Undervalued tuna meat (Thunus obesus and Katsuwonus pelamis lineaus) to develop sausages / Carne infravalorada de atún (Thunnus obesus y Katsuwonus pelamis linnaeus) para desarrollar salchichas

Background: The tuna industry is one of the most essential sectors in global food production. Nevertheless, commercial meat known as "tuna loin" holds the utmost significance in producing and marketing its various products. Regrettably, fractions like tail and head meat have been overlooked and wasted due to their comparatively lower commercial value. Despite possessing notable technological value, this meat is typically reutilized into animal feed through flour production, missing the chance to create alternative high-value food products. Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the sausages produced with the underutilized cuts of tuna (tail and head meat). Methods: The tuna utilized were Big-eye (Thunus obesus) and Skip-jack (Katsuwonus pelamis lineaus). Three (3) different types of sausages were formulated using 100% of Big-eye (BE), 100% of Skip-jack (SJ) tuna meat, and 100% of beef/pork meat (Control). The sausage pH changes during storage at 4 ± 1oC were analyzed and compared with the control. Proximal, microbiological, and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Results: The pH of sausages showed that the values tended to decrease in control, while this value increased in two types of tuna. The formulated tuna sausages yielded 72% moisture, 18% protein, 4.1% lipid, 0.4% ash, 0.4 % fiber, and 4.5% carbohydrates. Sensory attributes showed excellent acceptance regarding color, smell, flavor, and texture. Overall acceptability was qualified as "liked," and the acceptability index ranged from 76% to 86%. During the refrigeration storage, the microbiological analyses indicated that the total coliform count was < 3 CFU/g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and mesophilic aerobic bacteria in tuna sausage showed absence during 24 days of storage. Conclusion: Using tuna tail and head meat enabled the development of gel-type emulsified products (sausages) that exhibited good nutritional, sensory, and microbiological quality

Antecedentes: La industria atunera se erige como uno de los sectores más importantes en la producción mundial de alimentos. Sin embargo, entre sus diversos productos, la carne comercial conocida como "lomo de atún" ostenta la mayor importancia tanto en su producción como en su comercialización. Lamentablemente, fracciones de carne provenientes de la cola y la cabeza se han desperdiciado debido a su reducido valor comercial. A pesar de poseer un notable valor tecnológico, esta carne normalmente es utilizada en la alimentación animal mediante la producción de harina, perdiendo la oportunidad de desarrollar productos alimenticios alternativos con alto valor nutricional. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y evaluar salchichas producidas con carne subutilizada de atún (carne de cola y cabeza). Métodos: Las especies de atún utilizadas fueron Big-eye (Thunus obesus) and Skip-jack (Katsuwonus pelamis lineaus). Se formularon tres (3) tipos diferentes de salchichas usando 100 % de carne de atún Big-eye (BE), 100 % de Skip-jack (SJ) y 100 % de carne de res/cerdo (Control). Se analizaron los cambios de pH en las salchichas durante el almacenamiento a 4 ± 1 oC y se compararon con el Control. También se evaluaron la composición proximal, calidad microbiológica y atributos sensoriales. Resultados: El pH mostró que los valores tendieron a disminuir en relación a la muestra Control, mientras que este valor aumentó en los dos tipos de salchicha con carne de atún. Las salchichas con carne de atún mostraron un 72 % de humedad, 18 % de proteína, 4,1 % de lípidos, 0,4 % de ceniza, 0,4 % de fibra, 4,5 % de carbohidratos. Los atributos sensoriales mostraron buena aceptabilidad de los parámetros de color, olor, sabor y textura. La aceptabilidad general se calificó como "me gusta" y el índice de aceptabilidad osciló entre el 76 % y el 86 %. Durante el periodo de almacenamiento en refrigeración, los análisis microbiológicos indicaron que el recuento de coliformes totales fue < 3 UFC/g. No se evidenció la presencia de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y bacterias aerobias mesófilas durante 24 días de almacenamiento. Conclusión: El aprovechamiento de la carne de la cola y cabeza del atún permitió desarrollar productos emulsionados tipo gel (embutidos) que exhibieron buena calidad nutricional, sensorial y microbiológica.

The feasibility of mitral valve device foldoplasty: an in vivo study to evaluate durable retention.

