Aluminum zirconate nanoparticles in etch and rinse adhesive to caries affected dentine: An in-vitro scanning electron microscopy, elemental distribution, antibacterial, degree of conversion and micro-tensile bond strength assessment.

To incorporate different concentrations of Al2O9Zr3 (1%, 5%, and 10%) nanoparticles (NP) into the ER adhesive and subsequently assess the impact of this addition on the degree of conversion, µTBS, and antimicrobial efficacy. The current research involved a wide-ranging examination that merged various investigative techniques, including the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface characterization of NP coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, µTBS testing, and microbial analysis. Teeth were divided into four groups based on the application of modified and unmodified three-step ER adhesive primer. Group 1 (0% Al2O9Zr3 NPs) Control, Group 2 (1% Al2O9Zr3 NPs), Group 3 (5% Al2O9Zr3 NPs), and Group 4 (10% Al2O9Zr3 NPs). EDX analysis of Al2O9Zr3 NPs was performed showing elemental distribution in synthesized NPs. Zirconium (Zr), Aluminum (Al), and Oxides (O2). After primer application, an assessment of the survival rate of Streptococcus mutans was completed. The FTIR spectra were analyzed to observe the characteristic peaks indicating the conversion of double bonds, both before and after the curing process, for the adhesive Etch and rinse containing 1,5,10 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs. µTBS and failure mode assessment were performed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope respectively. The µTBS and S.mutans survival rates comparison among different groups was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc (p = .05). Group 4 (10 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) specimens exhibited the minimum survival of S.mutans (0.11 ± 0.02 CFU/mL). Nonetheless, Group 1 (0 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) displayed the maximum surviving S.mutans (0.52 ± 0.08 CFU/mL). Moreover, Group 2 (1 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) (21.22 ± 0.73 MPa) samples displayed highest µTBS. However, the bond strength was weakest in Group 1 (0 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) (14.13 ± 0.32 MPa) study samples. The etch-and-rinse adhesive exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity and micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) when 1% Al2O9Zr3 NPs was incorporated, as opposed to the control group. Nevertheless, the incorporation of Al2O9Zr3 NPs led to a decrease in DC. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: 10 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive specimens exhibited the minimum survival of S.mutans. 1 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive samples displayed the most strong composite/CAD bond. The highest DC was observed in Group 1: 0 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive.

PEEK surface treatment on surface roughness and bond integrity to composite resin utilizing Er: YAG, Rosebengal activated by PDT, and aluminum trioxide particles.

AIMS: To evaluate the impact of conditioning protocols, aluminum trioxide (Al2O3), Er:YAG laser (EYL), and Rosebengal (RB), on the surface roughness (Ra) and shear bond strength (SBS) of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) attached to composite restorations. METHOD: Eighty PEEK discs in total were produced and then divided into four groups (n = 20). Group1:Sulfuric acid (SA), Group 2: PDT (RB), Group 3: Al2O3, Group 4 EYL, respectively. The Ra of PEEK discs was evaluated using the surface profilometer. After being luted, the discs were attached to composite resin discs. After that, samples were put to SBS testing on a Universal testing apparatus. A stereo microscope was also used to evaluate the type of breakdown. The data were analyzed using Tukey's test and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The SA treated group exhibited the highest Ra. Nevertheless, the RB specimens activated by PDT treatment had the lowest mean Ra score. The group that received the treatment of SA exhibited the highest average score of SBS. In contrast, specimens treated with PDT and activated by RB exhibited the lowest levels of bond fidelity. Cohesive failure emerges as the prevailing kind of fracture within the various groups subjected to testing. CONCLUSION: The utilization of Al2O3, RB activated by PDT, and EYL shows promise as a viable substitute for Sulfuric acid in enhancing the bond integrity of composite cement and surface roughness in PEEK materials.

Incorporation of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles in Adhesive Resin for Bonding of Brackets to Enamel Conditioned with Er,Cr:YSGG, Photodynamic Therapy, and Phosphoric Acid.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of enamel conditioning methods, that is, total-etch and rinse (TER), Er,Cr:YSGG (ECYL), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic metallic brackets bonded using Zirconium oxide experimental adhesive (ZOEA). Methods: Sixty human incisor buccal surfaces were cleaned and allocated into three groups based on the method of enamel surface treatment, that is, TER using 37% phosphoric acid gel, methylene blue photosensitizer activated by PDT and ECYL (n = 20 each). Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 10) based on the type of adhesive, that is, ZOEA and experimental adhesive (EA). Metallic brackets were seated using composite resin. Samples were placed in a universal testing machine for SBS and failure mode using the ARI index. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey were used for multiple comparisons. ARI was presented in percentages in different investigated groups. Results: TER+ZOEA (17.16 ± 0.41 MPa) displayed the highest bond integrity. However, group PDT+EA (11.34 ± 0.25 MPa) demonstrated the lowest bond scores. The intergroup comparison revealed that the TER system displayed significantly higher SBS values than the PDT and ECYL groups (p < 0.05). The intragroup comparison revealed that enamel conditioned with TER and brackets bonded with ZOEA and EA displayed comparable bond integrity (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Enamel conditioned with TER bonded to a metallic bracket displayed better bond strength than PDT and ECYL. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles incorporated in adhesive have proved to be promising in improving the bond integrity of adhesive.

