturbance and metamorphopsia. Retinal imaging demonstrated retinal pigment epithelial clumps and irregularity, which appeared as hyperautofluorescent on fundus autofluorescence, and widespread retinal pigment epithelial atrophy (hypoautofluorescent on fundus autofluorescence) in the posterior pole and peripapillary region, along with retinal and choroidal thinning. CONCLUSION: In uncomplicated vitrectomy consisting of brilliant blue-green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling, a remote risk of widespread retinal pigment epithelial damage exists even with the use of modern endoilluminators and relatively short surgical duration. Retinal phototoxicity seems to be the primary cause; however, dye-related cytotoxicity or a combination of both cannot be ruled out.

Changing patterns of posterior segment trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic: A regional analysis from the Bodhya Eye Consortium.

Purpose: To assess changes in the presentation patterns of posterior segment trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic from six tertiary eye care institutes of North and Central India. Methods: A multicenter, hospital-based, retrospective comparative analysis of patients presenting with posterior segment trauma was done during the COVID-19 (Group A) (March 25, 2020 - September 30, 2020) period and the pre-COVID-19 (Group B) (March 25, 2019 - September 30, 2019) period. Results: A total of 405 patients were diagnosed with posterior segment trauma (Group A: 206, Group B: 199). The time interval between onset of trauma and presentation was higher in Group A (16.59 ± 29.87 days) as compared to Group B (9.41 ± 19.19 days) (P = 0.004). A majority of patients in Group A had a history of prior consultation before presentation (P = 0.049). In Group A, 120 (58.2%) patients sustained ocular trauma at home as compared to 80 (40.2%) patients in Group B (P < 0.0001). Patients presenting with light perception were significantly more in Group A (43.7%) as compared to Group B (30.2%) (P = 0.004). In Group B, 37.6% patients had presenting visual acuity of counting finger or better as compared to 27.6% patients in Group A (P = 0.07). Patients in Group A had a significantly higher proportion of post-traumatic endophthalmitis with delayed presentation (P = 0.011) and retinal detachment (P = 0.041). Patients undergoing surgery for foreign-body removal were significantly fewer in Group A (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Although the number of patients presenting with posterior segment trauma was comparable in Groups A and B, a greater number of patients sustained home injuries during the COVID-19 pandemic. A majority of these patients had delayed presentation with poor presenting visual acuity and a higher tendency of retinal detachment.

Tug of war: A bimanual technique for anterior circumferential proliferative vitreoretinopathy in recurrent retinal detachment.

Purpose: To describe a bimanual technique, "tug of war" for managing anterior circumferential proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in eyes with recurrent retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed outcomes from eyes with RRD that underwent reattachment surgery using this maneuver and had a minimum of 6 months follow-up. A chandelier light was inserted for endo-illumination and the circumferential anterior PVR was tackled with two 25-gauge forceps stretching circumferential tractional membranes in opposite direction (tug of war) till they snapped. Results: Eleven eyes of 11 patients with a mean age of 38.2 ± 19.7 years underwent surgery. All eyes had advanced PVR of Grade C A Type 4 (Circumferential). The median duration of RD from the time of first surgery was 6 months (interquartile range = 3-8 months). The tug of war maneuver was successful in relieving the anterior retinal traction leading to retinal reattachment in all eyes without the need for relaxing retinotomies or retinectomies. Small iatrogenic retina tears occurred at the time of tug of war maneuver in 3 (27%) eyes at the site of maximum traction. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 1.87 ± 0.2 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) to 1.3 ± 0.4 logMAR at 6-months follow-up (P = 0.04). Conclusion: The 'tug of war' maneuver is useful for relieving circumferential anterior traction and reattaching the retina in eyes with RRD without having to resort to large relaxing retinotomies or retinectomies.

