Adult distal hypospadias repair is safe and easy.

The success level of hypospadias repair in adults still needs to be established on a more extensive scaled study. Therefore, we conducted this study to document the success level of hypospadias repair in adults. This study presents the results of 620 adult distal hypospadias patients treated with TIPU operation. A retrospective study was performed for adult patients who underwent TIPU operations from February 2016 to September 2020. Patients who had distal hypospadias after the age of 16 were included in our study. The average operation time was between 35 and 65 min (50 min.). Complications developed in 79 (12.7%) patients: 37 urethral fistulas, 24 meatal stenosis, 11 anastomotic stenosis and 7 had a complete failure. In conclusion, primary adult distal hypospadias surgery is safe and easy. The complication rates are similar when compared to the paediatric group. As the surgical experience advances, the success of the operation increases in direct proportion.

Female urethral stricture: which one is stronger? Labial vs buccal graft.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to compare labial and buccal mucosa graft methods in female urethroplasty. METHODS: Female urethroplasty surgeries performed between March 2016 and October 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Labial and buccal mucosa graft surgeries were listed. RESULTS: Between March 2016 and October 2020, a total of 28 patients had graft urethroplasty surgery in our center. Fourteen had labial, 14 had buccal onlay graft urethroplasty. The pre-treatment Qmax values were 13 ml/s in the labia major onlay graft (LMOG) group and 12.5 ml/s in the buccal mucosa onlay graft (BMOG) group. The Qmax values after the treatment were remeasured at the 1st, 3rd, and 12th months. They were 20 ml/s, 24 ml/s, and 24 ml/s in the LMOG group and 23 ml/s, 25 ml/s, and 28 ml/s in the BMOG group. The operation times were 65 min (55-90) in the LMOG group; in the BMOG group, it was 70.35 min (65-90). CONCLUSIONS: In female urethral strictures, especially in long segments and recurrent strictures, graft urethroplasty is a successful and safe method. Dorsal buccal onlay mucosal graft and labia major grafts show similar results in the early period to complications and success. In the long term, buccal onlay mucosal graft gives better results.

The level of knowledge and awareness about prostate cancer in the Turkish male and the relevant effective factors.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the general knowledge and awareness levels, information sources, and the state of medical check-up for prostate cancer (PCa) and relevant effective factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The participants were asked to answer to 14 questions of a questionnaire about age, education, economic and social condition, knowledge about PCa, state of being examined and their related factors. According to demographic characteristics of the participants, levels of awareness about PCa, sources of information, affecting factors and their interrelationships were examined. Two groups were formed according to age (<60 years, >60 years) and variations according to ages were investigated. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-three men with an average age of 57 years (range 40-85) were included in the study. Our findings showed that 68.3% of the participants were thinking that PCa is a frequently seen disease, 88.4% were thinking that it can be treated and 62.8% of men specified that their information sources are doctors. We also found that 60.8% of the participants had not undergone prostate examination and prostate specific antigen (PSA) control. The most reason for not having annual examinations was (44.4%) "negligence". Significantly greater number of men with higher education (high school/university) were highly informed about PCa (p=0.037). Check-up rates were statistically significantly higher among men with intermediate income (p=0.041). Curability of PCa diagnosed at an early stage was acknowledged by statistically higher number of individuals under the age 60 (p<0.05). Health control, prostate examination and/or PSA control rates were higher in men with a family history of PCa and in the group of >60 years. CONCLUSION: Although PCa has a high prevalence and mortality rates, personal and social information and sensitivity levels must be increased as it can be treated if diagnosed at an early stage. We think that social and medical impact of the disease can be decreased with the planning of effective methods based on sociocultural and economic factors.

Paratesticular Fibrous Pseudotumors.

Paratesticular fibrous pseudotumors (PFPs) are rare pathologies with quite wide and variable topographic-morphological features. It is difficult to distinguish PFPs from malignant masses. Treatment can be done by resection of the mass. We reported a young patient's findings about this rare pathology.

