Estudio comparativo de la actividad física, sedentarismo y autoconcepto físico entre adolescentes chilenos con y sin necesidades educativas especiales / Compared study of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and physical self-concept among chilean adolescents with and without special educational

Salvador Soler, N. y Arriagada Hernández, C. R. (2022). Estudio comparativo de la actividad física, sedentarismo, y autoconcepto físico entre adolescentes chilenos con y sin necesidades educativas especiales. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-18. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el nivel de actividad física (NAF), sedentarismo y autoconcepto físico en escolares de ambos géneros que presentan y no presentan Necesidades Educativas Especiales Transitorias (NEET) de la región de la Araucanía (Chile). La investigación tiene un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño no experimental, corte transversal y un alcance descriptivo comparativo. Se evaluaron 43 adolescentes de entre 15-17 años de la región de la Araucanía, con y sin NEET. Se aplicaron el cuestionario internacional de actividad física (IPAQ), el cuestionario de autoconcepto físico (CAF) y el cuestionario de actividad sedentaria del adolescente (ASAQ). Los principales resultados mostraron que, con respecto al NAF, la mayoría de los escolares sin NEET se situaron en el nivel medio; mientras que, aquellos con NEET se situaron en el nivel bajo con diferencias significativas entre ellos. En relación con el sedentarismo, ambos grupos mostraron un comportamiento altamente sedentario sin diferencias significativas y con un de promedio de 3415 minutos. Para el autoconcepto físico, comparativamente no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se concluye que, si bien los adolescentes con NEET mostraron un autoconcepto físico y comportamiento sedentario similar a los adolescentes sin NEET, sus niveles de actividad física fueron significativamente menores, por lo que el rol del profesor de Educación Física puede ser fundamental en la modificación de los hábitos de actividad física y deporte en los adolescentes con NEET, así como en la organización de una mayor oferta de instancias deportivas o físicas inclusivas.

Salvador Soler, N. & Arriagada Hernández, C. R. (2022). Compared study of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and physical self-concept among chilean adolescents with and without special educational. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-18. The objective of the study was to compare the level of physical activity (PAL), sedentary lifestyle and physical self-concept in school students of both genders in the region of Araucanía (Chile) with and without Transitory Special Educational Needs (TSEN). The research has a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design and a compared descriptive scope. The assessment included 43 adolescents between 15-17 years old in the region of Araucanía, with and without TSEN. The team applied the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), the physical self-concept questionnaire (CAF) and the adolescent sedentary activity questionnaire (ASAQ). The main results showed that, as related to PAL, the majority of students without TSEN were situated in the medium level, while those with TSEN were situated in the lower level with significant differences between them. Concerning the sedentary lifestyle, both groups showed a highly sedentary behavior, without significant differences and with a 3415 minute average. For physical self-concept, no significant differences were observed in the comparison. The conclusion is that, while adolescents with TSEN showed a physical self-concept and sedentary behavior similar to adolescents without TSEN, their levels of physical activity were significantly lower, so that the role of the Physical Education teacher can be key in the modification of habits in physical activity and sports in adolescents with TSEN, as well as in the organization of a higher offer of inclusive sports or physical instances.

Salvador Soler, N. e Arriagada Hernández, C. R. (2022). Estudo comparativo de atividade física, sedentarismo e autoconceito físico entre adolescentes chilenos con e sem necessidades educacionais especiais. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-18. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o nível de atividade física (NAF), o sedentarismo e o autoconceito físico em estudantes de ambos os sexos que apresentam e não apresentam Necessidades Educacionais Especiais Temporárias (NEET) da região de Araucanía (Chile). A pesquisa tem uma abordagem quantitativa com um método não experimental, coorte transversal e um escopo descritivo comparativo. Foram avaliados 43 adolescentes entre 15 e 17 anos da região de Araucanía, com e sem NEET. Foram aplicados o questionário internacional de atividade física (IPAQ), o questionário de autoconceito físico (QAF) e o questionário de atividade sedentária do adolescente (QASA). Os principais resultados mostraram que, em relação ao NAF, a maioria dos estudantes sem NEET situaram-se no nível médio; por outro lado, aqueles com NEET situaram-se no nível baixo com diferenças significativas entre eles. Em relação ao sedentarismo, ambos os grupos apresentaram comportamento altamente sedentário sem diferenças significativas e com média de 3.415 minutos. Para o autoconceito físico, comparativamente não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Conclui-se que, embora os adolescentes com NEET tenham apresentado um autoconceito físico e comportamento sedentário semelhante aos adolescentes sem NEET, seus níveis de atividade física foram significativamente menores, de modo que o papel do professor de Educação Física pode ser fundamental na modificação dos hábitos de atividade física e esporte em adolescentes com NEET, bem como na organização de uma maior oferta de instâncias esportivas ou físicas inclusivas.