Does presence of adenomyosis affect reproductive outcome in IVF cycles? A retrospective analysis of 973 patients.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Reports on the effect of adenomyosis on assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes are conflicting. Does presence of adenomyosis affect reproductive outcome in IVF cycles in women pretreated with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist? DESIGN: In this retrospective cohort study, 973 women were divided into four groups: only endometriosis (n = 355); endometriosis and adenomyosis (n = 88); adenomyosis alone (n = 64); and tubal factor infertility as controls (n = 466). The pregnancy outcome parameters (clinical pregnancy, miscarriage rate, live birth rate) were compared between these groups. RESULTS: The clinical pregnancy rate was 36.62% in women with endometriosis alone, 22.72% in women with endometriosis and adenomyosis, 23.44% in women who only had adenomyosis and 34.55% in controls. Miscarriage rates were as follows: 14.62%, 35%, 40% and 13.04%, respectively. Live birth rates were 27.47% in controls; 26.48% in women with only endometriosis; 11.36% in women with endometriosis and adenomyosis; and 12.5% in women with only adenomyosis. Live birth was observed to be less in adenomyosis groups compared with controls and women with only endometriosis. No significant difference was observed in clinical pregnancy, miscarriage or live birth rate between controls and women with only endometriosis. Live birth rate was significantly different between controls and women with adenomyosis only (P = 0.01) and women with endometriosis and adenomyosis (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Presence of adenomyosis seems to have adverse effects on IVF outcomes in clinical pregnancy rate, live birth rate and miscarriage rate. Screening for adenomyosis might be considered before ART so that the couple has better awareness of the prognosis.

Bimanual 25-gauge chandelier technique for direct perfluorocarbon liquid-silicone oil exchange in retinal detachments associated with giant retinal tear.

Direct perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL)-silicone oil exchange presents its own set of challenges in the micro incision vitreous surgery era. We propose a simple bimanual technique to circumvent this problem. Thirteen eyes of patients with retinal detachment associated with giant retinal tears underwent vitrectomy followed by self-retaining endo illuminator (Chandelier) assisted direct PFCL-silicone exchange. No intra or postoperative complications related to the surgical technique were noted. All patients had attached retinas and satisfactory visual recovery at 6 months. Direct bimanual PFCL silicone oil exchange using a Chandelier seems to be a safe and effective technique.

Tobacco-related morbidity and nicotine dependence: An experience in an urban slum of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India.

Tobacco use causes many diseases irrespective of age and sex. More the addiction, more is the occurrence of morbidity in terms of frequency and severity. This community-based study was conducted to find out any relationship between the morbidity associated with tobacco use and nicotine dependence. In an urban slum - Alamganj, district Burdwan, West Bengal, India, from January to October 2012 among 128 current adult tobacco users using Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) questionnaire. Tobacco users were maximally suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (27.27%), gastritis (25.45%), and leukoplakia (25.45%). For individual diseases, the difference in FTND score was significantly high in cases of gastritis, hypertension, and COPDs. All types of morbidity were more common in the group of high nicotine dependence. FTND score can be suitably used to assess nicotine dependence of the tobacco users, who can be counseled accordingly to reduce the tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.

Efficacy of GnRH agonist trigger in women having history of follicular-endometrial asynchrony with clomiphene/IUI cycles in unexplained infertility.

PURPOSE: An alternative option to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) for ovulation trigger in intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles. This study aims to compare the efficacy of GnRH-a with hCG in women with history of follicular-endometrial asynchrony after clomiphene in IUI cycles. METHODS: This prospective observational study recruited 631 women with unexplained infertility and follicular-endometrial asynchrony (follicle ≥ 18 mm, endometrial thickness (ET) < 7 mm) in previous two failed clomiphene/IUI cycles. Overall 27 patients with synchronized follicular-endometrial relationship and 49 women with persistent ET < 7 mm and/or follicle > 26 mm were excluded. Remaining women (n = 555) were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 285) received GnRH-a and Group B (n = 270) received hCG ovulation trigger. Finally, 513 patients, who underwent IUI, were analysed. RESULTS: Cancellation due to luteinized unruptured follicle was more in hCG group (P = 0.01). Higher clinical pregnancies (10.33 vs. 4.96%, P = 0.03) and live birth rates (8.86 vs. 4.13%, P = 0.03) were noted with GnRH-a trigger. Miscarriage rate was comparable in both the groups (10.71 and 16.67% in Group A and Group B, respectively). CONCLUSION: In unexplained infertility, GnRH agonist is an useful alternative for triggering ovulation in women with follicular-endometrial asynchrony following clomiphene induction.

