Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Impact of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Reducing Procedure Time and Hospitalization. / Ablação da Fibrilação Atrial: Impacto da Ecocardiografia Intracardíaca na Redução do Tempo de Procedimento e Internação.

BACKGROUND: Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) allows visualization of cardiac structures and recognition of complications during atrial fibrillation ablation (AFA). Compared to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), ICE is less sensitive to detecting thrombus in the atrial appendage but requires minimal sedation and fewer operators, making it attractive in a resource-constrained setting. OBJECTIVE: To compare 13 cases of AFA using ICE (AFA-ICE group) with 36 cases of AFA using TEE (AFA-TEE group). METHODS: This is a single-center prospective cohort study. The main outcome was procedure time. Secondary outcomes: fluoroscopy time, radiation dose (mGy/cm2), major complications, and length of hospital stay in hours. The clinical profile was compared using the CHA2DS2-VASc score. A p-value <0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference between groups. RESULTS: The median CHA2DS2-VASc score was 1 (0-3) in the AFA-ICE group and 1 (0-4) in the AFA-TEE group. The total procedure time was 129 ± 27 min in the AFA-ICE group and 189 ± 41 min in the AFA-TEE group (p<0.001); the AFA-ICE group received a lower dose of radiation (mGy/cm2, 51296 ± 24790 vs. 75874 ± 24293; p=0.002), despite the similar fluoroscopy time (27.48 ± 9. 79 vs. 26.4 ± 9.32; p=0.671). The median length of hospital stay did not differ; 48 (36-72) hours (AFA-ICE) and 48 (48-66) hours (AFA-TEE) (p=0.27). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, AFA-ICE was related to shorter procedure times and less exposure to radiation without increasing the risk of complications or the length of hospital stay.

FUNDAMENTO: O ecocardiograma intracardíaco (EIC) permite visualizar estruturas cardíacas e reconhecer complicações durante a ablação da fibrilação atrial (AFA). Comparado ao ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE), o EIC é menos sensível para detecção de trombo no apêndice atrial, porém requer mínima sedação e menos operadores, tornando-o atrativo num cenário de recursos restritos. OBJETIVO: Comparar 13 casos de AFA utilizando EIC (grupo AFA-EIC) com 36 casos de AFA utilizando ETE (grupo AFA-ETE). MÉTODO: Trata-se de corte prospectiva realizada em um único centro. O desfecho principal foi o tempo de procedimento. Desfechos secundários tempo de fluoroscopia, dose de radiação (mGy/cm2), complicações maiores e tempo de internação hospitalar em horas. O perfil clínico foi comparado pelo escore CHA2DS2-VASc. Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: A mediana do escore de CHA2DS2-VASc score foi 1 (0-3) no grupo AFA-EIC e 1 (0-4) no grupo AFA-ETE. O tempo total de procedimento foi de 129 ± 27 min grupo AFA-EIC e 189 ± 41 no AFA-ETE (p<0,001); o grupo AFA-EIC recebeu uma dose menor de radiação (mGy/cm2, 51296 ± 24790 vs. 75874 ± 24293; p=0,002), no entanto, o tempo de fluoroscopia em minutos mostrou-se semelhante (27,48 ± 9,79 vs. 26,4 ± 9,32; p=0,671). As medianas do tempo de hospitalização não se mostraram diferentes, 48 (36-72) horas (AFA-EIC) e 48 (48-66) horas (AFA-ETE) (p=0,27). CONCLUSÃO: Nesta coorte, AFA-EIC foi relacionado a menores tempos de procedimento e menor exposição à radiação, sem aumentar o risco de complicações ou o tempo de internação hospitalar.

Ablação da Fibrilação Atrial: Impacto da Ecocardiografia Intracardíaca na Redução do Tempo de Procedimento e Internação / Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Impact of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Reducing Procedure Time and Hospitalization

Resumo Fundamento O ecocardiograma intracardíaco (EIC) permite visualizar estruturas cardíacas e reconhecer complicações durante a ablação da fibrilação atrial (AFA). Comparado ao ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE), o EIC é menos sensível para detecção de trombo no apêndice atrial, porém requer mínima sedação e menos operadores, tornando-o atrativo num cenário de recursos restritos. Objetivo Comparar 13 casos de AFA utilizando EIC (grupo AFA-EIC) com 36 casos de AFA utilizando ETE (grupo AFA-ETE). Método Trata-se de corte prospectiva realizada em um único centro. O desfecho principal foi o tempo de procedimento. Desfechos secundários tempo de fluoroscopia, dose de radiação (mGy/cm2), complicações maiores e tempo de internação hospitalar em horas. O perfil clínico foi comparado pelo escore CHA2DS2-VASc. Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Resultados A mediana do escore de CHA2DS2-VASc score foi 1 (0-3) no grupo AFA-EIC e 1 (0-4) no grupo AFA-ETE. O tempo total de procedimento foi de 129 ± 27 min grupo AFA-EIC e 189 ± 41 no AFA-ETE (p<0,001); o grupo AFA-EIC recebeu uma dose menor de radiação (mGy/cm2, 51296 ± 24790 vs. 75874 ± 24293; p=0,002), no entanto, o tempo de fluoroscopia em minutos mostrou-se semelhante (27,48 ± 9,79 vs. 26,4 ± 9,32; p=0,671). As medianas do tempo de hospitalização não se mostraram diferentes, 48 (36-72) horas (AFA-EIC) e 48 (48-66) horas (AFA-ETE) (p=0,27). Conclusão Nesta coorte, AFA-EIC foi relacionado a menores tempos de procedimento e menor exposição à radiação, sem aumentar o risco de complicações ou o tempo de internação hospitalar.