[Not Available]. / Estado nutricional, riesgo cardiovascular y nivel de glucemia de estudiantes universitarios de Pedagogía en Educación Física.

Introducción: las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles representan el 82% del total de muertes en Chile. Estas se encuentran asociadas a factores de riesgo modificables, entre los que están la dieta y la actividad física. Los estudiantes de educación física no presentan patrones alimenticios distintos a los de otros estudiantes universitarios, pero como son sujetos más activos deberían manifestar parámetros más aceptables respecto al promedio de la población. Objetivo: conocer el estado nutricional, riesgo cardiovascular y nivel de glucemia de estudiantes universitarios de Pedagogía en Educación Física (EUEF). Material y métodos: la investigación contempla un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra incluyó 83 personas, divididas en 30 mujeres y 53 varones. Se determinó en cada sujeto el índice de masa corporal (IMC), riesgo cardiovascular, además de una muestra de glucemia en ayuno. Resultados: las mujeres presentan un promedio de IMC de 22,9 kg/m 2 , una relación cintura-estatura (RCE) de 0,45, un indice cintura-cadera (ICC) de 0,75 y glucemia de 62,8 mg/dl, mientras que los hombres, 24,7 kg/m 2 , 0,47, 0,83 y 72,9 mg/dl para los mismos valores, respectivamente. Conclusión: el estado nutricional y la glucemia de los EUEF se encuentran en valores normales y no presentan riesgo cardiovascular. Se cree que la actividad física que practican desempeña un papel fundamental en los valores obtenidos; no obstante se requiere de mayor investigación para corroborarlo.

Características antropométricas de adolescentes pertenecientes a distintas escuelas deportivas formativas / Anthropometric characteristics of adolescents from different sports training schools

La alta tasa de sedentarismo y obesidad reportada en Chile, ha propiciado la aparición de diversos programas deportivos para niños y adolescentes, que requieren evaluaciones fiables en torno a las características antropométricas por disciplina Deportiva. En este sentido, la presente investigación pretende por objetivo determinar las características antropométricas de adolescentes pertenecientes a distintas escuelas deportivas formativas (AD) de Temuco, Chile y su relación con parámetros deportivos ideales. El tipo de investigación contempla un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 65 sujetos (38 mujeres) con un promedio de edad de 15,9 (2,5) años y un IMC de 22,8 (4) kg/m2, quienes practicaban taekwondo (n= 4), racquetbol (n= 6), esgrima (n= 7), karate (n= 8), atletismo (n= 13), tenis (n= 6) y fútbol (n= 21). Los resultados indican que las AD mujeres promediaron un somatotipo de 4,9 ­ 4,3 ­ 1,5 (clasificadas como endomesomorfas), masa adiposa de 33,6% y masa muscular de 39,7%, mientras los AD varones para las mismas variables ostentan 3 ­ 4,9 ­ 2,3 (mesoendomorfos), 27,4% y 43,7%. En conclusión, los AD evaluados ostentan normopeso, su composición corporal exhibe una elevada masa adiposa incluso para parámetros normales, mientras que su somatotipo parece acercarse a los ideales deportivos, sin evidenciar una tendencia por disciplina deportiva. Se sugiere para futuras investigaciones estudiar otras variables, como los programas de entrenamiento, el rendimiento deportivo y los hábitos alimentarios, con la intención de obtener respuestas más satisfactorias respecto a los factores que influyen en la proyección de adolescentes al deporte competitivo.