Tamoxifen is Better than Low-Dose Clomiphene or Gonadotropins in Women with Thin Endometrium (<7 mm) after Clomiphene in Intrauterine Insemination Cycles: A Prospective Study.

AIM: Gonadotropin stimulation is used as the second line of treatment in patients with thin endometrium following clomiphene citrate (CC) administration, which is associated with higher cost, multiple births, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Tamoxifen (TMX), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, acts as an agonist on the endometrium. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of low-dose CC, TMX, and gonadotropins in women with thin endometrium (<7 mm) following Clomiphene in intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A prospective observational study between December 2011 and June 2013 was carried out in a tertiary infertility center. METHODS: Women (n = 502) undergoing IUI with endometrium <7 mm after 100 mg CC were included in the study and divided into three treatment groups. Women in Group A (n = 182, cycles = 364) received clomiphene (50 mg/day from day 3 to 7), Group B (n = 179, cycles = 342) received TMX (40 mg/day from day 3 to 7), and Group C (n = 141, cycles = 226) received continuous urine-derived follicle-stimulating hormone 75-150 IU from day 3 onward until human chorionic gonadotropin injection. Endometrial thickness (ET), pregnancy rate, and live birth rate were considered as main outcome measures. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Multiple comparisons using one-way ANOVA and Schiff's test were performed. RESULTS: Pregnancy and live birth rate were significantly higher (P < 0.004) in TMX and gonadotropin groups compared to clomiphene. A number of follicles in the TMX group were found to be lower (P < 0.001) compared to other two groups. In polycystic ovary syndrome patients, ovulation induction with TMX resulted in inadequate response in more than half of the cycles. CONCLUSIONS: TMX can improve ET and live birth rate in patients with thin endometrium after clomiphene.

War against tobacco: Where do we stand?

India has launched war against tobacco epidemic for the past few decades but with partial success; hence, challenges are still there which need to be identified and addressed for winning the battle. Targeted approach directed at motivating smoking cessation of female smokers, frequent changing of pictorial warnings depicting variety of health consequences in cigarette packets and devoid of logos and colors in conjunction with plain packaging, and display of toll-free number for quitting are expected to dissuade tobacco consumers to quit and save themselves from the devastating health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco consumption. Online reporting system for violating legal enforcements can also be implemented easily. Moreover, guidance from success stories of countries/states who have achieved smoke-free status along with concerted efforts such as innovative anti-tobacco campaigns, involvement of religious leaders in anti-tobacco propaganda, strict legislations, and overall strong political commitment would further aid in winning the war.

Nicotine dependence and its correlates among the adult tobacco users in a slum of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco kills half of its users, with smoking and smokeless tobacco killing nearly 6 million people worldwide - one death every 6 s in each year. Use of tobacco over time causes a physical and psychological addiction due to the presence of nicotine. To find out the level of nicotine dependence among adult (18 years and above) tobacco users and the factors responsible for it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among 128 current tobacco users in an urban slum of Burdwan District, West Bengal, India. Study tools comprised of predesigned, pretested, semi-structured schedule, containing Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) questionnaire. Data were collected by interview after getting consent from the participants. Chi-square test, unpaired student t-test, ANOVA, correlation coefficient, and linear regression was calculated. SPSS software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). was used for analysis. RESULTS: High level of nicotine dependence was maximally seen among increased in age group, prolonged duration of use and daily users. Age, duration of tobacco use and habit of tobacco use had a significant positive correlation with FTND score while starting age of tobacco had a significant negative correlation. Then in multivariable linear regression, starting age of tobacco use, habit of tobacco use and duration of tobacco use emerged as a significant predictor of FTND score and could explain 27.3% of total variation in FTND score. CONCLUSIONS: Suitable plan for quitting may be developed based on the FTND score of an individual, the most important determinant of quitting.