Abstract Background Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) allows visualization of cardiac structures and recognition of complications during atrial fibrillation ablation (AFA). Compared to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), ICE is less sensitive to detecting thrombus in the atrial appendage but requires minimal sedation and fewer operators, making it attractive in a resource-constrained setting. Objective To compare 13 cases of AFA using ICE (AFA-ICE group) with 36 cases of AFA using TEE (AFA-TEE group). Methods This is a single-center prospective cohort study. The main outcome was procedure time. Secondary outcomes: fluoroscopy time, radiation dose (mGy/cm2), major complications, and length of hospital stay in hours. The clinical profile was compared using the CHA2DS2-VASc score. A p-value <0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference between groups. Results The median CHA2DS2-VASc score was 1 (0-3) in the AFA-ICE group and 1 (0-4) in the AFA-TEE group. The total procedure time was 129 ± 27 min in the AFA-ICE group and 189 ± 41 min in the AFA-TEE group (p<0.001); the AFA-ICE group received a lower dose of radiation (mGy/cm2, 51296 ± 24790 vs. 75874 ± 24293; p=0.002), despite the similar fluoroscopy time (27.48 ± 9. 79 vs. 26.4 ± 9.32; p=0.671). The median length of hospital stay did not differ; 48 (36-72) hours (AFA-ICE) and 48 (48-66) hours (AFA-TEE) (p=0.27). Conclusions In this cohort, AFA-ICE was related to shorter procedure times and less exposure to radiation without increasing the risk of complications or the length of hospital stay.

High-Sensitivity Troponin I after Cardiac Surgery and 30-Day Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Consensus recommendations regarding the threshold levels of cardiac troponin elevations for the definition of perioperative myocardial infarction and clinically important periprocedural myocardial injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery range widely (from >10 times to ≥70 times the upper reference limit for the assay). Limited evidence is available to support these recommendations. METHODS: We undertook an international prospective cohort study involving patients 18 years of age or older who underwent cardiac surgery. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I measurements (upper reference limit, 26 ng per liter) were obtained 3 to 12 hours after surgery and on days 1, 2, and 3 after surgery. We performed Cox analyses using a regression spline that explored the relationship between peak troponin measurements and 30-day mortality, adjusting for scores on the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (which estimates the risk of death after cardiac surgery on the basis of 18 variables, including age and sex). RESULTS: Of 13,862 patients included in the study, 296 (2.1%) died within 30 days after surgery. Among patients who underwent isolated coronary-artery bypass grafting or aortic-valve replacement or repair, the threshold troponin level, measured within 1 day after surgery, that was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of more than 1.00 for death within 30 days was 5670 ng per liter (95% confidence interval [CI], 1045 to 8260), a level 218 times the upper reference limit. Among patients who underwent other cardiac surgery, the corresponding threshold troponin level was 12,981 ng per liter (95% CI, 2673 to 16,591), a level 499 times the upper reference limit. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of high-sensitivity troponin I after cardiac surgery that were associated with an increased risk of death within 30 days were substantially higher than levels currently recommended to define clinically important periprocedural myocardial injury. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; VISION Cardiac Surgery ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01842568.).

Gene therapy for refractory angina and cell therapy for heart failure: experience of a Brazilian research group.

Cell therapy has shown impressive effects in experimental cardiomyopathy models. To a lesser extent, gene therapy has also been studied. In both cases, translation to clinical therapy has been disappointing. This paper is intended to describe the experience and achievements of a multicenter working group located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, in experimental and translational research projects for cell-based and gene therapy methods in the treatment of dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathies. The results of preclinical and clinical studies showed that bone marrow mononuclear stem cells indeed have an effect in improving myocardial perfusion and contractile function, but the overall results are poorly translated to the clinical level. Gene therapy studies with direct myocardial injections of naked VEGF 165 plasmid showed improvement in myocardial perfusion and function in animal models. A randomized clinical trial found that this method is safe and improved myocardial perfusion, but the benefits disappeared after 1 year. An animal experiment associating VEGF 165 with angiopoietin was undertaken in mini pigs to extend the durability of that therapy. In conclusion, our efforts to better understand the mechanisms and functions of gene and cell-based therapies in cardiology resulted in significant findings and propose a future look at cell-free therapeutic approaches.

Unscheduled Emergency Visits after Cardiac Devices Implantation: Comparison between Cardioverter Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices in less than one year of Follow Up / Consultas Não Programadas em Emergência após Implante de Dispositivos Cardíacos: Comparativo entre Cardiodesfibriladores e Ressincronizadores em Seguimento Inferior a 1 Ano

Abstract Background: The use of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED), such as the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), is increasing. The number of leads may vary according to the device. Lead placement in the left ventricle increases surgical time and may be associated with greater morbidity after hospital discharge, an event that is often confused with the underlying disease severity. Objective: To evaluate the rate of unscheduled emergency hospitalizations and death after implantable device surgery stratified by the type of device. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 199 patients submitted to cardiac device implantation. The groups were stratified according to the type of device: ICD group (n = 124) and CRT group (n = 75). Probability estimates were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method according to the outcome. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant in the statistical analyses. Results: Most of the sample comprised male patients (71.9%), with a mean age of 61.1 ± 14.2. Left ventricular ejection fraction was similar between the groups (CRT 37.4 ± 18.1 vs. ICD 39.1 ± 17.0, p = 0.532). The rate of unscheduled visits to the emergency unit related to the device was 4.8% in the ICD group and 10.6% in the CRT group (p = 0.20). The probability of device-related survival of the variable "death" was different between the groups (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Patients after CRT implantation show a higher probability of mortality after surgery at a follow-up of less than 1 year. The rate of unscheduled hospital visits, related or not to the implant, does not differ between the groups.

