Natural antioxidants as strategy to minimize the presence of lipid oxidation products in canned fish: Research progress, current trends and future perspectives.

Canned fish is one of the most popular forms of fish consumption due to its high nutritional value, availability, and practicality. However, canning may induce lipid oxidation. Thus, this study provides in-depth information on the impact of high temperatures applied during canning on fish lipids. The thermo-oxidation is evidenced, for example, by the high levels of both primary and secondary oxidation products determined in fish after canning, as well as the presence of harmful compounds such as cholesterol oxides. Given the role of lipid oxidation in canned fish, this study also presents a comprehensive review on using natural antioxidants to control it. The antioxidant properties of common liquid mediums (vegetable oils and sauces) are highlighted. Moreover, adding algae extracts, spices, and condiments to the liquid medium to enhance its antioxidant potential has been considered, while the exploitation of by-products and wastes from the food industry also emerges as a suitable strategy. Besides the promising results, these practices may promote positive impacts on other quality parameters (e.g. water and oil holding capacities, texture, microbiological growth). However, further studies are needed, including research on aspects related to safety, effective concentrations and application methods, without ignoring consumers' sensory acceptance.

Bioactive compounds of parsley (Petroselinum crispum), chives (Allium schoenoprasum L) and their mixture (Brazilian cheiro-verde) as promising antioxidant and anti-cholesterol oxidation agents in a food system.

This study determined the bioactive composition and antioxidant potential of parsley, chives and their mixture (Brazilian cheiro-verde). Additionally, the effect of these herbs against cholesterol oxidation in grilled sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) was also investigated. Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS) analyses revealed the presence of phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids) and flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol, catechin) in the herbs. Higher levels of phenolics (2.10 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g) and carotenoids (205.95 ± 0.17 µg/g) were determined in parsley extracts. Moreover, parsley also presented higher antioxidant capacity by DPPH (59.21 ± 0.07 %) and ORAC (109.94 ± 18.7 µM TE/g) than the other herbs. In vivo analyses demonstrated that the herbs' extracts decreased the damage on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells exposed to H2O2, except the chives extract at 10 µg/mL. Higher levels of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were determined after grilling. The total COPs increased from 61.8 ± 0.7 (raw fish) to 139.7 ± 10.1 µg/g (control). However, the addition of herbs effectively reduced cholesterol oxides formation, this effect was more pronounced in fish containing 4% parsley and 4% cheiro-verde. Promising results were found for cheiro-verde; however, it did not present synergic antioxidant effects.

Effect of aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruit against polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol thermo-oxidation in model systems containing sardine oil (Sardinella brasiliensis).

This study evaluated the protective effect of ground aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruit addition against fatty acids and cholesterol oxidation in model systems containing sardine oil (Sardinella brasiliensis) during heating (150 and 180 °C). High temperatures reduced the amount of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and caused the formation of oxidized products. Total cholesterol oxides content increased from 58.9 ± 0.26 to 577.5 ± 2.14 µg/g oil, after heating at 180 °C. However, aroeira significantly protected lipids from oxidation. Although the synthetic antioxidant applied as standard (butylated hydroxytoluene) showed greater results, it was used in the maximum concentration permitted by Brazilian legislation (0.01%), suggesting that aroeira fruit could be used as a natural antioxidant for the food industry. The protective effect of aroeira may be correlated to its antioxidant capacity and the presence of bioactive compounds which were identified by UHPLC-ESI-MS in the aroeira extract.

Aroeira fruit (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) as a natural antioxidant: Chemical constituents, bioactive compounds and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi fruit, known as Brazilian pepper or aroeira, is a natural source of bioactive compounds. However, studies about the antioxidant and nutritional contribution of this fruit in food systems are limited. Regarding the presence of bioactive compounds, flavonoids showed the highest level (10.33 ± 0.34 mg QE/g), and potential antioxidant components such biflavonoids were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The aroeira fruit extract showed antioxidant potential in DPPH (42.68 ± 0.05%), ORAC (43.40 ± 6.22 µM TE/g) and ß- carotene/linoleic acid (61.41 ± 5.30%) assays. Besides that, in vivo analyses demonstrated the ability of aroeira extracts to decrease the damage caused by oxidative stress promoted by H2O2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Thus, the presence of phytochemicals with functional properties and the antioxidant capacity of aroeira fruit indicate its use as a potential natural antioxidant for the food industry.