Development of a reduced-graphene-oxide based superparamagnetic nanocomposite for the removal of nickel (II) from an aqueous medium via a fluorescence sensor platform.

Reduced-graphene-oxide based superparamagnetic nanocomposite (GC) was fabricated and applied for the remediation of Ni(II) from an aqueous medium. The as-prepared GC was extensively characterized by Raman, TEM, AFM, SEM-EDX, SQUID, and BET analyses. Quantitative immobilization of Ni(II) in an aqueous solution by the fluorescent sensor platform of GC was explored at varying pH, doses, contact times, and temperatures. The pseudo-second-order kinetics equation governed the overall sorption process at optimized pH of 5 (±0.2). The superior monolayer sorption capacity was 228mgg(-1) at 300K. Negative ΔG(0) indicated the spontaneous sorption nature, whereas the positive ΔH(0) resulted from an increase in entropy (positive ΔS(0)) at the solid-liquid interface during the endothermic reaction. The lower enthalpy agreed with the relatively high regeneration (approximately 91%) of the GC by 0.1M HCl, because of the formation of stable tetrahedral complex. The physisorption was well corroborated by calculated sorption energy (EDR ∼7kJmol(-1)) and the nature of the Stern-Volmer plot of the fluorescence-quenching data with reaction time. The GC played a pivotal role as a static fluorescent sensor platform (fluorophore) for Ni(II) adsorption. Magnetic property also indicated that GC could be easily separated from fluids by exploiting its superparamagnetic property.

Mobile phones: time to rethink and limit usage.

Radiofrequency waves generated from mobile phones cause potential public health problems. Short-term effects like changes in sleep, heart rate, and blood pressure, and long-term effects like carcinoma are well documented. The Government of India's efforts in laying down regulations regarding the safety limits, manufacture, marketing, and mobile use are still in nascent stage. The need for stringent enforcement of laws for prevention of phone usage while driving and guidelines of medical regulatory bodies regarding rules and regulations of phone usage while at class or attending patients is of utmost importance. This should be supplemented by mass media to raise awareness among people regarding the possible health effects of radiofrequency emissions from mobile phones and the guidelines to minimize its exposure. It is the need of the hour to teach young people to be structured, to know when to have the cell phone on, and to avoid becoming the slave of technology instead of its mastery.

Predictors of quitting behaviour with special reference to nicotine dependence among adult tobacco-users in a slum of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Information on predictors of quitting behaviour in adult tobacco users is scarce in Indian context. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the intention of tobacco-users towards quitting and its predictors with reference to nicotine dependence. METHODS: A community-based observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 128 adult tobacco-users (89.8% male) with mean age of 41.1 ± 15.7 yr selected by complete enumeration method. Data were collected by interview using pre-designed, pre-tested schedule. Nicotine dependence was assessed by Fagerstrφm Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) questionnaire. RESULT: Of the 128 users, 63.3 per cent had intention to quit. Majority of the tobacco users who did not intend to quit belonged to the age group of > 40 yr (66.0%), were illiterate (55.3%), started tobacco use at 11 - 15 yr of age (57.4%), had been using tobacco for 20 yr or more (70.2%), were daily tobacco users (91.5%), and highly dependent on nicotine (80.9%). Tobacco users having high FTND score and who started tobacco use early in life were 1.83 and 3.30 times more unintended to quit, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Suitable plan for quitting should be developed depending on the FTND score of an individual, the most important determinant of quitting that would be beneficial for categorization of the treatment leading to successful quitting.

Baseline Demographic Profile and General Health Influencing the Post-Radiotherapy Health Related Quality-of-Life in Women with Gynaecological Malignancy Treated with Pelvic Irradiation.