Resumo Fundamento: O uso de dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos implantáveis (DCEI) como o cardiodesfibrilador (CDI) e terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC) - é cada vez maior. O número de eletrodos de estimulação e desfibrilação varia de acordo com o dispositivo. A colocação do eletrodo no ventrículo esquerdo aumenta o tempo cirúrgico podendo associar-se a maior morbidade no acompanhamento após alta hospitalar, evento muitas vezes confundível com a gravidade da patologia base. Objetivo: Avaliar a taxa de internação não programada na emergência e óbito após cirurgia de dispositivos implantáveis estratificados pelo tipo de aparelho. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo analisando 199 pacientes submetidos à implante de dispositivos cardíacos. Os grupos foram divididos de acordo com o tipo de dispositivo: CDI (n = 124) e TRC (n = 75). Estimativas de probabilidades foram analisadas pelo método de Kaplan-Meier de acordo com o desfecho. Valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo nas análises estatísticas. Resultados: A maioria da amostra era do sexo masculino (71,9%) - idade média de 61,1 ± 14,2. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi similar entre os grupos (TRC 37,4 ± 18,1 vs. CDI 39,1 ± 17,0; p = 0,532). A taxa de visita não programada na emergência relacionada ao dispositivo foi de 4,8% no grupo CDI e de 10,6% no grupo TRC (p = 0,20). A probabilidade de sobrevida relacionada ao dispositivo da variável "óbito" mostrou-se diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,008). Conclusões: Paciente após o implante de TRC apresenta maior probabilidade de mortalidade após o procedimento cirúrgico no seguimento menor que 1 ano. A taxa de visita hospitalar não programada, relacionadas ou não ao implante, não difere entre os grupos.

Unscheduled Emergency Visits after Cardiac Devices Implantation: Comparison between Cardioverter Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices in less than one year of Follow Up.

BACKGROUND: The use of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED), such as the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), is increasing. The number of leads may vary according to the device. Lead placement in the left ventricle increases surgical time and may be associated with greater morbidity after hospital discharge, an event that is often confused with the underlying disease severity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate of unscheduled emergency hospitalizations and death after implantable device surgery stratified by the type of device. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 199 patients submitted to cardiac device implantation. The groups were stratified according to the type of device: ICD group (n = 124) and CRT group (n = 75). Probability estimates were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method according to the outcome. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: Most of the sample comprised male patients (71.9%), with a mean age of 61.1 ± 14.2. Left ventricular ejection fraction was similar between the groups (CRT 37.4 ± 18.1 vs. ICD 39.1 ± 17.0, p = 0.532). The rate of unscheduled visits to the emergency unit related to the device was 4.8% in the ICD group and 10.6% in the CRT group (p = 0.20). The probability of device-related survival of the variable "death" was different between the groups (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Patients after CRT implantation show a higher probability of mortality after surgery at a follow-up of less than 1 year. The rate of unscheduled hospital visits, related or not to the implant, does not differ between the groups.

Uninterrupted Use of Oral Anticoagulants for the Ablation of Atrial Flutter: A Single Center Cohort of 154 Patients / Uso Ininterrupto de Anticoagulantes Orais na Ablação de Flutter Atrial Istmo-Cavotricuspídeo Dependente: Coorte Unicêntrica de 154 Pacientes

Abstract Background: The uninterrupted use of oral anticoagulation (OAC) with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for electrophysiology procedures has been more and more recommended. The clinical practice in our service recommends the continuous use of these drugs for atrial flutter ablation. There is little evidence as to the uninterrupted use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in this scenario. Objective: To compare the rates of complications related with the uninterrupted use of different types of oral anticoagulants in patients referred to atrial flutter (AFL) ablation. Methods: Historical, single-center cohort of ablation procedures by AFL conducted from November 2012 to April 2016. The primary outcome was the occurrence of hemorrhagic or embolic complication during the procedure. The secondary outcome was the occurrence of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in follow-up. The statistical significance level was 5%. Results: There were 288 ablations per AFL; 154 were carried out with the uninterrupted use of OAC (57.8% with VKA and 42.2% with NOAC). Mean age was 57 ± 13 years. The rate of hemorrhagic complication during the procedure was 3% in each group (p = NS). The rate of stroke/TIA was, respectively, of 56/1,000 people-year in the VKA group against zero/1,000 people-year in the NOAC group (p = 0.02). Conclusion: In our population there were no hemorrhagic complications regarding the procedure of OAC use uninterruptedly, including NOACs. There was higher occurrence of stroke/TIA in the follow-up of the group of patients undergoing VKAs; however, this difference may not only be a result of the type of OAC used.