The high rate of physical inactivity and obesity reported in Chile, has given rise to various sports programs for children and adolescents who require reliable assessments of anthropometric characteristics for sports. In this sense, this research aims to determine the anthropometric characteristics of adolescents belonging to different training sports schools (AD) of Temuco, Chile and its relationship with ideal athletic parameters. The research provides a non-experimental, descriptive, transversal, with a quantitative approach to design. The sample consisted of 65 subjects (38 women) with a mean age of 15.9 (2.5) years and a BMI of 22.8 (4) kg/m2, who practiced taekwondo (n= 4), racquetball (n= 6), fencing (n= 7), karate (n= 8), athletics (n= 13), tennis (n= 6) andsoccer (n= 21). The results indicated that AD women were classified as endo-mesomorphic (4.9 ­ 4.3 ­ 1.5) with a mean percentage of 33.6% fat mass and 39.7% muscle mass, while the AD males were classified as meso-endomorphic (3 ­ 4.9 ­ 2.3) and they presented a 27.4% of fat mass and a 43.7% of muscle mass. In conclusion, although the AD evaluated showed normal weight, their body composition exhibits a high percentage of fat mass, even in comparison with normal parameters. Nevertheless, its somatotype was closer to the kineanthropometric profile ideal for sports, without showing any trend by sport. Further studies will be required to understand the role of training programs, athletic performance and eating habits in the optimization of sports performance.

[SOMATOTYPE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS]. / SOMATOTIPO, ESTADO NUTRICIONAL Y NIVEL DE GLUCEMIA DE ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.

INTRODUCTION: classical studies have compared the glycemia with the nutritional status in both children and adults; however studies that consider also somatotype are unknown. OBJECTIVE: associating the somatotype and nutritional status with the glycemic level of students of Pedagogy in Physical Education (PPE). METHODS: the sample included 40 subjects, divided between 13 women and 27 men. It was determined in each subject BMI, somatotype and also a fasting blood glucose sample was obtained. RESULTS: the somatotype in male PPE students was mesomorphic (3-2-2) with a nutritional status of overweight (25 kg/m2) and balanced mesomorphic (4-4-2) with normal weight (22 kg/m2) in women PPE students. While average fasting blood glucose was 69 mg / dl. No association between somatotype and BMI with blood sugar levels of students of PPE, however, women of PEF showed significant positive correlations between mesomorphy and the ICC (0.577) and between glycemia and height (0.650). CONCLUSION: somatotype and BMI of the students of PPE are consistent with their age and sex, but no association between somatotype and glucose was observed. Moreover, the average blood glucose levels were somewhat lower compared to normative tables, a situation that could be related to physical activity, however, requires further study to confirm it.

Introducción: en general, los estudios tanto en niños como en adultos han comparado la glucemia según estado nutricional, sin embargo no se conocen investigaciones que consideren el somatotipo de los sujetos. Objetivo: asociar el somatotipo, el estado nutricional y el nivel de glucemia de estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física (PEF). Método: la muestra incluyó 40 sujetos, divididos en 13 mujeres y 27 varones. Se determinó en cada sujeto el IMC, el somatotipo y, además, se obtuvo una muestra de glucemia en ayuno. Resultados: el somatotipo de los estudiantes varones de PEF fue mesoendomorfo (3-2-2) con un estado nutricional de sobrepeso (25 kg/m2), las mujeres de PEF se clasificaron como mesoendomofas balanceadas (4-4-2) con normopeso (22 kg/m2), mientras que los valores promedio de glucemia en ayunas fueron de 69 mg/dl. No se encontró asociación entre el somatotipo y los niveles de glucemia de los estudiantes de PEF, sin embargo, en el caso de las mujeres de PEF, se observaron correlaciones positivas significativas entre la mesomorfía y el ICC (0,577) y entre la glucemia y la estatura (0,650). Conclusión: el somatotipo y el IMC de los estudiantes de PEF son concordantes con su edad y sexo, sin evidenciar asociación entre somatotipo y glucemia. Por otra parte, los valores promedio de glucemia son algo menores respecto a tablas normativas, situación que podría relacionarse con la práctica de actividad física; no obstante, se requiere de mayor estudio para corroborarlo.