BACKGROUND: Cancer specific survival and quality-of-life (QOL) assessment are important in evaluating cancer treatment outcomes. Baseline demographic profiles have significant effects on follow-up health related QOL (HRQOL) and affect the outcome of treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Post-operative gynaecological cancer patients required adjuvant pelvic radiation enrolled longitudinal assessment study. Patients had completed the short form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire before the adjuvant radiotherapy and functional assessments of cancer therapy-general module at 6(th) month's follow-up period to assess the HRQOL. Baseline variables were race, age, body mass index (BMI), education, marital status, type of surgery, physical composite scores (PCS) and mental composite scores (MCS) summary scores of the SF-36. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis used to determine the influence of these variables on post-radiotherapy HRQOL domains. RESULTS: Baseline PCS, MCS, age, education and marital status had positively correlation with post-radiotherapy HRQOL while higher BMI had a negative impact in univariate analysis. In multivariate regression analysis, education and MCS had a positive correlation while higher BMI had a negative correlation with HRQOL domains. CONCLUSION: Enhance our ability to detect demographic variables and modify those factors and develops new treatment aimed at improving all aspect of gynaecological cancer including good QOL.

Investigating proline puckering states in diproline segments in proteins.

In the current study, the puckering states of the Proline ring occurring in diproline segments ((L) Pro-(L) Pro) in proteins has been investigated with a segregation made on the basis of cis and trans states for the Pro-Pro peptide bond and the conformational states for the diproline segment to investigate the effects of conformation of the diproline segment on the corresponding puckering state of the Proline ring in the segment if any. The value of the endocyclic ring torsional angles of the pyrrolidine ring has been used for calculating and visualizing various puckering states using a proposed new sign convention (+/-) nomenclature. The results have been compared to that obtained in a previous study on peptides from this group. In this study, quite interestingly, the Planar (G) conformation that was present in 14.3% of the cases in peptides, appears to be nearly a rare conformation in the case of proteins (1.9%). The present study indicates that the (C(γ)-exo/C(γ)-exo), (C(γ)-exo/Twisted C(γ)-exo-C(ß)-endo) and (Twisted C(γ)-endo-C(ß)-exo/Twisted C(γ)-endo-C(ß)-exo) categories are the most preferred combinations. For Proline rings in proteins, the states C(γ)-exo, Twisted C(γ)-exo-C(ß)-endo and Twisted C(γ)-endo-C(ß)-exo are the most preferred states. Within diproline segments, the pyrrolidine ring conformations do not show a strong co-relation to the backbone conformation in which they are observed. It is likely that five-membered rings have a considerable plasticity of structure and are readily deformed to accommodate a variety of energetically preferred backbone conformations.

Associação entre marcadores inflamatórios e fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres de Kolkata, W.B, Índia / Association between inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk factors in women from Kolkata, W.B, India / Asociación entre marcadores inflamatorios y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres de Kolkata, W.B, India

FUNDAMENTO: Recentes pesquisas tem se concentrado no uso de biomarcadores inflamatórios na previsão de risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, a informação é escassa em relação à associação entre esses marcadores inflamatórios com outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares em indianos asiáticos, particularmente em mulheres. OBJETIVO: Explorar a associação entre marcadores inflamatórios tais como proteína C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) e contagem de leucócitos (LEU) e fatores de risco cardiovascular tais como adiposidade geral e central, pressão arterial, variáveis lipídicas e lipoproteicas e glicemia de jejum. MÉTODOS: Conduzimos uma análise transversal de 100 mulheres com idade entre 35-80 anos. As participantes foram selecionadas através da metodologia de amostragem por cluster, de 12 distritos urbanos selecionadas ao acaso na Corporação Municipal de Kolkata, Índia. RESULTADOS: A PCR-as apresentou uma associação significante com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p < 0,001) e circunferência da cintura (CC) (p = 0,002). Associações significantes inversas foram observadas entre a lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol (HDL-c) e ambos marcadores inflamatórios PCR-as (p = 0,031) e LEU (p = 0,014). A apo-lipoproteína A1 (Apo A1) também estava negativamente associada com a PCR-as. A contagem de leucócitos apresentou uma correlação significante com a glicemia de jejum e a razão colesterol total (CT) /HDL-C. Usando regressão logística ajustada para idade, IMC (odds ratio/OR, 1,186; intervalo de confiança/IC, 1,046-1,345; p=0,008) e LEU (OR, 1,045; IC, 1,005-1,087; p=0,027) foram as covariantes significantemente associadas com a PCR-as. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, os fatores de risco tais como IMC, CC e HDL-c e Apo-A1 mostraram uma associação significante com PCR-as. A contagem de leucócitos estava significantemente associada com os níveis de HDL-c, glicemia de jejum, razão CT/HDL-c em mulheres.