Resumo Fundamento: O uso ininterrupto de anticoagulação oral (ACO) com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) para procedimentos de eletrofisiologia está sendo cada vez mais recomendado. A prática clínica em nosso serviço é de uso continuado dessas drogas para ablação de flutter atrial. Existem poucas evidências quanto ao uso ininterrupto dos anticoagulantes orais não antagonistas da vitamina K (NOACs) nesse cenário. Objetivos: Comparar as taxas de complicações relacionadas ao uso ininterrupto de diferentes tipos de anticoagulantes orais em pacientes referidos para ablação por flutter atrial (FLA). Métodos: Coorte histórica e unicêntrica dos procedimentos de ablação por FLA realizados no período de novembro de 2012 a abril de 2016. O desfecho primário foi o de ocorrência de complicação hemorrágica ou embólica durante o procedimento. O desfecho secundário foi o de ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ou acidente isquêmico transitório (AIT) no acompanhamento. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram incluídas 288 ablações por FLA; 154 foram feitas com uso ininterrupto de ACO (57,8% com AVK e 42,2% com NOAC). A idade média foi de 57 ± 13 anos. A taxa de complicação hemorrágica durante o procedimento foi de 3% em cada grupo (p = NS). A taxa de AVC/AIT foi, respectivamente, de 56/1.000-pessoas-ano no grupo AVK contra zero/1.000-pessoas-ano no grupo NOAC (p = 0,02). Conclusão: Em nossa população não ocorreram complicações hemorrágicas relacionadas ao procedimento com uso de ACO de forma ininterrupta, incluindo NOACs. Houve maior ocorrência de AVC/AIT no seguimento no grupo de pacientes em uso de AVK, contudo essa diferença pode não ser decorrente apenas do tipo de ACO em uso.

Analysis of Dyssynchrony and Ventricular Function in Right Univentricular Stimulation at Different Positions.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic stimulation of the right ventricle with pacemaker is associated with ventricular dyssynchrony and loss of contractility, even in subjects without previous dysfunction. In these patients, there is a debate of which pacing site is less associated with loss of ventricular function. OBJECTIVE: To compare pacemaker-induced dyssynchrony among different pacing sites in right ventricular stimulation. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of outpatients with right ventricle stimulation higher than 80% and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Pacing lead position (apical, medial septum or free wall) was assessed through chest X-rays. Every patient underwent echocardiogram to evaluate for dyssynchrony according to CARE-HF criteria: aortic pre-ejection time, interventricular delay and septum/posterior wall delay on M mode. RESULTS: Forty patients were included. Fifty-two percent had apical electrode position, 42% mid septum and 6% free wall. Mean QRS time 148.97±15.52 milliseconds. A weak correlation between the mean QRS width and pre-aortic ejection time (r=0.32; P=0.04) was found. No difference in QRS width among the positions could be noted. Intraventricular delay was lower in apical patients against mid septal (34.4±17.2 vs. 54.3±19.1 P<0.05) - no difference with those electrode on the free wall. No difference was noted in the pre-aortic ejection time (P=0.9). CONCLUSION: Apical pacing showed a lower interventricular conduction delay when compared to medial septum site. Our findings suggest that apical pacing dyssynchrony is not ubiquitous, as previously thought, and that it should remain an option for lead placement.

Analysis of dyssynchrony and ventricular function in right univentricular stimulation at different positions

Abstract Introduction: Chronic stimulation of the right ventricle with pacemaker is associated with ventricular dyssynchrony and loss of contractility, even in subjects without previous dysfunction. In these patients, there is a debate of which pacing site is less associated with loss of ventricular function. Objective: To compare pacemaker-induced dyssynchrony among different pacing sites in right ventricular stimulation. Methods: Cross-sectional study of outpatients with right ventricle stimulation higher than 80% and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Pacing lead position (apical, medial septum or free wall) was assessed through chest X-rays. Every patient underwent echocardiogram to evaluate for dyssynchrony according to CARE-HF criteria: aortic pre-ejection time, interventricular delay and septum/posterior wall delay on M mode. Results: Forty patients were included. Fifty-two percent had apical electrode position, 42% mid septum and 6% free wall. Mean QRS time 148.97±15.52 milliseconds. A weak correlation between the mean QRS width and pre-aortic ejection time (r=0.32; P=0.04) was found. No difference in QRS width among the positions could be noted. Intraventricular delay was lower in apical patients against mid septal (34.4±17.2 vs. 54.3±19.1 P<0.05) - no difference with those electrode on the free wall. No difference was noted in the pre-aortic ejection time (P=0.9). Conclusion: Apical pacing showed a lower interventricular conduction delay when compared to medial septum site. Our findings suggest that apical pacing dyssynchrony is not ubiquitous, as previously thought, and that it should remain an option for lead placement.

Combined Analysis of Endothelial, Hematopoietic, and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Compartments Shows Simultaneous but Independent Effects of Age and Heart Disease.

Clinical trials using stem cell therapy for heart diseases have not reproduced the initial positive results obtained with animal models. This might be explained by a decreased regenerative capacity of stem cells collected from the patients. This work aimed at the simultaneous investigation of endothelial stem/progenitor cells (EPCs), mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs), and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs) in sternal bone marrow samples of patients with ischemic or valvular heart disease, using flow cytometry and colony assays. The study included 36 patients referred for coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement surgery. A decreased frequency of stem cells was observed in both groups of patients. Left ventricular dysfunction, diabetes, and intermediate risk in EuroSCORE and SYNTAX score were associated with lower EPCs frequency, and the use of aspirin and ß-blockers correlated with a higher frequency of HSCs and EPCs, respectively. Most importantly, the distribution of frequencies in the three stem cell compartments showed independent patterns. The combined investigation of the three stem cell compartments in patients with cardiovascular diseases showed that they are independently affected by the disease, suggesting the investigation of prognostic factors that may be used to determine when autologous stem cells may be used in cell therapy.

