Outcomes after Vena Cava Filter Use in Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism and Contraindications to Anticoagulation.

BACKGROUND: The association between the use of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) and outcomes among patients with cancer-associated thromboembolism (CT) and contraindications to anticoagulation remains unclear. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study of patients with CT from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbólica Registry, we assessed the association between IVCF insertion due to contraindication to anticoagulation and the outcomes of all-cause mortality, pulmonary embolism (PE)-related mortality, recurrent thromboembolism, and major bleeding rates through 30 days after initiation of treatment. We used propensity score matching to adjust for the likelihood of receiving a filter. For outcomes assessment, we implemented generalized estimating equation methods to incorporate the matched-pairs design, and adjusted for covariates that remained unbalanced after matching. RESULTS: Of the 17,005 patients with CT, 270 underwent IVCF placement because of contraindication to anticoagulation. Of those, 247 were successfully matched with 247 patients treated without a filter. Propensity score-matched pairs showed a nonsignificantly lower risk of all-cause death (12.2% vs. 17.0%; p = 0.13), and a significantly lower risk of PE-related mortality (0.8% vs. 4.0%; p = 0.04) for patients receiving IVCFs compared with those who did not. While there was no significant difference in the rate of major bleeding (6.1% vs. 5.7%; p = 0.85), risk-adjusted recurrent rates were higher for patients who received IVCFs compared with those who did not (7.3% vs. 3.2%; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with CT and a contraindication to anticoagulation, IVCF insertion was associated with a lower risk of PE-related death, and a higher risk of recurrences.

Outcomes after venous thromboembolism in patients with gastric cancer: Analysis of the RIETE Registry.

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Venous thromboembolism is an independent predictor of death among patients with gastric cancer. We aimed to describe the factors associated with mortality, thrombosis recurrence, and bleeding complications in patients with gastric cancer who develop venous thromboembolism. We included 612 patients with gastric cancer and venous thromboembolism in the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbólica (RIETE) registry from 2001 to 2018. We used Cox proportional hazard ratios and a Fine-Gray model to define factors associated with outcomes. The overall mortality at 6 months was 44.4%. Factors associated with increased 6-month mortality included immobility (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.4; p < 0.001), anemia (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.8; p < 0.02), and leukocytosis (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.3; p < 0.001). Recurrent thrombosis occurred in 6.5% of patients and major bleeding complications in 8.5% of the cohort. Male sex was the main factor associated with thrombosis recurrence (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.0; p < 0.02) and hemoglobin below 10 g/dL (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.05-2.50; p = 0.03) the main factor associated with bleeding. In conclusion, patients with gastric cancer who develop venous thrombosis have a very high likelihood of death. Low hemoglobin in this population is associated with poor outcomes.

Gender differences in patients with venous thromboembolism and five common sites of cancer.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of cancer patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) may differ according to gender. METHODS: We used the RIETE database to compare the rate of VTE recurrences, major bleeding and mortality in patients with lung, colorectal, pancreatic, hematologic or gastric cancer during the course of anticoagulation, according to gender. RESULTS: As of January 2016, 11,055 patients with active cancer were enrolled: 1,727 had lung cancer, 1,592 colorectal, 840 hematologic, 517 pancreatic and 459 had gastric cancer. Compared with men (N = 3,130), women (N = 2,005) were more likely to have colorectal, pancreatic or hematologic cancer, and less likely to have lung cancer. Most patients (91%) were initially treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), but women received higher daily doses per body weight. Then, 66% kept receiving LMWH for long-term therapy. During the course of anticoagulation, 302 patients developed recurrent VTE, 220 bled and 1,749 died. Compared with men, women had a similar rate of VTE recurrences or major bleeding, and a lower mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82-0.99). When separately comparing outcomes according to cancer site, women with lung cancer had a lower mortality (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.70-0.92), those with colorectal cancer had a higher mortality (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.02-1.54) and those with gastric cancer had a higher rate of VTE recurrences than men (RR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.04-5.89). CONCLUSIONS: VTE women with lung, colorectal, pancreatic, haematological or gastric cancer experienced a similar outcome during the course of anticoagulant therapy than men with similar cancers.

Clinical Prognosis of Nonmassive Central and Noncentral Pulmonary Embolism: A Registry-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Whether the localization of nonmassive pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with the short-term and long-term prognosis of patients remains unknown. Our aim was to characterize associations of nonmassive PE localization with risks of recurrent VTE, major bleeding, and mortality during and after anticoagulation. METHODS: Among participants of the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad ThromboEmbòlica (RIETE) registry with incident symptomatic nonmassive PE diagnosed by CT scan, we compared risks of recurrent VTE, major bleeding, and mortality during and after anticoagulation between central PE (main pulmonary artery) and noncentral PE (more peripheral arteries) using Cox proportional hazard-adjusted models. RESULTS: Of the 6,674 participants, patients with central PE (40.5%) had age (mean 66 years), sex (46.9% male sex), and proportion of idiopathic (45.0%) and cancer-related (22.3%) PE that were similar to those of patients with noncentral PE. During anticoagulation (5,256.1 patient-years), the risk of recurrent VTE was similar between the two groups (2.5 vs 2.1 per 100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.32; 95% CI, 0.91-1.90), as were risks of major bleeding and mortality. After anticoagulation was discontinued (2,175.4 patient-years), participants with central PE had a borderline greater risk of recurrent VTE than did participants with noncentral PE (11.0 vs 8.0 per 100 patient-years; aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01-1.78) but not when restricted to participants after unprovoked PE (13.8 vs 11.9 per 100 patient-years; aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.79-1.68; P = .48). Risks of major bleeding and mortality were similar. CONCLUSIONS: In nonmassive PE, central localization of PE is associated with greater risk of recurrent VTE after anticoagulation cessation. However, the low magnitude of this association and the absence of association after unprovoked PE suggest that the clinical relevance of this finding is limited and that the duration of anticoagulation should not be tailored to PE localization after nonmassive unprovoked PE.

Thirty-day mortality rate in women with cancer and venous thromboembolism. Findings from the RIETE Registry.

The influence of the site of cancer on outcome in cancer women with venous thromboembolism (VTE) is poorly understood. Reliable information on its influence might facilitate better use of prevention strategies. We assessed the 30-day outcome in all women with active cancer in the RIETE Registry, trying to identify if differences exist according to the tumor site. Up to May 2010, 2474 women with cancer and acute VTE had been enrolled. The most common sites were the breast (26%), colon (13%), uterus (9.3%), and haematologic (8.6%) cancers. During the 30-day study period, 329 (13%) patients died. Of them, 71 (2.9%) died of pulmonary embolism (PE), 22 (0.9%) died of bleeding. Fatal PE was more common in women with breast, colorectal, lung or pancreatic cancer (59% of the fatal PEs). Fatal bleeding was more frequent in women with colorectal, haematologic, ovarian cancer or carcinoma of unknown origin (55% of fatal bleedings).