Periodontal, Microbiological, and Proinflammatory Cytokines Levels in Fixed Orthodontics Patients Treated with Photodynamic Therapy Adjunct to Full Mouth Scaling.

Objective: To assess the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) adjunct to full mouth scaling (FMS) in improving periodontal, microbiological, and proinflammatory cytokines levels in patients undergoing fixed orthodontics treatment (FOT). Materials and methods: The study recruited 60 teenage patients who were undergoing FOT. All the patients were arbitrarily divided into two groups: Group 1, FMS +PDT and Group 2, FMS alone. Plaque scores (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were assessed. Levels of biomarkers interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were evaluated. Samples were collected from gingival plaque for estimation of Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis load. All measurements were completed at three intervals baseline, 4th week, and 8th week. Post Hoc corrections and intergroup comparisons were examined using Student's t-test and Bonferroni correction. To find differences between repeated follow-ups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) multiple rank tests were used. Results: At baseline, all the gingival parameters displayed comparable outcomes between patients of Group 1 and Group 2 (p > 0.05). However, at 4 and 8 weeks of follow-up, PS and BOP among tested groups exhibited significantly lower values than baseline (p < 0.001). At 8 weeks, there was a significant difference in PS between the two groups tested. Moreover, at 4 and 8 weeks, BOP revealed a significant difference between the groups. PD remains comparable with baseline at follow-up visits (p > 0.05). A significant decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α levels was observed in both investigated groups at 4 and 8 weeks of baseline. Moreover, it was identified that P. intermedia and P. gingivalis were reduced significantly at 4 weeks. Moreover, a significant difference existed between both Group 1 and Group 2 at 4 and 8 weeks of recall visit (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of photodynamic treatment adjuvant to FMS aids in improving periodontal parameters and cytokines levels.

Treatment efficacy of photoactivated disinfection versus Salvadora persica gel in experimental gingivitis.

BACKGROUND: This clinical trial aimed to study the comparison of clinical gingival inflammatory scores and levels of pathogenic bacteria with professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) with photoactivated disinfection (PAD) and Salvadora persica (SP) gel application in experimentally induced gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five non-smoking patients underwent an 8-week experimental gingivitis trial that consisted of 14 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation and a 6 week of resolution phase following the three treatment modalities. The treatment protocols included PAPR with adjunctive PAD, SP gel application and PAPR alone. Clinical gingival inflammatory parameters including plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed. Microbiological parameters included the log count of five periodontal pathogens in the plaque from all experimental sites. RESULTS: No significant difference in plaque levels was observed between PAD, SP and PAPR at 2- and 6-weeks following treatment. The magnitude of the decrease was statistically significant at 6 weeks for SP (P = 0.02). The median number of residual BOP+ sites was higher at PAD and PAPR compared to SP at either 2-weeks (2.75 and 1.25, respectively; P = 0.039) or 6 weeks (2 and 1, respectively; P = 0.044) following treatment administration. Counts of all bacteria reduced until 2 weeks with significantly greatest reduction seen in the PAD group and this was maintained until 6 weeks of follow-up. The log CFU/mL values for all bacterial counts significantly reduced for SP group, however, it did not show significant reduction when compared with PAD but had greater extent when compared with PAPR group. CONCLUSION: Both PAD and SP gel application improved clinical gingival inflammatory parameters in experimental-induced gingivitis. However, PAD helped to reduce bacterial counts, while SP had significant impact on bleeding in gingival inflammation.

Evaluation of bracket failure in relation to different factors in patients experiencing comprehensive orthodontic treatment: a retrospective cohort study / Evaluación de la falla del bracket en relación con diferentes factores en pacientes que reciben tratamiento ortodóntico integral: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate loose brackets in relation to various related factors in orthodontic patients who had completed orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, 738 medical records of patients who had undergone comprehensive orthodontic treatment and matched specific inclusion criteria were selected. Paired t-tests and ANOVA, along with the Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal­Wallis analyses were performed to compare the means of variables between selected subgroups. Results: Loose brackets were found most frequently on premolars, followed by incisors and then canines (p<0.01). Male and young patients were found to have a higher incidence of loose brackets compared to female and adult patients (p=0.044 and p<0.01, respectively). The highest correlation coefficient value was found between treatment duration and total number of loose brackets (0.393), which was statistically significant. Conclusions: The frequency of total number of loose brackets increased with younger age group. Premolar teeth were found to be the most commonly affected teeth, followed by incisors and canines. Mandibular teeth presented more loose brackets than maxillary.