OBJECTIVES: We have previously shown in experimental settings that a leaflet foldoplasty device reduces redundant leaflet area to re-establish mitral valve (MV) coaptation. The current study investigates the in vivo device retention and functional durability following foldoplasty. METHODS: The prototype is of superelastic nitinol formed into a 3-dimensional shape. It is unfolded to engage a specified area of leaflet tissue and then folded to exclude this tissue from the coaptation surface. Design modifications were made and tested in benchtop studies to determine the optimal design for durable retention within the leaflet. To evaluate in vivo performance, posterior leaflet chordae were severed in Yorkshire pigs to produce complete posterior leaflet prolapse and severe mitral regurgitation. Design modifications were then used for MV repair. Five animals that underwent repair using the optimal design were observed for 2 weeks postoperative to evaluate the functional result and implant retention. RESULTS: Device position and orientation were maintained at 2 weeks while preserving the functional MV repair in all 5 animals. Coaptation height was 5.5 ± 1.5 mm, which was not significantly different from a baseline of 4.9 ± 0.8 mm. The degree of leaflet excursion was 41.0 ± 16.0 compared to a baseline of 58.7 ± 27.5. CONCLUSIONS: Device foldoplasty is a new concept for MV repair based on the reduction of redundant leaflet tissue area. This study demonstrates the feasibility of safe maintenance of this repair without early dislodgement or embolization.

Mucin-Like Glycoproteins Modulate Interfacial Properties of a Mimetic Ocular Epithelial Surface.

Dry eye disease (DED) has high personal and societal costs, but its pathology remains elusive due to intertwined biophysical and biochemical processes at the ocular surface. Specifically, mucin deficiency is reported in a subset of DED patients, but its effects on ocular interfacial properties remain unclear. Herein a novel in vitro mucin-deficient mimetic ocular surface (Mu-DeMOS) with a controllable amount of membrane-tethered mucin molecules is developed to represent the diseased ocular surfaces. Contact angle goniometry on mimetic ocular surfaces reveals that high surface roughness, but not the presence of hydrophilic mucin molecules, delivers constant hydration over native ocular surface epithelia. Live-cell rheometry confirms that the presence of mucin-like glycoproteins on ocular epithelial cells reduces shear adhesive strength at cellular interfaces. Together, optimal surface roughness and surface chemistry facilitate sustainable lubrication for healthy ocular surfaces, while an imbalance between them contributes to lubrication-related dysfunction at diseased ocular epithelial surfaces. Furthermore, the restoration of low adhesive strength at Mu-DeMOS interfaces through a mucin-like glycoprotein, recombinant human lubricin, suggests that increased frictional damage at mucin-deficient cellular surfaces may be reversible. More broadly, these results demonstrate that Mu-DeMOS is a promising platform for drug screening assays and fundamental studies on ocular physiology.

A microsurgical robot research platform for robot-assisted microsurgery research and training.

PURPOSE: Ocular surgery, ear, nose and throat surgery and neurosurgery are typical types of microsurgery. A versatile training platform can assist microsurgical skills development and accelerate the uptake of robot-assisted microsurgery (RAMS). However, the currently available platforms are mainly designed for macro-scale minimally invasive surgery. There is a need to develop a dedicated microsurgical robot research platform for both research and clinical training. METHODS: A microsurgical robot research platform (MRRP) is introduced in this paper. The hardware system includes a slave robot with bimanual manipulators, two master controllers and a vision system. It is flexible to support multiple microsurgical tools. The software architecture is developed based on the robot operating system, which is extensible at high-level control. The selection of master-slave mapping strategy was explored, while comparisons were made between different interfaces. RESULTS: Experimental verification was conducted based on two microsurgical tasks for training evaluation, i.e. trajectory following and targeting. User study results indicated that the proposed hybrid interface is more effective than the traditional approach in terms of frequency of clutching, task completion time and ease of control. CONCLUSION: Results indicated that the MRRP can be utilized for microsurgical skills training, since motion kinematic data and vision data can provide objective means of verification and scoring. The proposed system can further be used for verifying high-level control algorithms and task automation for RAMS research.

The Population Education Transition Curve: Education Gradients Across Population Exposure to New Health Risks.