Meta-analysis of continuous oral anticoagulants versus heparin bridging in patients undergoing CIED surgery: reappraisal after the BRUISE study.

BACKGROUND: Management of patients treated with oral anticoagulation (OAC) requiring a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) surgery is a challenge that requires balancing the risk of bleeding complications with the risk of thromboembolic events. Recently the approach of performing these procedures while the patient remains with a therapeutic international normalized ratio has gained interest due to several publications showing its relative safety. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of continuous use of OAC compared with heparin bridging in the perioperative setting of CIED surgery using a meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE, Ovid, and Elsevier databases was performed. Eligible randomized controlled trials and cohort studies were included. The outcomes studied were risk of clinically significant bleeding and of thromboembolic events. Our analysis was restricted to OAC with vitamin K antagonists. RESULTS: Of 560 manuscripts initially considered relevant, seven were included in the meta-analysis, totaling 2,191 patients. Data are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Maintenance of OAC was associated with a significantly lower risk of postoperative bleeding compared with heparin bridge (OR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.17-0.36, P < 0.00001). There was no difference noted in the risk of thromboembolic events between the two strategies (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 0.29-12.17, P = 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Uninterrupted use of OAC in the perioperative of CIED surgery was associated with a reduced risk of bleeding. This strategy should be considered the preferred one in patients at moderate-to-high risk of thromboembolic events.

Direct intramyocardial transthoracic transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells for non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: INTRACELL, a prospective randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that direct intramyocardial injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy can improve left ventricular function and physical capacity. METHODS: Thirty non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <35% were randomized at a 1:2 ratio into two groups, control and treated. The bone marrow mononuclear cells group received 1.06±108 bone marrow mononuclear cells through mini-thoracotomy. There was no intervention in the control group. Assessment was carried out through clinical evaluations as well as a 6-min walk test, nuclear magnectic resonance imaging and echocardiogram. RESULTS: The bone marrow mononuclear cells group showed a trend toward left ventricular ejection fraction improvement, with magnectic resonance imaging - at 3 months, showing an increase from 27.80±6.86% to 30.13±9.06% (P=0.08) and returning to baseline at 9 months (28.78%, P=0.77). Magnectic resonance imaging showed no changes in left ventricular ejection fraction during follow-up of the control group (28.00±4.32%, 27.42±7.41%, and 29.57±4.50%). Echocardiogram showed left ventricular ejection fraction improved in the bone marrow mononuclear cells group at 3 months, 25.09±3.98 to 30.94±9.16 (P=0.01), and one year, 30.07±7.25% (P=0.001). The control group showed no change (26.1±4.4 vs 26.5±4.7 and 30.2±7.39%, P=0.25 and 0.10, respectively). Bone marrow mononuclear cells group showed improvement in New York Heart Association functional class, from 3.40±0.50 to 2.41±0.79 (P=0.002); patients in the control group showed no change (3.37±0.51 to 2.71±0.95; P=0.17). Six-minute walk test improved in the bone marrow mononuclear cells group (348.00±93.51m at baseline to 370.41±91.56m at 12 months, P=0.66) and there was a non-significant decline in the control group (361.25±90.78m to 330.00±123.42m after 12 months, P=0.66). Group comparisons were non-significant. CONCLUSION: The trend of intragroup functional and subjective improvement was not confirmed when compared to the control group. Direct intramyocardial application of bone marrow mononuclear cells in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy was not associated with significant changes in left ventricular function. Differences observed within the bone marrow mononuclear cells group could be due to placebo effect or low statistical power.

Direct intramyocardial transthoracic transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells for non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: INTRACELL, a prospective randomized controlled trial / Ensaio clínico prospectivo randomizado sobre terapia com células mononucleares da medula óssea para cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática: INTRACELL

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that direct intramyocardial injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy can improve left ventricular function and physical capacity. Methods: Thirty non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <35% were randomized at a 1:2 ratio into two groups, control and treated. The bone marrow mononuclear cells group received 1.06±108 bone marrow mononuclear cells through mini-thoracotomy. There was no intervention in the control group. Assessment was carried out through clinical evaluations as well as a 6-min walk test, nuclear magnectic resonance imaging and echocardiogram. Results: The bone marrow mononuclear cells group showed a trend toward left ventricular ejection fraction improvement, with magnectic resonance imaging - at 3 months, showing an increase from 27.80±6.86% to 30.13±9.06% (P=0.08) and returning to baseline at 9 months (28.78%, P=0.77). Magnectic resonance imaging showed no changes in left ventricular ejection fraction during follow-up of the control group (28.00±4.32%, 27.42±7.41%, and 29.57±4.50%). Echocardiogram showed left ventricular ejection fraction improved in the bone marrow mononuclear cells group at 3 months, 25.09±3.98 to 30.94±9.16 (P=0.01), and one year, 30.07±7.25% (P=0.001). The control group showed no change (26.1±4.4 vs 26.5±4.7 and 30.2±7.39%, P=0.25 and 0.10, respectively). Bone marrow mononuclear cells group showed improvement in New York Heart Association functional class, from 3.40±0.50 to 2.41±0.79 (P=0.002); patients in the control group showed no change (3.37±0.51 to 2.71±0.95; P=0.17). Six-minute walk test improved in the bone marrow mononuclear cells group (348.00±93.51m at baseline to 370.41±91.56m at 12 months, P=0.66) and there was a non-significant decline in the control group ...