Nutritional quality and functional lipids in the free-range egg yolks of Brazilian family farmers / Calidad alimenticia y lípidos funcionales en las yemas de gallina del campo de agricultores de familias Brasileñas

ABSTRACT Nowadays consumers are more concerned about food quality as well as how food is produced. Moreover, consumer demand for more natural, nutritious, safer to eat, and environmentally sustainable food has drawn attention to alternative breeding systems, such as a free-range system. Hens' eggs represent a rich source of important nutrients, including lipids and carotenoids. A detailed characterization of the nutritional and lipid profile of free-range chicken eggs from family farms was carried out. The chemical composition of the free-range egg yolks confirmed the advantages of this farming system, as a relevant source of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, functional compounds in the human diet. These findings can help improve income generation, food supplementation, and consolidation of the family farming system.

RESUMEN Cada vez más los consumidores se preocupan por la calidad de los alimentos, así como tambien de como ellos son producidos. Además, la demanda de los consumidores por alimentos más naturales, nutritivos, más seguros para el consumo y ambientalmente sostenibles ha llamado la atención a sistemas de cría de alternativa, como el sistema de gallina del campo. Los huevos de gallinas representan una fuente rica de sustancias nutritivas importantes, incluyendo lípidos y carotenoids. Fue realizada una caracterización detallada de los nutrientes y del perfil lipídicos de huevos de gallinas del campo de agricultores familiares. La composición química de yemas de gallinas del campo confirmó las ventajas de este sistema de producción, como una fuente importante compuestos funcionales como ácidos grasos insaturados y carotenoides, en la dieta humana. Además, estos hallados pueden ayudar a mejorar la generación de ingreso, la suplementación de alimentos y la consolidación de sistema de agricultura familiar.

Determinação da composição centesimal e capacidade antioxidante de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L. ) obtido em cultivo orgânico no Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Determination of centesimal composition and antioxidant capacity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) obtained in organic cultivation in the State of Rio de Janeiro

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma erva com ampla aplicação na culinária e relevante valor nutricional. Neste contexto, este trabalho determinou a composição centesimal e a capacidade antioxidante de folhas de manjericão orgânico. Foi determinada a seguinte composição centesimal em base seca: proteínas 43,57 ± 0,35 g/100g, lipídios 17,58 ± 1,05 g/100g, carboidratos 17,14 ± 0,51 g/100g e cinzas 21,70 ± 0,08 g/100g. A capacidade antioxidante foi determinada pela quantificação dos fenólicos totais (18,10±0,17 mg AGE/g) e do percentual de desativação do radical DPPH (89,16%). Teores de clorofila e carotenoides totais também foram quantificados. Os resultados apontam o potencial nutricional do manjericão analisado, onde a presença de compostos bioativos pode caracterizar a atividade antioxidante observada.

Efeito da adição de azeite de oliva no perfil de ácidos graxos de kaftas elaboradas com carne caprina / Effect of olive oil addition on fatty acids profile of koftas elaborated with caprine meat

O efeito da adição de cinco níveis de azeite de oliva na fração lipídica de kaftas de carne caprina foi avaliado. A adição de azeite na formulação dos produtos cárneo ocasionou a elevação dos teores de lipídios totais, com variações de 3,54±0,22 a 12,07±0,12 g/100g. Os principais ácidos graxos identificados foram: ácido oleico (46,42±0,30 a 51,13±0,19 g/100g), palmítico (17,15±0,08 a 20,35±0,05 g/100g) e esteárico (11,48±1,01 a 14,76±2,51 g/100g). Os resultados demonstraram a influência da adição do azeite na fração lipídica, embora a adição do azeite tenha acarretado o aumento dos teores de lipídios totais, o incremento observado foi no conteúdo de ácido oleico, principal ácido graxo constituinte do azeite de oliva. Desta forma, observou-se a melhora na qualidade nutricional das kaftas, devido às propriedades funcionais deste ácido graxo.

Composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos em coloríficos comercializados em Teresina-PI, Brasil / Centesimal composition and fatty acids profile in colorificos marketed in Teresina-PI, Brazil

Coloríficos produzidos artesanalmente e comercializados em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, foram avaliados quanto à composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos. Foi determinada a seguinte composição: umidade (de 8,32±0,02 a 13,31±0,02 g/100g), cinzas (0,60±0,00 a 3,34±0,01 g/100g), proteínas (5,20±0,01 a 10,37±0,02 g/100g), lipídios (1,97±0,01 a 9,90±0,00 g/100g) e carboidratos (68,80 a 85 g/100g). Teores mais elevados foram determinados para os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, seguidos dos monoinsaturados e saturados, respectivamente, predominando o ácido linoleico. As amostras apresentaram grande variação para um mesmo parâmetro no quesito composição centesimal, demonstrando a falta de padronização dos produtos. Além disso, elevados teores de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados destacam o valor nutricional da fração lipídica dos coloríficos.

Avaliação microbiológica de coloríficos comercializados em Teresina-PI, Brasil / Microbiological evaluation of colorificos marketed in Teresina-PI, Brazil

O colorífico é um tempero a base de urucum amplamente utilizado com o intuito de fornecer cor e sabor aos alimentos. Dezoito amostras de coloríficos produzidos artesanalmente e comercializados em mercados de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade microbiológica. Considerando a RDC n°12/2001, foi realizada a determinação quantitativa de Salmonella e bactérias do grupo coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Das amostras analisadas, duas apresentaram valores diferentes dos estimados pela legislação, que determina ausência de Salmonella e presença de até 5x102 para coliformes termotolerantes, contudo estas ainda se enquadraram dentro dos padrões exigidos. Embora tenham demonstrado bons resultados, os resultados destacam a necessidade do emprego das boas práticas higiênicas e sanitárias para a produção de coloríficos.

Use of Natural Antioxidants in the Inhibition of Cholesterol Oxidation: A Review.

Synthetic antioxidants are widely used in the food industry. However, the potential toxicity, carcinogenic effects, and possible health damage caused by the ingestion of synthetic compounds, and also consumer concern about the safety of such additives has motivated the food industry to search for natural alternatives. Natural compounds with antioxidant properties are able to retard or prevent lipid oxidation in food. Animal sources like fish, eggs, meats, and dairy products are essential foods for human health due to their lipid fraction with high contents of unsaturated compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. However, these unsaturated lipids when exposed to favorable factors can become oxidized, which leads to sensory and nutritional losses as well as the formation of oxidized compounds known as cholesterol oxidation products or COPs. COPs are associated with deleterious health effects, such as inflammation, cytotoxicity, atherogenesis, carcinogenesis, and alterations in cell membrane properties, as well as the development of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and other chronic diseases. Thus, the use of natural antioxidants can be an alternative to synthetics to prevent the formation of COPs and extend the shelf life of foods susceptible to oxidative deterioration. This review brings together information concerning the use of natural antioxidants as a strategy to control cholesterol oxidation.

Diagnóstico e qualidade microbiológica de ovos caipiras produzidos por agricultores familiares* / Diagnosis and microbiological quality of eggs produced by rednecks farmers

Este trabalho teve a finalidade realizar um diagnóstico do manejo sanitário da produção e avaliar a qualidade microbiológica dos ovos caipiras produzidos por agricultores familiares fluminenses. Para o diagnóstico das propriedades foi utilizada uma lista de checagem baseada em 14 indicadores referentes ao manejo sanitário Protocolo de Boas Práticas de Produção (PBPPO) da União Brasileira de Avicultura. Para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica, foram analisados 280 ovos de um dia após a postura coletados durante oito semanas, nas propriedades dos produtores familiares. Foram feitas contagem de mesófilos aeróbios viáveis, pesquisa de Salmonela sp. e detecção de coliformes totais e fecais. Nenhuma das propriedades apresentou 100% de conformidade em relação aos 14 indicadores do PBPPO. Para o total de indicadores estudados, verificou-se que o produtor B foi que apresentou a maior quantidade de indicadores em conformidade (57%), seguido dos produtores A, C e D que apresentaram 50% de conformidade, enquanto que o produtor E, apresentou apenas seis indicadores (43%) do total de 14 aplicados a produção caipira de ovos. Em todas as amostras estudadas foi verificado contagem total de aeróbios mesófilos viáveis de até 3,95 Log UFC.g-1 , ausência de Salmonela sp. e o resultado para o grupo dos coliformes foi <2 NMP. mL-1 . Apesar dos agricultores não aplicarem as Boas Práticas de Produção Agropecuárias na produção dos ovos caipiras, os resultados do presente trabalho indicaram que todas as amostras analisadas estavam adequadas para o consumo de acordo com a Legislação vigente. dade microbiológica.