Scrotal Lipomatosis Mimicking Varicocele: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Scrotal lipomatosis is a rarely seen disease with an etiology that is not fully understood. Some information suggests that this disease may be associated with infertility. It is characterized by pain-free scrotal swelling. In this study, we reported a scrotal lipomatosis case presenting due to infertility and pain-free scrotal swelling. It was operated on with the initial diagnosis of varicocele, but once fatty tissue was observed in the scrotum, the case was diagnosed as scrotal lipomatosis. Here, we present this rare case with a literature review.

Is perioperative examination of frozen sections necessary in nephron-sparing surgery?

AIM: To evaluate the role of perioperative freezing in the management of surgical procedures in patients with malignant renal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 17 patients diagnosed with renal masses who underwent nephron-sparing surgery. The group included 5 females and 12 males aged from 44 to 68 years (mean = 54.6). The mean mass size was 5.5 cm. Mass locations were as follows: 9 were in the lower pole, 4 were in the mid-pole, and 6 were in the upper pole. Perioperative freezing was not carried out. The patients were followed-up in a period ranging from 3 months to 7 years. RESULTS: Tumor pathology was reported as renal cell carcinoma in all cases, and surgical margins were negative in all of them. One patient died after 1 year because of tumor metastasis. In another patient, the tumor reoccurred in the same kidney and a radical nephrectomy was performed. Other patients were followed without recurrence. CONCLUSION: Imaging of the renal vascular system and freezing during surgery is not necessary for nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma; however, we should be careful in terms of capsule invasion because of tumor recurrence.

A bladder wall angiomyolipoma as a manifestation of tuberous sclerosis: first case report.

A 21-year-old female patient admitted to the emergency department complaining of left side pain. Hypovolemic shock, which was probably caused by retroperitoneal bleeding from left sided renal angiomyolipoma, was developed. Abdominal computed tomography showed multiple fat containing lesions in different, regions including right bladder wall, lower pole of left kidney, and right kidney. Some lesions compatible with tuberous sclerosis such as angiofibromas, Shagreen patches, myocardial, and brain hamartomas were also detected. Bladder wall mass showing intra- and extravesical extensions was seen at exploration. We removed the tumor completely preserving bladder trigone. Angiomyolipoma located at lower pole of left kidney was also removed. Diagnosis of bladder angiomyolipoma was confirmed by the immunohistochemical examination. Recurrent or residual mass was not detected at the three-months-follow-up. We report the first case of bladder angiomyolipoma confirmed by histopathologically as a tuberous sclerosis.

Minimal invasive pyeloplasty technique with vertical surgical approach: an alternative to laparoscopic pyeloplasty.

This retrospective clinical study presents pyeloplasty results following a muscle-splitting dissection, with mini-flank incision, using instruments held in a vertical position. Between 2004 and 2010, dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes) was performed in 37 cases (32 males and 5 females) with an average age of 26 years (range, 20-56 years). The technique was carried out through a window opened by separating the lateral abdominal muscles. Operation duration, length of incision, postoperative pain, complications, and radiological and clinical results were discussed. The operation duration was between 50 and 90 minutes (average=65 minutes), the incisional length 5 and 7 cm (average=5.2 cm), and visual pain scale was 4.1 ± 3.1 and 3.3 ± 3.4 at 4 and 24 hours after the operation, respectively. The duration of hospitalization was between 30 and 120 hours (average=42 hours). In a retrospective analysis of our study, one case was reoperated on, following recurrence with obstruction, there were 9 cases with prolonged dilation in response to diuretics and 29 cases with complete recovery. Pyeloplasty operations, with a vertical surgical approach through smaller incisions and muscle separation, offered shorter periods of hospitalization, less postoperative pain, acceptable cosmetic results and higher rates of functional recovery.