The salutary effect of formal education on health-risk behaviors and mortality is extensively documented: ceteris paribus, greater educational attainment leads to healthier lives and longevity. Even though the epidemiological evidence has strongly indicated formal education as a leading "social vaccine," there is intermittent reporting of counter-education gradients for health-risk behavior and associated outcomes for certain populations during specific periods. How can education have both beneficial and harmful effects on health, and under which contexts do particular effects emerge? It is useful to conceptualize the influence of education as a process sensitive to the nature, timing of entry, and uniqueness of a new pleasurable and desirable lifestyle and/or product (such as smoking) with initially unclear health risks for populations. Developed herein is a hypothesis that the education gradient comprises multiple potent pathways (material, psychological, cognitive) by which health-risk behaviors are influenced, and that there can be circumstances under which pathways act in opposite directions or are differentially suppressed and enhanced. We propose the population education transition (PET) curve as a unifying functional form to predict shifting education gradients across the onset and course of a population's exposure to new health risks and their associated consequences. Then, we estimate PET curves for cases with prior epidemiological evidence of heterogeneous education gradients with health-risk behaviors related to mass-produced cigarettes in China and the United States; saturated fats, sugar, and processed food diets in Latin America; and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Each offers speculation on interactions between environmental factors during population exposure and education pathways to health-risk behaviors that could be responsible for the temporal dynamics of PET curves. Past epidemiological studies reporting either negative or positive education gradients may not represent contradictory findings as much as come from analyses unintentionally limited to just one part of the PET process. Last, the PET curve formulation offers richer nuances about educational pathways, macro-historical population dynamics, and the fundamental cause of disease paradigm.

Non-linear education gradient across the nutrition transition: mothers' overweight and the population education transition.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies found that developed and developing countries present opposite education-overweight gradients but have not considered the dynamics at different levels of national development. An inverted U-shaped curve is hypothesized to best describe the education-overweight association. It is also hypothesized that as the nutrition transition unfolds within nations the shape of education-overweight curve changes. DESIGN: Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the moderating effect of the nutrition transition at the population level on the education-overweight gradient. At the individual level, a non-linear estimate of the education association was used to assess the optimal functional form of the association across the nutrition transition. SETTING: Twenty-two administrations of the Demographic and Health Survey, collected at different time points across the nutrition transition in nine Latin American/Caribbean countries. SUBJECTS: Mothers of reproductive age (15-49 years) in each administration (n 143 258). RESULTS: In the pooled sample, a non-linear education gradient on mothers' overweight was found; each additional year of schooling increases the probability of being overweight up to the end of primary schooling, after which each additional year of schooling decreases the probability of overweight. Also, as access to diets high in animal fats and sweeteners increases over time, the curve's critical point moves to lower education levels, the detrimental positive effect of education diminishes, and both occur as the overall risk of overweight increases with greater access to harmful diets. CONCLUSIONS: Both hypotheses were supported. As the nutrition transition progresses, the education-overweight curve shifts steadily to a negative linear association with a higher average risk of overweight; and education, at increasingly lower levels, acts as a 'social vaccine' against increasing risk of overweight. These empirical patterns fit the general 'population education transition' curve hypothesis about how education's influences on health risks are contextualized across population transitions.

A meta-analysis of education effects on chronic disease: the causal dynamics of the Population Education Transition Curve.

As the Epidemiological Transition progresses worldwide, chronic diseases account for the majority of deaths in developed countries and a rising proportion in developing countries indicating a new global pattern of mortality and health challenges into the future. Attainment of formal education is widely reported to have a negative gradient with risk factors and onset of chronic disease, yet there has not been a formal assessment of this research. A random-effects meta-analysis finds that across 414 published effects more education significantly reduces the likelihood of chronic disease, except for neoplastic diseases with substantial genetic causes. Some studies, however, report null effects and other research on infectious disease report positive education gradients. Instead of assuming these contradictory results are spurious, it is suggested that they are part of a predictable systemic interaction between multiple mediating effects of education and the Epidemiological Transition stage of the population; and thus represent one case of the Population Education Transition Curve modeling changes in the association between education and health as dependent on population context.

Autoregulation of glypican-1 by intronic microRNA-149 fine tunes the angiogenic response to FGF2 in human endothelial cells.