Objetivo: Testamos a hipótese de que a injeção intramiocárdica direta de células mononucleares de medula óssea em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada não-isquêmica pode melhorar a função ventricular e a capacidade física. Métodos: Trinta pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada não isquêmica e fração de ejeção 35% foram randomizados na razão 1:2 em grupos controle e tratado. Grupo células mononucleares de medula óssea recebeu 1,06 ± 108 células mononucleares de medula óssea por mini-toracotomia. Grupo controle não recebeu intervenção. Avaliação foi feita clinicamente e por teste de caminhada 6 minutos (T6m), ressonância magnética e ecocardiogramas. Resultados: Grupo células mononucleares de medula óssea mostrou tendência de melhora da Fração de ejeção - ressonância magnética aos 3 meses, 27,80±6,86% para 30,13±9,06% (P=0,08), retornando ao basal aos 9 meses (28,78%, P=0,77). Grupo controle não apresentou variação (28,00±4,32%; 27,42±7,41% e 29,57±4,50%). Ecocardiogramas - fração de ejeção melhorou no grupo células mononucleares de medula óssea aos 3 meses: 25,09±3,98 para 30,94±9,16 (P=0,01) e aos 12 meses (30,07±7,25%, P=0,001), enquanto o controle não variou: 26,1±4,4 vs. 26,5±4,7 e 30,2±7,39%, P=0,25 e 0,10, respectivamente). Células mononucleares de medula óssea melhorou classe funcional New York Heart Association: 3,40±0.50 para 2,41±0,79 (P=0,002); controles não mudaram (3,37±0,51 para 2,71±0,95; P=0,17). T6m melhorou no grupo células mononucleares de medula óssea (348,00±93,51 m inicial para 370,41±91,56 m aos 12 m, P=0,66) e declinou sem significância no ...

Evoluçãode crianças com idade inferior a 2 anos submetidas a implante de marcapasso cardíaco permanente / late results with permanent cardiac pacing in children less than two years of age

A estimulação epicárdica predomina no implante de marcapasso em crianças pequenas. Objetivo: revisar a evolução de pacientes menores de dois anos submetidos a estimulação epimiocárdica após a alta hospitalar e até uma década. Método: Estudo de coorte histórica entre 1997 e 2010 que incluiu 34 pacientes, 22 (64,7%) do sexo feminino e 12 (35,3%) do masculino, com idades variando de 1 dia a 22 meses, submetidos a implante de marcapasso utilizando cabo-eletrodo epimiocárdico sem sutura e gerador unicameral (VVI). A arritmia pre dominante foi o bloqueio atrioventricular (n=30; 88,2%); 29 (85,3%) tinham cardiopatia estrutural e 22 (67,4%) haviam sido previamente submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. Acompanhados durante um tempo médio de 60,5 meses, tiveram registrados os eventos adversos e calculada a probabilidade de sobrevida conforme Kaplan-Meyer. Resultados: Ocorreram três óbitos (8,8%) por infecção, cirurgia cardíaca ou mal súbito. A mortalidade foi superior naqueles sem cirurgia cardíaca prévia (16,7% versus 4,5%). Ao longo do acompanhamento, cinco pacientes (14,7%) necessitaram de nova intervenção, dois por infecção e três para reimplante de cabo-eletrodo. Um dos pacientes submetidos a nova intervenção por infecção evoluiu para óbito. A probabilidade de sobrevida foi de 93,8% no primeiro ano e 90,3% até 10º ano. A sobrevida livre de eventos adversos foi de 90,8% no primeiro ano, 79,8% do 5º ao 9º e 66,5% no 10º ano. Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciam sobrevida satisfatória das crianças após o implante epicárdico, especialmente aquelas com cirurgia cardíaca prévia. O implante de cabo-eletrodo epimiocárdico merece cuidados adicionais em pacientes com estatura reduzida, malformações cardíacas específicas, acesso dificultado à veia cava superior ou com procedimento cirúrgico associado...

Objective: Epicardial stimulation remains the technique of choice for pacing in small children. Our objective is to review the results of epicardial pacemaker implantation in patients with less than 2 years of age and after hospital discharge. Methods: Historical cohort study including 34 patients with age ranging from one day to 22 months with hospital discharge after permanent pacemaker implantation with a sutureless epimyocardial electrode and single chamber generator (VVI mode) between 1997 and 2010. Twenty-two patients were female and 12 male. Predominant arrhythmia was atrioventricular block (30 patients; 88.2%). Twenty-nine patients (85.3%) had structural heart disease and 22 (67.4%) had been submitted to a previous heart surgery. Patients were followed-up for a mean time of 60.5 months. Recorded events were analyzed and probability of survival was estimated according to Kaplan-Meyer analysis. Results: There were 3 (8.8%) deaths, due to infection, heart surgery or sudden death. Increased mortality was observed for patients without previous heart surgery (16.7% versus 4.5%). Five patients (14.7%) required pacemaker reintervention during the follow-up, 2 due to infection and 3 to re-implant the electrode. One of the patients who had a reintervention due to infection died. Probability of survival was 93.8% in the first year and 90.3% subsequently up to the 10 years of follow-up. Event-free survival was 90.8% in the first year, 79.8% from year 5 to 9, 66.5% after 10 years. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the probability of satisfactory survival after epicardial pacemaker implantation, especially in patients with previous heart surgery. Epimyocardial electrode implantation deserves consideration in patients with small physical structure, those with specific cardiac malformations, and difficult access to superior vena cava or those who need to have an associated surgical procedure...