Findings concerning testis, vas deference, and epididymis in adult cases with nonpalpable testes

In this study, we aimed to state the relationship between testis, epididymis and vas deference, in adult cases with nonpalpable testis. Between January 1996 and December 2009, we evaluated 154 adult cases with nonpalpable testes. Mean age was 23 years (20-27 years). Explorations were performed by open inguinal incision, laparoscopy, and by inguinal incision and laparoscopy together on 22, 131 and 1 patient, respectively. Of all the unilateral cases, 32 were accepted as vanishing testis. In five of these cases, vas deference was ending inside the abdomen, and in the others, it was ending inside the scrotum. In the remaining 99 unilateral and 22 bilateral cases, 143 testes were found in total. Testes were found in the inguinal canal as atrophic in one case, at the right renal pedicle level with dysmorphic testis in one case, and anterior to the internal ring between the bladder and the common iliac vessels at a smaller than normal size in 119 cases. One (0.69 percent) case did not have epididymis. While epididymis was attached to the testis only at the head and tail locations in 88 (61.53 percent) cases, it was totally attached to the testis in 54 (37.76 percent) cases. There is an obviously high incidence rate of testis and vas deference anomalies, where epididymis is the most frequent one. In cases with abdominal testes, this rate is highest for high localised abdominal testes.

Is microsurgery necessary in grade 3 varicocele?

PURPOSE: To compare the results of microsurgical and naked eye varicocelectomy in patients with grade 3 varicocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 84 patients with grade 3 varicocele, between 2007 and 2009. Patients were randomized into two groups, equal in number. Thereafter, microsurgical varicocelectomy was performed in the first group, while the other group underwent naked eye varicocelectomy. Groups were compared in terms of operation duration, number of ligated internal and external spermatic veins, early and late postoperative complications, and postoperative color Doppler ultrasonography findings. Parametric and nonparametric values were compared using Student's t test and Chi-Square test, respectively. RESULTS: The mean duration of surgery was 19 ± 2.3 minutes (range, 12 to 25 minutes) in the naked eye surgery group and 43 ± 3.9 minutes (range, 25 to 75 minutes) in the microsurgery group (P = .008). The number of ligated internal and external spermatic veins, the incidence of early and late postoperative complications, and color Doppler ultrasonography findings were not significantly different between the two groups (P = .12, P = .09, P = .17, and P = .22, respectively). CONCLUSION: In patients with grade 3 varicocele, microsurgery and naked eye surgical methods proved similar results in terms of success and complications. Because the operation time of the classical varicocelectomy is significantly shorter, it may be preferred in this subset of patients.

Polyorchidism: sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Polyorchidism is a rare anomaly and frequently associated with criptorchidism, inguinal hernia and testicular torsion. It is also reported as increased risk of testicular malignancy. We report a case of 23 year old man with left supernumerary testis in the left hemiscrotum. He presented with painless mass in his left hemiscrotum. Normal physical examination and laboratory tests including spermiogram were examined. Both ultrasound and MRI examinations revealed polyorchidism without malignancy or any other concomitant features. In most cases sonography alone is diagnostic. MRI may provide additional information in complicated cases of polyorchidism. Conservative treatment with sonographic follow-up is the choice of treatment in uncomplicated cases.

Findings concerning testis, vas deference, and epididymis in adult cases with nonpalpable testes.

In this study, we aimed to state the relationship between testis, epididymis and vas deference, in adult cases with nonpalpable testis. Between January 1996 and December 2009, we evaluated 154 adult cases with nonpalpable testes. Mean age was 23 years (20-27 years). Explorations were performed by open inguinal incision, laparoscopy, and by inguinal incision and laparoscopy together on 22, 131 and 1 patient, respectively. Of all the unilateral cases, 32 were accepted as vanishing testis. In five of these cases, vas deference was ending inside the abdomen, and in the others, it was ending inside the scrotum. In the remaining 99 unilateral and 22 bilateral cases, 143 testes were found in total. Testes were found in the inguinal canal as atrophic in one case, at the right renal pedicle level with dysmorphic testis in one case, and anterior to the internal ring between the bladder and the common iliac vessels at a smaller than normal size in 119 cases. One (0.69%) case did not have epididymis. While epididymis was attached to the testis only at the head and tail locations in 88 (61.53%) cases, it was totally attached to the testis in 54 (37.76%) cases. There is an obviously high incidence rate of testis and vas deference anomalies, where epididymis is the most frequent one. In cases with abdominal testes, this rate is highest for high localised abdominal testes.

Laparoscopic orchiectomy and simultaneous inguinal herniorrhaphy technique by the transperitoneal route in adult patients.