MicroRNA-149 (miR-149) is located within the first intron of the glypican-1 (GPC1) gene. GPC1 is a low affinity receptor for fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) that enhances FGF2 binding to its receptor (FGFR1), subsequently promoting FGF2-FGFR1 activation and signaling. Using bioinformatic approaches, both GPC1 and FGFR1 were identified and subsequently validated as targets for miR-149 (both the mature strand, miR-149, and the passenger strand, miR-149*) in endothelial cells (ECs). As a consequence of their targeting activity towards GPC1 and FGFR1, both miR-149 and miR-149* regulated FGF2 signaling and FGF2-induced responses in ECs, namely proliferation, migration and cord formation. Moreover, lentiviral overexpression of miR-149 reduced in vivo tumor-induced neovascularization. Importantly, FGF2 transcriptionally stimulated the expression of miR-149 independently of its host gene, therefore assuring the steady state of FGF2-induced responses through the regulation of the GPC1-FGFR1 binary complex in ECs.

MicroRNA 33 regulates glucose metabolism.

Metabolic diseases are characterized by the failure of regulatory genes or proteins to effectively orchestrate specific pathways involved in the control of many biological processes. In addition to the classical regulators, recent discoveries have shown the remarkable role of small noncoding RNAs (microRNAs [miRNAs]) in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In this regard, we have recently demonstrated that miR-33a and miR33b, intronic miRNAs located within the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) genes, regulate lipid metabolism in concert with their host genes. Here, we show that miR-33b also cooperates with SREBP1 in regulating glucose metabolism by targeting phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), key regulatory enzymes of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Overexpression of miR-33b in human hepatic cells inhibits PCK1 and G6PC expression, leading to a significant reduction of glucose production. Importantly, hepatic SREBP1c/miR-33b levels correlate inversely with the expression of PCK1 and G6PC upon glucose infusion in rhesus monkeys. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-33b works in concert with its host gene to ensure a fine-tuned regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis, highlighting the clinical potential of miR-33a/b as novel therapeutic targets for a range of metabolic diseases.

A regulatory role for microRNA 33* in controlling lipid metabolism gene expression.

hsa-miR-33a and hsa-miR-33b, intronic microRNAs (miRNAs) located within the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 and 1 genes (Srebp-2 and -1), respectively, have recently been shown to regulate lipid homeostasis in concert with their host genes. Although the functional role of miR-33a and -b has been highly investigated, the role of their passenger strands, miR-33a* and -b*, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that miR-33a* and -b* accumulate to steady-state levels in human, mouse, and nonhuman primate tissues and share a similar lipid metabolism target gene network as their sister strands. Analogous to miR-33, miR-33* represses key enzymes involved in cholesterol efflux (ABCA1 and NPC1), fatty acid metabolism (CROT and CPT1a), and insulin signaling (IRS2). Moreover, miR-33* also targets key transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism, including SRC1, SRC3, NFYC, and RIP140. Importantly, inhibition of either miR-33 or miR-33* rescues target gene expression in cells overexpressing pre-miR-33. Consistent with this, overexpression of miR-33* reduces fatty acid oxidation in human hepatic cells. Altogether, these data support a regulatory role for the miRNA* species and suggest that miR-33 regulates lipid metabolism through both arms of the miR-33/miR-33* duplex.

Control of cholesterol metabolism and plasma high-density lipoprotein levels by microRNA-144.

RATIONALE: Foam cell formation because of excessive accumulation of cholesterol by macrophages is a pathological hallmark of atherosclerosis, the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western societies. Liver X nuclear receptors (LXRs) regulate the expression of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1). ABCA1 and ABCG1 facilitate the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages and regulate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis. Increasing evidence supports the role of microRNA (miRNAs) in regulating cholesterol metabolism through ABC transporters. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify novel miRNAs that regulate cholesterol metabolism in macrophages stimulated with LXR agonists. METHODS AND RESULTS: To map the miRNA expression signature of macrophages stimulated with LXR agonists, we performed an miRNA profiling microarray analysis in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with LXR ligands. We report that LXR ligands increase miR-144 expression in macrophages and mouse livers. Overexpression of miR-144 reduces ABCA1 expression and attenuates cholesterol efflux to apolipoproteinA1 in macrophages. Delivery of miR-144 oligonucleotides to mice attenuates ABCA1 expression in the liver, reducing HDL levels. Conversely, silencing of miR-144 in mice increases the expression of ABCA1 and plasma HDL levels. Thus, miR-144 seems to regulate both macrophage cholesterol efflux and HDL biogenesis in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: miR-144 regulates cholesterol metabolism via suppressing ABCA1 expression and modulation of miRNAs may represent a potential therapeutical intervention for treating dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Enfermedades priónicas en el ser humano en Uruguay: registro de los últimos 25 años / Prion diseases in humans in Uruguay: a study of the last 25 years