The five-point Likert scale for dyspnea can properly assess the degree of pulmonary congestion and predict adverse events in heart failure outpatients

OBJECTIVES: Proper assessment of dyspnea is important in patients with heart failure. Our aim was to evaluate the use of the 5-point Likert scale for dyspnea to assess the degree of pulmonary congestion and to determine the prognostic value of this scale for predicting adverse events in heart failure outpatients. METHODS: We undertook a prospective study of outpatients with moderate to severe heart failure. The 5-point Likert scale was applied during regular outpatient visits, along with clinical assessments. Lung ultrasound with ≥15 B-lines and an amino-terminal portion of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level >1000 pg/mL were used as a reference for pulmonary congestion. The patients were then assessed every 30 days during follow-up to identify adverse clinical outcomes. RESULTS: We included 58 patients (65.5% male, age 43.5±11 years) with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 27±6%. In total, 29.3% of these patients had heart failure with ischemic etiology. Additionally, pulmonary congestion, as diagnosed by lung ultrasound, was present in 58% of patients. A higher degree of dyspnea (3 or 4 points on the 5-point Likert scale) was significantly correlated with a higher number of B-lines (p = 0.016). Patients stratified into Likert = 3-4 were at increased risk of admission compared with those in class 1-2 after adjusting for age, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association functional class and levels of NT-proBNP >1000 pg/mL (HR = 4.9, 95% CI 1.33-18.64, p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: In our series, higher baseline scores on the 5-point Likert scale were related to pulmonary congestion and were independently associated with adverse events during follow-up. This simple clinical tool can help to identify patients who are more likely to decompensate and whose treatment should be intensified. .

High doses of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 safely, but transiently, improve myocardial perfusion in no-option ischemic disease.

UNLABELLED: Gene therapy can induce angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. The aim of this study was to assess safety, feasibility, and results, both clinical and on myocardial perfusion, of gene therapy in refractory angina. This was a phase I/II, prospective, temporal-controlled series, clinical trial. Thirteen patients were maintained for minimum 6 months under optimized clinical management, and then received intramyocardial injections of 2000 µg plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor 165 and were followed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), treadmill tests, Minnesota quality of life questionnaire (QOL), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional plus Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina classifications. There were no deaths, early or late. During the optimized clinical treatment, we observed worsening of rest ischemia scores on SPECT (p<0.05). After treatment, there was a transitory increase in myocardial perfusion at the third-month SPECT under stress (pre-operative [pre-op] 18.38 ± 7.51 vs. 3 months 15.31 ± 7.30; p<0.01) and at the sixth month under rest (pre-op 13.23 ± 7.98 vs. 6 months: 16.92 ± 7.27; p<0.01). One year after, there were improvements in treadmill test steps (pre-op 2.46 ± 2.07 vs.12 months 4.15 ± 2.23; p<0.01) and oxygen consumption (pre-op 7.66 ± 4.47 vs.12 months 10.89 ± 4.65; p<0.05), QOL (pre-op 48.23 ± 18.35 vs.12 months 28.31 ± 18.14; p<0.01) scores, and CCS (pre-op 3 [3-3.5] vs.12 months 2 [1-2.5]; p<0.01) and NYHA (pre-op 3 [3-3] vs. 2 [2-2] vs. 12 months 2 [1-2]; p<0.01) classes. Gene therapy demonstrated to be feasible and safe in this advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy patient sample. There were improvements in clinical evaluation parameters, and a transitory increase in myocardial perfusion detectable by SPECT scintigraphy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00744315 http://clinicaltrials.gov/

Terapia gênica com fator de crescimento endotelial vascular 165 para pacientes com angina refratária: mobilização de células progenitoras endoteliais / VEGF 165 gene therapy for patients with refractory angina: mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells

FUNDAMENTO: O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor) induz a mobilização de células progenitoras endoteliais (CPEs) com capacidade de proliferação e diferenciação em células endoteliais, contribuindo, dessa forma, para o processo angiogênico. OBJETIVO: Buscamos avaliar o comportamento de CPEs em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica e angina refratária que receberam injeções intramiocardicas de 2000 µg de VEGF165 como terapia única. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi uma subanálise de um ensaio clínico. Pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica avançada e angina refratária foram avaliados para inclusão no estudo. Os critérios de inclusão foram: sinais e sintomas de angina e/ou insuficiência cardíaca apesar de tratamento medicamentoso máximo e área de isquemia miocárdica de, no mínimo, 5% conforme avaliado por uma tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (TCEFU). Os critérios de exclusão foram: idade > 65 anos, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 25% e cancer diagnosticado. Os pacientes cujos níveis de CPE foram avaliados foram incluídos. A intervenção consistiu na administração de 2000 µg de VEGF 165 de plasmídeo injetado no miocárdio isquêmico. A frequência de células CD34+/KDR+ foi analisada por citometria de fluxo antes e 3, 9, e 27 dias após a intervenção. RESULTADOS: Um total de 9 pacientes foram incluídos, 8 homens, média de idade de 59,4 anos, fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda de 59,3%, e classe de angina predominante III. Observou-se um aumento significativo dos níveis de CPEs no terceiro dia após a intervenção. Todavia, 9 e 27 dias após a intervenção, os níveis de CPEs foram similares aos basais. CONCLUSÃO: Identificamos uma mobilização transitória de CPE, com pico no terceiro dia após a intervenção com VEGF 165 em pacientes com angina refratária. Todavia, os níveis de CPEs apresentaram-se semelhantes aos basais 9 e 27 dias após a intervenção.