In recent years, laparoscopy has begun to be widely used in many clinics for the diagnosis and repair of nonpalpable testes. Because the technique is noninvasive, it is also used to repair inguinal hernias via the retroperitoneal route. The technique and results of performing laparoscopic orchiectomy and herniorrhaphy simultaneously by the transperitoneal route in patients with abdominal testis and ipsilateral inguinal hernia were addressed in this clinical study. Between 1996 and 2001, laparoscopic intervention was applied in 44 patients ranging in age from 20 to 27 years (average, 23 years) who had both unilateral nonpalpable testis and ipsilateral inguinal hernia. The patients underwent laparoscopic orchiectomy and transperitoneal herniorrhaphy. They were followed for 6 to 24 months postoperatively (average, 16 months). No complications developed during the operation or early postoperative period in any of the patients. No case of recurrent hernia was encountered during the followup period. Efficient laparoscopic transperitoneal hernia repair can be achieved during laparoscopic orchiectomy performed in patients with abdominal testis and ipsilateral inguinal hernia. When this method is used, patients can be discharged on the day after the operation and are able to resume their daily activities within a very short time.

Comparison of ultrasonographic and laparoscopic findings in adult nonpalpable testes cases.

OBJECTIVE: There is a small number of studies in adult nonpalpable testes cases, and there is no published paper on the diagnostic value of their ultrasonographic examination. In this prospective study, we compared the sonographic and laparoscopic findings in adult cases with nonpalpable testes to assess the necessity and the profits of ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 50 cases, 38 unilateral and 12 bilateral, with nonpalpable testes were investigated. Patients' ages ranged from 20 to 25 years with a mean of 22. Sonographic examinations were performed with a high-resolution ultrasonography device. RESULTS: Laparoscopic evaluation of the patients with unilateral nonpalpable testis yielded 27 testes out of a total 38. In one case, the testis was detected in the inguinal canal with inguinal exploration. The remaining 10 cases were regarded as vanishing testes. All 24 testes of 12 patients with bilateral nonpalpable testes were found. The pre-laparoscopic ultrasonographic examination detected 20 of 24 testes in bilateral cases (83% sensitivity), and 17 of 26 testes in unilateral cases (65% sensitivity). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ultrasonography does not exclude the necessity for laparoscopy, and it is not superior to physical examination in detection of the inguinal atrophic testes or testicular nubbin.

Outpatient urethrocutaneous fistula repair with local anesthesia in adult patients.

The aim of this prospective study was to demonstrate that urethrocutaneous fistulas could be repaired under local anesthesia in adult patients without catheters. Between 1998 and 2000, 32 patients with urethrocutaneous fistulas were repaired under local anesthesia. The patients were divided into two groups in terms of whether they did or did not have catheters. The catheterized group (group I) included 15 patients and the uncatheterized group (group II) included 17 patients. Although the uncatheterized patients were discharged the same day as their operation, catheterized patients were discharged 4 to 6 days postoperatively. Patients were reevaluated on postoperative day 7 and month 3 in terms of wound infection, urethral stricture, and recurrence of fistula. All patients tolerated the fistula repair under local anesthesia. The success rate of fistula repair was 93.3% and 94.1% in the catheterized and uncatheterized groups, respectively. During postoperative days 1 through 7, wound infection was seen in 2 patients in group I but was not noted in the uncatheterized group. Fistulas recurred in one patient from each group (6.6% and 5.8%, respectively) after 3 months postoperatively. As a result, the authors suggest that catheterless fistula repair with local anesthesia in the adult age group is an effective, safe, and inexpensive procedure.

Use of buccal mucosal grafts in hypospadia-crippled adult patients.