Introducción: las enfermedades priónicas son enfermedades de carácter degenerativo del sistema nervioso central de curso progresivo y desenlace fatal que presentan largos períodos deincubación antes de manifestarse clínicamente siendo hoy de gran interés científico dado que responden a un modelo autorreplicante proteico sin intervención de ácidos nucleicos. Asimismo tienen un carácter simultáneo de aparición esporádico, hereditario e infectante. La aparición de la encefalopatía bovina espongiforme y su consecuencia en el ser humano, la variante de la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jacob, subrayan la necesidadde un control epidemiológico estricto en la materia.Objetivo: describir la realidad de estas enfermedades en Uruguay en el período que media entre 1984 y 2009 inclusive.Material y método: se realizó una revisión descriptiva y retrospectivade casos clínicos de enfermedades priónicas diagnosticadas en nuestro país.Resultados: se lograron identificar 42 casos de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob en Uruguay (8 formas hereditarias y 34 formas esporádicas). La tasa de incidencia estimada globalfue de 0,7 casos por millón de habitantes por año, considerandolas formas probables y definitivas.Conclusiones: en este trabajo se han detectado exclusivamente casos esporádicos y familiares de Creutzfeldt-Jacob, no se han detectado casos vinculados a la variante relacionadacon la encefalopatía espongiforme bovina, ni a otros tipos de enfermedades priónicas que afectan a los seres humanos. Dadas las características de la enfermedad y la distribución de neurólogos en todo el país, es posible realizar un relevamiento y una vigilancia epidemiológica bastante estricta deestas enfermedades en nuestro medio.

Introduction: prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerativedisorders that may result in death and are distinguished by long incubation periods before presenting a clinical manifestation. Today they are scientifically interesting since they follow a protein auto-replicant modelwithout the participation of nucleic acids.These diseases appear sporadically, they are hereditary and infectious as well. The appearance of bovinespongiform encephalopathy and its consequences on human beings and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease variationsreinforce the need for a strict epidemiological control in the field.Objective: to describe the reality of these diseases in Uruguay from 1984 through 2009.Method: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive review of clinical cases of prion diseases diagnosed in our country.Results: we managed to identify 43 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in Uruguay (8 hereditary forms and34 sporadic forms). Global incidence estimated rate was 0.7 cases per million inhabitants, considering both probableand definitive forms.Conclusions: we have exclusively identified sporadic and hereditary cases of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, we have not identified variations in connection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy or other kinds of prion diseases affecting human beings. Given the characteristics of the disease and the distribution of neurologists in the country enable a rather strict survey and epidemiological surveillance of thesediseases in our country.

Introdução: as doenças priônicas são enfermidades de caráter degenerativo do sistema nervoso central decurso progressivo y desenlace fatal que apresentam longos períodos de incubação antes de manifestar-seclinicamente sendo hoje de grande interesse científico, pois respondem a um modelo autorreplicante proteicosem intervenção de ácidos nucleicos. Têm ademais um caráter simultâneo de aparição esporádica, hereditária e infectante. O aparecimento da encefalopatia bovina espongiforme, a variante da doença de Creutzfeldt-Jacob e suas consequências nos seres humanos, destacam a necessidade de um controle epidemiológico estrito.Objetivo: descrever a realidade destas doenças no Uruguai no período 1984-2009 inclusive.Material e método: realizou-se uma revisão descritiva y retrospectiva de casos clínicos das doenças priônicasdiagnosticadas no nosso pais.Resultados: identificaram-se 42 casos de doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob no Uruguai (8 formas hereditárias e34 formas esporádicas).Ataxa de incidência global estimada foi de 0,7 casos por milhão de habitantes por ano,considerando as formas prováveis e definitivas.Conclusões: neste trabalho detectaram-se exclusivamente os casos esporádicos e familiares de Creutzfeldt-Jacob; não se identificaram casos vinculados à variante relacionada com a encefalopatia espongiforme bovina, nem a outros tipos de doenças priônicas que afetam a los seres humanos.Considerando as características desta patologia e a distribuição de neurologistas no país, é possível realizarum relevamento e uma vigilância epidemiológica bastante estrita de estas doenças no nosso meio.