BACKGROUND: Recent research has focused on the use of inflammatory biomarkers in the prediction of cardiovascular risk. However, information is scant regarding the association between these inflammatory markers with other cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indians, particularly in women. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) count and cardiovascular risk factors such as overall and central adiposity, blood pressure, lipid and lipoprotein variables and fasting glucose. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on 100 women aged 35-80 years. Participants were selected following cluster sampling methodology from 12 different randomly selected urban wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation. RESULTS: Hs-CRP has a significant association with body mass index (BMI) ( p < 0.001) and waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.002). Significant inverse associations were observed between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and both inflammatory markers, hs-CRP (p = 0.031) and WBC count, (p = 0.014). Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) was also negatively associated with hs-CRP. WBC count has significant correlation with fasting glucose and total cholesterol (TC) /HDL-C ratio. Using logistic regression, adjusting for age, BMI (odds ratio/OR, 1.186; confidence interval/CI, 1.046-1.345; p=0.008) and WC (OR, 1.045; CI, 1.005-1.087; p=0.027) were the covariates significantly associated with hs-CRP. CONCLUSION: In the present study, risk factors like BMI, WC, and HDL-C and apo A1 show significant association with hs-CRP. WBC count was significantly correlated with HDL-C, fasting glucose, TC/HDL-C ratio in women.

FUNDAMENTO: Recientes investigaciones se han concentrado en el uso de biomarcadores inflamatorios en la previsión de riesgo cardiovascular. Entre tanto, la información es escasa en relación a la asociación entre esos marcadores inflamatorios con otros factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en indios asiáticos, particularmente en mujeres. OBJETIVO: Explorar la asociación entre marcadores inflamatorios tales como proteína C-reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCR-as) y recuento de leucocitos (LEU) y factores de riesgo cardiovascular tales como adiposidad general y central, presión arterial, variables lipídicas y lipoproteicas y glucemia de ayuno. MÉTODOS: Condujimos un análisis transversal de 100 mujeres con edad entre 35-80 años. Las participantes fueron seleccionadas a través de la metodología de muestreo por cluster, de 12 distritos urbanos seleccionadas al azar en la Corporación Municipal de Kolkata, India. RESULTADOS: La PCR-as presentó una asociación significativa con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (r=0,373, p<0,001) y circunferencia de la cintura (CCI) (r=0,301, p=0,002). Asociaciones significativas inversas fueron observadas entre la lipoproteína de alta densidad colesterol (HDL-c) y ambos marcadores inflamatorios (r= -0,220, p=0,031 y r= -0,247, p=0,014 para PCR-as y LEU, respectivamente). La apo-lipoproteína A1 (Apo A1) también estaba negativamente asociada con la PCR-as (r= -0,237, p=0,031). El recuento de leucocitos presentó una correlación significativa con la glucemia de ayuno (r=0,253, p=0,011) y la razón colesterol total (CT) /HDL-C (r=0,284, p=0,004). Usando regresión logística ajustada para edad, IMC (odds ratio/OR, 1,186; intervalo de confianza/IC, 1,046-1,345; p=0,008) y LEU (OR, 1,045; IC, 1,005-1,087; p=0,027) fueron las covariantes significativamente asociadas con la PCR-as. CONCLUSIÓN: En el presente estudio, los factores de riesgo tales como IMC, CCI y HDL-c y Apo-A1 mostraron una asociación significativa con PCR-as. El recuento de leucocitos estaba significativamente asociado a los niveles de HDL-c, glucemia de ayuno, razón CT/HDL-c en mujeres.