The buccal mucosa has begun to be used as a free graft in complex hypospadias repair gradually and successfully in recent years. However, there are limited experiences regarding use of the buccal mucosa in adult patients. In this study, the authors describe their experience using buccal mucosal grafts in hypospadias-crippled adult patients. Between March 1996 and February 2001, the buccal mucosa was used in 26 cases of complex hypospadias in which local penile skin was not present or it was insufficient for urethral repair. All patients were adults (age range, 17-24 y; average, 21 y). In these patients in whom penile skin was insufficient, urethral repair by buccal mucosa was planned, with the stipulation that at least 6 months had passed from the previous operation. The buccal mucosa has been applied to 23 patients alone and in combination with penile skin in three patients. After surgery, the patients were followed-up for 3 to 18 months (average, 12 mo). During the follow-up, fistula in the line of the proximal anastomosis, meatal stenosis, and the fistula together with meatal stenosis developed in nine (35%), four (15%), and two patients (7%), respectively. It is concluded that buccal mucosa is the free graft material that should be the first choice in complex hypospadias cases that are circumcised or undergo operation more than once and when the penile skin is not available.

The effects of one- and two-stage orchiopexy on postoperative serum testosterone levels and testicular volume in adult patients with bilateral nonpalpable testes.

In this study, we investigated the effects of one- and two-staged orchiopexy on testicular volume and serum testosterone levels in cases with high, abdominally localized, bilateral nonpalpable testes. Between March 1996 and April 2001, orchiopexy was performed on 46 testes in 23 patients with bilateral nonpalpable testes. In 15 of the 23 patients, a two-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy was performed, and in 8 of the 23 patients, a one-stage laparoscopic orchiopexy was performed. For one patient who lacked both testes, bilateral prosthetic testes were inserted. The patients' ages were between 20 and 23 years (average, 21 years). In the first stage of the two-stage orchiopexy, the spermatic artery was ligated laparoscopically. Six months later, open surgery orchiopexy was performed. Patients were followed for 2 to 16 months (average, 10 months) and were evaluated for testicular atrophy, serum testosterone levels, and complications. In all the patients, the preoperative secondary sexual characteristics and serum testosterone levels were normal. Among the postoperative controls, evaluated at months 3 and 6, one patient's testes were found at the pubic area. Testicular atrophy was not observed in any of the patients, and the serum testosterone levels were in the normal range. In the two-stage orchiopexy group, 5 (33%) of the 15 patients had an average 30% volume decrease, and in the one-stage group, 2 (25%) of the 8 patients had an average 40% volume decrease. In this study, it was shown that either two-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy or laparoscopic orchiopexy can be successfully performed in patients with bilateral abdominal testes, and that the testes can be fixed to their palpable original positions without interfering with the secretion of testosterone. Although the results are similar, our experience suggests that single-stage laparoscopic orchiopexy is the preferable method.

Adult nonpalpable testis: is laparoscopy always required?

Laparoscopy is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testes. Some nonpalpable testes are vanishing testes. In such cases, unnecessary laparoscopic interventions can be avoided by a careful selection of cases. Between 1996 and 2001, laparoscopic intervention was applied to 107 patients with nonpalpable testes. Of the cases, 23 were bilateral and 84 were unilateral. Patients were between 19 and 27 years of age (average age, 23 years). Diagnostic ultrasonography was performed in 44 of the 84 patients with nonpalpable testes. Dimensions of the scrotal testis were determined by the Prader orchiometer method. The dimensions of the opposite scrotal testis (of the scrotal nubbin) and the abdominal testis were compared with the dimensions of 20 normal, healthy individuals' scrotal testis (control group). Results were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U test. During laparoscopy, 24 (28.5%) of the patients were found to have a vanishing testis. The vas deferens and the testicular blood vessels ended bluntly at the anterior edge of the interior inguinal ring in one patient, inside the inguinal canal in five patients, and in the scrotum in 18 patients. Among the 84 patients with nonpalpable testes, no testis was found in any of the 18 patients with palpable scrotal nubbins. The opposite scrotal testes were hypertrophic in 17 (70.8%) of 24 patients who had vanishing testis (P < .05), and they were hypertrophic in 22 (36%) of the 60 patients (P > .05) who had laparoscopically identified intraabdominal testes. We conclude that clinical and radiologic diagnosis is sufficient for adult patients with nonpalpable testicles and palpable scrotal nubbins and hypertrophic contralateral scrotal testes. Laparoscopic intervention should be applied to patients who do not have palpable scrotal nubbins.