A Scoping Review of Nutrition Education Interventions Applied in Prison Settings.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Over 11 million individuals are incarcerated globally, facing health challenges such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, possibly exacerbated by prison diets. The objective of this scoping review is to explore the various available types of nutrition education interventions that currently exist in the literature applied in prison settings. RECENT FINDINGS: Utilizing the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, 19 databases were searched for studies on nutrition interventions in prisons from 2000 to May 2023, guided by the "PICO" structure. Inclusion criteria encompassed articles in five languages from peer-reviewed journals focusing solely on nutrition education interventions. Rayyan QCRI software was utilized for screening and data extraction. Fifteen international studies were analyzed, covering various countries and targeting different populations in prisons. Interventions varied from nutrition education to comprehensive health programs. The outcomes were inconsistent, with some showing health improvements and others encountering challenges. Few utilized established theoretical frameworks, indicating a research gap. The range of interventions highlights the potential complexity of nutrition education interventions within prisons. Implementing recognized theoretical frameworks may enhance effectiveness. The diverse outcomes highlight the challenges in creating impactful programs, emphasizing foundational issues. Recommendations focus on rigorous research designs and understanding prison-specific complexities. Nutrition education interventions in incarcerated settings present varied results, emphasizing the need for well-structured, theoretically grounded, and carefully evaluated programs. Future strategies should recognize the multifaceted nature of correctional facilities, aiming for holistic approaches to improve health in prisons.

Prevalence of self-reported cancer based on sexual orientation in the United States: a comparative analysis between lesbian, bisexual, gay, and heterosexual individuals.

PURPOSE: Our study aimed to compare the prevalence and likelihood of self-reported (SR) cancer diagnosis between lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) groups and the heterosexual population in the United States between 2017 and 2021. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2017-2021, which included 134,372 heterosexual and 4576 LGB individuals aged 18 and above. The prevalence of any SR cancer and some selected cancers were calculated for the LGB and compared with heterosexual adults. Sexual orientation was used to predict SR cancer diagnosis for each sex using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for other sociodemographic determinants. RESULTS: The unadjusted prevalence of any SR cancer among the LGB population was 9.0%. Lesbian and Bisexual women had higher prevalence of SR cancer of the cervix, uterus, ovary, thyroid, bone, skin melanoma, leukemia, and other blood cancers than Heterosexual women. Gay and Bisexual men had a higher prevalence of SR cancer of the bladder, kidney, skin (non-melanoma, and other kinds), bone, lymphoma, and leukemia than Heterosexual men. After adjusting for other socio-demographic factors, gay men were 1.73 (CI 1.14-2.63, p = 0.01) times more likely than heterosexual men to be diagnosed with cancer, while lesbian women were 2.26 (CI 1.24-4.16, p = 0.009) times more likely to be diagnosed with cancer than heterosexual women. CONCLUSION: Some sexual minority subgroups are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer than their heterosexual counterparts. As a result, more research and SM-specific intervention efforts should focus on cancer risk assessment, screening, prevention, treatment, and survivorship in SM populations.

Suicidal ideation, plan and attempt among adolescents in Houston Texas: a trend and cross-sectional analysis of the youth risk behavior survey 2011-2019 in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the trends in the prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts among adolescents in Houston, Texas, USA, from 2011 to 2019. Furthermore, we assessed the risk factors associated with suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt among adolescents in Houston in 2019. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of Houston district's Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) from 2011 to 2019. It included 11,178 adolescents aged 11-15 years in Houston middle schools. The overall and stratified (by gender, race, and ethnicity) prevalence rates were evaluated between 2011 and 2019. Factors associated with suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts in 2019 were assessed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Suicidal ideation among adolescents increased by 2.74 % from 23.14 % in 2011-25.88 % in 2019. In 2019, we observed a 4.40 % increase in the prevalence of suicidal ideation from 2017 (21.48 %). The prevalence of suicidal plan increased by 3.76 % in 2019 (17.69 %) from 2011 (13.93 %) and by 3.99 % from 2017 (13.70 %). Suicide attempts among adolescents in Houston fluctuated from 2011 to 2019. However, there was a 1.19 % increase in prevalence in 2019 (11.62 %) compared to 2017 (10.43 %). Suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt were significantly associated with being female, Black, or African American, having ever carried a weapon, being bullied on school property, being bullied online, having ever had a cigarette, having ever had alcohol, having taken cocaine, and having used prescription pain medicine illegally/inappropriately. CONCLUSIONS: This study found increasing rates of suicide ideation, plan, and attempts among Houston adolescents in middle schools between 2011 and 2019.