Nuclear DNA content variation in life history phases of the Bonnemasoniaceae (Rhodophyta).

Nuclear DNA content in gametophytes and sporophytes or the prostrate phases of the following species of Bonnemaisoniaceae (Asparagopsis armata, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Bonnemaisonia clavata and Bonnemaisonia hamifera) were estimated by image analysis and static microspectrophotometry using the DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dilactate) and the chicken erythrocytes standard. These estimates expand on the Kew database of DNA nuclear content. DNA content values for 1C nuclei in the gametophytes (spermatia and vegetative cells) range from 0.5 pg to 0.8 pg, and for 2C nuclei in the sporophytes or the prostrate phases range from 1.15-1.7 pg. Although only the 2C and 4C values were observed in the sporophyte or the prostrate phase, in the vegetative cells of the gametophyte the values oscillated from 1C to 4C, showing the possible start of endopolyploidy. The results confirm the alternation of nuclear phases in these Bonnemaisoniaceae species, in those that have tetrasporogenesis, as well as those that have somatic meiosis. The availability of a consensus phylogenetic tree for Bonnemaisoniaceae has opened the way to determine evolutionary trends in DNA contents. Both the estimated genome sizes and the published chromosome numbers for Bonnemaisoniaceae suggest a narrow range of values consistent with the conservation of an ancestral genome.

Mediterranean species of Caulerpa are polyploid with smaller genomes in the invasive ones.

Caulerpa species are marine green algae, which often act as invasive species with rapid clonal proliferation when growing outside their native biogeographical borders. Despite many publications on the genetics and ecology of Caulerpa species, their life history and ploidy levels are still to be resolved and are the subject of large controversy. While some authors claimed that the thallus found in nature has a haplodiplobiontic life cycle with heteromorphic alternation of generations, other authors claimed a diploid or haploid life cycle with only one generation involved. DAPI-staining with image analysis and microspectrophotometry were used to estimate relative nuclear DNA contents in three species of Caulerpa from the Mediterranean, at individual, population and species levels. Results show that ploidy levels and genome size vary in these three Caulerpa species, with a reduction in genome size for the invasive ones. Caulerpa species in the Mediterranean are polyploids in different life history phases; all sampled C. taxifolia and C. racemosa var. cylindracea were in haplophasic phase, but in C. prolifera, the native species, individuals were found in both diplophasic and haplophasic phases. Different levels of endopolyploidy were found in both C. prolifera and C. racemosa var. cylindracea. Life history is elucidated for the Mediterranean C. prolifera and it is hypothesized that haplophasic dominance in C. racemosa var. cylindracea and C. taxifolia is a beneficial trait for their invasive strategies.

Estimates of nuclear DNA content in 98 species of brown algae (Phaeophyta).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Brown algae are critical components of marine ecosystems around the world. However, the genome of only one species of the class has so far been sequenced. This contrasts with numerous sequences available for model organisms such as higher plants, flies or worms. The present communication expands our coverage of DNA content information to 98 species of brown algae with a view to facilitating further genomic investigations of the class. METHODOLOGY: The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and the red blood cell (chicken erythrocyte) standard were used to estimate 2C values by static microspectrophotometry. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: 2C DNA contents are reported for 98 species of brown algae, almost doubling the number of estimates available for the class. The present results also expand the reported DNA content range to 0.2-3.6 pg, with several species of Fucales and Laminariales containing apparent polyploid genomes with 2C = 1.8-3.6 pg. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide DNA content values for 12 of the 19 recognized orders of brown algae spanning the breadth of the class. Despite earlier contentions concerning DNA content and the presence of oogamy, the present results do not support a correlation between phylogenetic placement and genome size. The closest sister groups to the brown algae have genome sizes on the order of 0.3 pg (e.g. Schizocladiophyceae), suggesting that this may be the ancestral genome size. However, DNA content ranges widely across the class.