This study aimed to establish a diagnosis of the health management of production and evaluate the microbiological quality of eggs produced by rednecks fluminense family farmers. For the diagnosis of the properties was used a checklist based on 14 indicators related to health Management Protocol Good Manufacturing Practices (GMEPP) of the Brazilian Poultry Union. To evaluate the microbiological quality, 280 eggs were analyzed one day after the collected posture for eight weeks, the properties of the family farmers. Were made count of viable aerobic mesophilic, Salmonella sp. research and detection of total and fecal coliforms. None of the properties had 100% compliance in relation to 14 GMEPP indicators. For all the indicators studied, it was found that the producer B was with the highest number of indicators accordingly (57%), followed by producers A, C and D that showed 50% compliance, while the producer and, had only six indicators (43%) of the total of 14 applied to rustic egg production. In all the studied samples was verified Total viable mesophilic aerobic count up to 3.95 log CFU g-1, the absence of Salmonella sp. and the result for the group of coliforms was <2 NMP. mL-1. Although farmers not applying the Good Agricultural Production Practices in the production of rednecks eggs, the results of this study indicated that all samples analyzed were suitable for consumption according to the current legislation.

Aflatoxin M1 contamination in grated parmesan cheese marketed in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of AFM1 contamination in the samples of grated parmesan cheese marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro -Brazil. Thirty samples representing 10 major brands marketed in the region were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) after purification with immunoaffinity column. The method showed recovery values within the range of 70-90%, with RSD lower than 15% and limits of detection and quantification below the maximum level allowed by the European Commission for the presence of AFM1 in cheeses. The mycotoxin was identified in 18 (60%) of the grated cheese samples tested. The highest value corresponded to 0.69 ± 0.02 µg/kg and the mean for all the analyzed samples was 0.16 µg/kg. All the samples were lower than the limit established by the Brazilian legislation (2.5 µg/kg) for AFM1 in cheeses in general. However, eight samples (26.7%) presented AFM1 levels above the tolerance limit of 0.25 µg/kg adopted by the European Commission. These results indicated that AFM1 levels in the grated cheese consumed in Rio de Janeiro -Brazil were relatively high and it could provide a potential hazard for the public health.

Lipid raft disruption by docosahexaenoic acid induces apoptosis in transformed human mammary luminal epithelial cells harboring HER-2 overexpression.

In HER-2-overexpressing breast cells, HER-2 receptors exist on the cell surface as monomers, homodimers and heterodimers. For signal activation and transduction to occur, HER-2 must be localized to lipid rafts. Therefore, we hypothesized that the amount of lipid rafts on the cell membrane would be a factor in HER-2 signaling. To test this, we used HB4a (an untransformed human mammary epithelial cell line) and HB4aC5.2 cells. HB4aC5.2 cells are HB4a derivatives that have been transfected with five copies of pJ5E.c-ErbB-2 and express approximately 900 times more HER-2 than HB4a cells. In these cells, HER-2 overexpression was accompanied by increased lipid rafts in cell membranes, a hyperactivation of downstream Akt and ERK1/2 proteins, and an increased rate of cell growth compared to HB4a. In addition, HER-2 overexpression was associated with an increased activation of FASN, a key enzyme involved in cellular lipogenesis. Its final product, palmitate, is frequently used to synthesize lipid rafts. We further hypothesized that treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, would disrupt the lipid rafts and lead to a growth arrest. In HB4aC5.2 cells, but not HB4a cells, we found that DHA treatment disrupted lipid raft; inhibited HER-2 signaling by decreasing activation of Akt, ERK1/2 and FASN proteins; and induced apoptosis. Although little is known about lipid rafts, our data support the idea that disturbances in these microdomains induced by DHA may represent a useful tool for controlling the signaling initiated by HER-2 receptors and its therapeutic potential in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer.