Diagnóstico de situación de la investigación en salud en el ámbito del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación y 10 ministerios provinciales / Situational diagnosis of the health research at the national and 10 Provincial Ministries fo Health in Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: El estudio y análisis de la investigaciónpara la salud reviste interés para los países desde el punto de vista sanitario y socioeconómico, ya que procura establecer información confiable y de calidad acerca de qué, cómo y a través de quiénes se investiga en este campo. OBJETIVO: Describir las actividades de gestión de la investigación, difusión o producción de conocimiento que se realizan en los ministerios y sus organismos dependientes, con la finalidad de efectuar un diagnóstico inicial de esa situación en 2010. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se analizaron 11 ministerios de salud y 215 organismos dependientes. El relevamiento se realizó a través de una encuesta estructurada a funcionarios responsables. Se relevaron los ministerios de Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Provincia de Buenos Aires, Chaco, Chubut, Córdoba, Corrientes, Jujuy, Mendoza, Nación, Neuquén y Tucumán. RESULTADOS: CABA, Buenos Aires,Córdoba, Jujuy, Mendoza, Nación y Neuquén contaban con áreas específicas de investigación y realizaban actividades de regulación y auditorías de investigación. Se relevaron 1.019 investigaciones, de las cuales el 61% contaban con financiamiento. De los 126 hospitales relevados el 56% (71) efectuaban investigaciones. Entre los ministerios de CABA (424), Nación (177), Córdoba (125) y Buenos Aires(103) y sus hospitales concentraron el 81%. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar del alto porcentaje de investigaciones hospitalarias, solo el 55% de ellas recibieron financiamiento, lo que denotaría un gran esfuerzo institucional. Por otra parte, la mayoría de los ministerios relevados contaban con áreas específicas de investigación, lo que indicaría el interés del Estado en la investigación en salud.

INTRODUCTION: The study and analysis of health research is relevant for all countries from both health and socio-economic point of view - it intends to obtain trust worthy and quality information about what, how and by whom research is done in this field. OBJECTIVE: To describe the activities related to research management, diffusion and knowledge production with in the frame work of ministries and its agencies, in order to make an initial diagnosis of the situation during 2010. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. It analyzed 11 health ministries and 215 dependent agencies. It was conducted through a structured survey to responsible officials in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires Province, Chaco, Chubut, Córdoba,Corrientes, Jujuy, Mendoza, Nation, Neuquén and Tucumán. RESULTS: CABA, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Jujuy, Mendoza, Nation and Neuquén had specific areas of research, carried out regulatory activities and research audits. Of the 1.019 investigations, 61% were funded. 126 hospitals were surveyed, and 56% (71) conducted researches. The ministries of CABA(424), Nation (177), Córdoba (125) and Buenos Aires (103) and the hospitals under their jurisdiction totaled 81% of the investigations. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high percentage of hospital investigations, only 55% of them were funded, which would indicate a large institutional effort. More over,most of the ministries surveyed had specific research areas, that would indicate the State´s interest in health research.

Mir-33 regulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression.

Cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated at the cellular level and is essential for cellular growth. microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs, have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression, acting predominantly at posttranscriptional level. Recent work from our group and others has shown that hsa-miR-33a and hsa-miR-33b, miRNAs located within intronic sequences of the Srebp genes, regulate cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in concert with their host genes. Here, we show that hsa-miR-33 family members modulate the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation. MiR-33 inhibits the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) and cyclin D1 (CCND1), thereby reducing cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Overexpression of miR-33 induces a significant G 1 cell cycle arrest in Huh7 and A549 cell lines. Most importantly, inhibition of miR-33 expression using 2'fluoro/methoxyethyl-modified (2'F/MOE-modified) phosphorothioate backbone antisense oligonucleotides improves liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice, suggesting an important role for miR-33 in regulating hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. Altogether, these results suggest that Srebp/miR-33 locus may cooperate to regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and may also be relevant to human liver regeneration.

Recurso humano medico: estructura y dinamica, propuesta de planificacion

Distribucion de la poblacion medica de los subsectores estatal, de la seguridad social y privado en la Provincia del Chaco. Metodologia para el tratamiento automatizado de los datos. Tablas estadisticas sobre distribucion de los medicos por edad y sexo, por ubicacion geografica, por nacionalidad, por Universidad de egreso, evolucion de la matricula mewdica en el Chaco de 1956 a 1988, distribucion segun regimen de dedicacion, por especialidad en las zonas sanitarias, relacion habitante-medico y defunciones mal definidas. Necesidades del recurso humano medico en cantidad, calidad y distribucion