Objetivo: Fue investigar brackets sueltos en relación con varios factores relacionados en pacientes ortodónticos que habían completado el tratamiento de ortodoncia. Material y Métodos: En este estudio retrospectivo, se seleccionaron 738 registros médicos de pacientes que se habían sometido a un tratamiento ortodóntico integral y criterios de inclusión específicos coincidentes. Se realizaron pruebas t pareadas y ANOVA, junto con la prueba de Mann-Whitney y los análisis de Kruskal-Wallis para comparar las medias de las variables entre los subgrupos seleccionados. Resultados: Se encontraron corchetes sueltos con mayor frecuencia en los premolares, seguidos de incisivos y luego caninos (p<0.01). Se encontró que los pacientes masculinos y jóvenes tenían una mayor incidencia de corchetes sueltos en comparación con los pacientes femeninos y adultos (p=0.044 y p<0.01, respectivamente). El valor del coeficiente de correlación más alto se encontró entre la duración del tratamiento y el número total de corchetes sueltos (0.393), que fue estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: La frecuencia del número total de corchetes sueltos aumentó con el grupo de edad más joven. Los dientes premolares fueron los dientes más afectados, seguidos de los incisivos y los caninos. Los dientes mandibulares presentan más brackets sueltos que los maxilares.

Khat (Catha edulis) and its oral health effects: An updated review.

Khat or qat (Catha edulis) is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. The leaves and twigs of this small tree are chewed by several millions of people worldwide for their stimulating amphetamine-like effects. The reported prevalence of khat chewing in Europe and the USA is on the rise, especially with global migration. Long-term khat chewing has several detrimental general and oral health effects. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature regarding khat use and its association with oral and dental diseases, with particular emphasis on its link with oral keratotic white lesions and oral cancer. We searched the literature to identify all relevant articles. Studies showed that khat is associated with several oral and dental conditions, including keratotic white lesions, mucosal pigmentation, periodontal disease, tooth loss, plasma cell stomatitis, and xerostomia. There are limited data on the incidence of dental caries among khat chewers. The evidence that khat chewing is a risk factor for oral cancer is still weak, and is mainly based on anecdotal case reports and uncontrolled studies.

Efeito de diferentes sistemas de obturação na resistência à fratura de raízes tratadas endodonticamente / The Influence of different obturation systems on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots

Objective: This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots filled by different obturation systems. Material and methods: Ninety-six maxillary central incisors were used and decoronated, retaining 12 mm of the roots. On the basis of obturation systems, the roots were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=24): Group1 (COGR): control group (unprepared, unfilled), Group 2 (AVGR): ActiV GP points/ActiV GP sealer, Group 3 (GPGR): Gutta percha points / AH plus sealer, and Group4 (GAGR): Gutta percha points/ActiV GP sealer. The last three groups were obturated with the single cone technique. The roots were then stored in 100% relative humidity at 37 °C for 2 weeks. A vertical compressive force was exerted in a universal testing machine until fracture occurred. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Mean (SD) failure loads for groups ranged from 920.51 ± 210.37 to 1113.44 ± 489.42 N. The fracture resistance between the different study groups indicated no statistical difference (p>0.05). Conclusions: ActiV GP system did not exert a significant effect on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.(AU)

Objective: Comparar a resistência à fratura de raízes tratadas endodonticamente obturadas através de diferentes sistemas. Materiais e Métodos: Noventa e seis incisivos centrais superiores foram utilizados, tiveram as coroas removidas, restando 12 mm de raíz. De acordo com o sistema de obturação, as raízes foram divididas em 4 grupos (n=24): Grupo1 (COGR): grupo controle (sem preparo, sem preenchimento), Grupo2 (AVGR): cones ActiV GP / cimento ActiV GP, Grupo3 (GPGR): cones de guta percha / cimento AH plus, e Grupo4 (GAGR): cones de guta percha / cimento ActiV GP. Os últimos três grupos foram obturados através da técnica de cone único. As raízes foram armazenadas em 100% de umidade relativa a 37 °C durante 2 semanas. Uma força compressiva vertical foi aplicada através de uma máquina de ensaio universal até ocorrer fratura. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através de ANOVA ­ 1 fator. Resultados: A carga média (SD) obtida no momento da falha variou entre 920.51 ± 210.37 até 1113.44 ± 489.42 N. A resistência à fratura entre os diferentes grupos estudados não indicaram diferença estatística. Conclusão: O sistema ActiV GP não exerceu um efeito significante na resistência à fratura em dentes tratados endodonticamente.(AU)