Determinaçäo de colesterol em ovos: comparaçäo entre um método enzimático e um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência / The determination of cholesteral in eggs: a comparison of an enzymatic method with that of high performance liquid chromatography

Os métodos enzimáticos apesar de serem baratos e simples são pouco utilizados na análise de colesterol em alimentos, uma vez que a enzima reage com qualquer esterol presente na amostra. Considerando que ovos possuem apenas colesterol, o objetivo deste trabalho foi otimizar um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Em ambos os métodos foi realizado saponificação direta das amostras e extração da matéria insaponificável com hexano. No método enzimático foi utilizado um kit (LABORLAB SA) e a absorbância foi determinada a 499 nm, 90 minutos após a reação. Na CLAE utilizou-se coluna C18, 100x4,6 mm x 4um (Chromolith, Merck), fase móvel acetonitrila:isopropanol (85:15) e fluxo de 2mL/min. Os métodos foram validados através de testes de recuperação, material de referência certificado de ovo em pó (SRM 1846,NIST) e receptibilidade. Os valores médios de colesterol nos ovos foram 1363 +- 47 e 1364 +- 40mg/100g de gema para o método enzimático e por CLAE, respectivamente, não havendo diferenças significativas (p>0,01) entre os resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos. Ambos os métodos podem ser utilizados com confiabilidade para determinação de colesterol em gema de ovos, sendo que o método enzimático possui vantagem de ser bem menos oneroso que o por CLAE. (AU)

Enzymatic methods are simple and of low-cost, but are nevertheless little used in thedetermination of cholesterol in foods as the enzyme reacts with any sterol, present in the sample. As eggsonly have cholesterol, the objective of this study was to optimize an enzymatic method for the determinationof cholesterol in eggs and compare it to a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Forboth methods, the samples were saponified directly and the unsaponifiable matter extracted with hexane.For the enzymatic method, a test kit (LABORLAB S.A) was used and the absorbance read at 499 nm, 90minutes after the reaction. For HPLC, a C18, 100 x 4.6 mm x 4 µm (Chromolith, Merck) column was used,the solvent being acetonitrile:2-propanol (85:15 v/v) with a flow rate of 2 mL/min. The methods werevalidated according to recovery test, the use of egg standard reference material (SRM 1846, NIST), andrepeatability. The mean result for the enzymatic method was 1363 ± 47 and for HPLC 1364 ± 40 mg/100g of yolk. There were no significant differences (p>0.01) found between the results of the two methods.Both methods are reliable for use in the determination of cholesterol in yolk, the enzymatic method showingthe additional advantage of being cheaper than HPLC. (AU)

Composiçäo centesimal da carne de escargot (Achatina fulica) criado em Iguape, SP / Composition of Achatina fulica slain species produced in Region of Iguape, SP

Nos dias atuais, a medicina vem observando a importância dos alimentos e sua relaçäo com o aparecimento de determinadas doenças. Por isso, torna-se necessária a busca por alimentos saudáveis e com reduzido valor calórico. O escargot é um alimento rico em ácidos graxos polinsaturados e baixo teor de lipídeos, podendo ser consumido por pessoas que necessitam de dietas especiais. A caracterizaçäo da composiçäo química da carne de escargots da espécie Achatina fulica, criados pela Pró-Fauna na regiäo de Iguape-SP, e comercializados por grandes redes de supermercados foi analisada. As amostras de escargot foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de proteína, lipídeos, cinzas e umidade, obtendo-se os seguintes resultados: 14,87 por cento, 2,40 por cento, 0,28 por cento e 82,45 por cento, respectivamente. A composiçäo em ácidos graxos foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa capilar, obtendo-se teores de 56,78 por cento em ácidos graxos polinsaturados, 15,54 por cento em monoinsaturados e 23,25 por cento em saturados, observando-se uma relaçäo polinsaturados/saturados de 3,1. A carne do escargot apresenta-se como fonte de ácidos graxos essenciais como o ácido linoleico (C18:2) - 18,49 por cento importante na formaçäo de eicosanóides, potentes reguladores de funçöes teciduais e celulares.