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with the capacity for proliferation and differentiation into mature endothelial cells, thus contributing to the angiogenic process. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the behavior of EPCs in patients with ischemic heart disease and refractory angina who received an intramyocardial injections of 2000 µg of VEGF 165 as the sole therapy. METHODS: The study was a subanalysis of a clinical trial. Patients with advanced ischemic heart disease and refractory angina were assessed for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were as follows: signs and symptoms of angina and/or heart failure despite maximum medical treatment and a myocardial ischemic area of at least 5% as assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Exclusion criteria were as follows: age > 65 years, left ventricular ejection fraction < 25%, and a diagnosis of cancer. Patients whose EPC levels were assessed were included. The intervention was 2000 µg of VEGF 165 plasmid injected into the ischemic myocardium. The frequency of CD34+/KDR+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry before and 3, 9, and 27 days after the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 9 patients were included, 8 males, mean age 59.4 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 59.3% and predominant class III angina. The number of EPCs on day 3 was significantly higher than that at baseline (p = 0.03); however, that on days 9 and 27 was comparable to that at baseline. CONCLUSION: We identified a transient mobilization of EPCs, which peaked on the 3th day after VEGF 165 gene therapy in patients with refractory angina and returned to near baseline levels on days 9 and 27.

VEGF 165 gene therapy for patients with refractory angina: mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells.

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with the capacity for proliferation and differentiation into mature endothelial cells, thus contributing to the angiogenic process. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the behavior of EPCs in patients with ischemic heart disease and refractory angina who received an intramyocardial injections of 2000 µg of VEGF 165 as the sole therapy. METHODS: The study was a subanalysis of a clinical trial. Patients with advanced ischemic heart disease and refractory angina were assessed for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were as follows: signs and symptoms of angina and/or heart failure despite maximum medical treatment and a myocardial ischemic area of at least 5% as assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Exclusion criteria were as follows: age > 65 years, left ventricular ejection fraction < 25%, and a diagnosis of cancer. Patients whose EPC levels were assessed were included. The intervention was 2000 µg of VEGF 165 plasmid injected into the ischemic myocardium. The frequency of CD34+/KDR+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry before and 3, 9, and 27 days after the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 9 patients were included, 8 males, mean age 59.4 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 59.3% and predominant class III angina. The number of EPCs on day 3 was significantly higher than that at baseline (p = 0.03); however, that on days 9 and 27 was comparable to that at baseline. CONCLUSION: We identified a transient mobilization of EPCs, which peaked on the 3th day after VEGF 165 gene therapy in patients with refractory angina and returned to near baseline levels on days 9 and 27.

Terapia gênica para cardiopatia isquêmica: revisão de ensaios clínicos / Gene therapy for ischemic heart disease: review of clinical trials

Cardiopatia isquêmica grave com angina refratária a formas convencionais de tratamento apresenta-se em uma crescente incidência. Para tratar angina refratária, terapias alternativas na tentativa de redução da isquemia miocárdica e alívio de sintomas têm sido estudadas. Neste contexto, a terapia gênica representa uma opção, pela possibilidade de induzir angiogênese, estabelecer circulação colateral e reperfundir miocárdio isquêmico. Diversos ensaios clínicos têm sido conduzidos e, com exceção de casos isolados e específicos de efeitos adversos, há indicação de segurança, viabilidade e potencial eficácia da terapia. O benefício clínico não está bem definido. Neste artigo, revisamos os ensaios clínicos que utilizaram terapia gênica para tratamento de pacientes cardiopatas isquêmicos. A abordagem inclui: (1) isquemia miocárdica e angiogênese, sobre os aspectos fisiopatológicos envolvidos; (2) fatores de crescimento, tratando sobre aspectos específicos e justificando a utilização em pacientes cardiopatas isquêmicos sem opções pela terapêutica convencional; (3) ensaios clínicos controlados, onde é apresentado um resumo dos principais estudos envolvendo terapia gênica para tratamento da cardiopatia isquêmica grave; (4) nossa experiência, especialmente sobre resultados preliminares do primeiro ensaio clínico de terapia gênica do Brasil e (5) perspectivas.

Severe ischemic heart disease with refractory angina, occurs in increasing incidence. Alternative forms of treatment, in an attempt to reduce myocardial ischemia and relief of symptoms has been studied. In this context, gene therapy is an option, for the possibility of inducing angiogenesis, establish collateral circulation and reperfuse ischemic myocardium. Several clinical trials have been conducted and, except for specific cases of adverse effects, there is indication of safety, feasibility and potential effectiveness of therapy. The clinical benefit, however, is not yet well established. In this article we review the clinical trials of gene therapy for patients with ischemic heart disease. The approach includes: (1) myocardial ischemia and angiogenesis on the pathophysiological aspects involved, (2) growth factors, dealing with specific aspects and justifying the use in cardiac patients with no option for conventional therapy, (3) controlled clinical trials, where a summary of the main studies involving gene therapy for severe ischemic heart disease is presented, (4) our experience, especially on preliminary results of the first gene therapy clinical trial in Brazil and (5) future prospects.

Tratamento cirúrgico para fibrilação atrial: [revisão] / Surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation: [review] / Tratamiento quirúrgico para la fibrilación auricular: [revisión]

A fibrilação atrial é a arritmia sustentada mais comum e está associada ao aumento do risco de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), à insuficiência crdíaca e à mortalidade geral. Os resultados obtidos com o tratamento desta arritmia ainda são insatisfatórios, Em geral, o diagnóstico de FA recorrente implica me prescrição de drogas antiarritmicas e antitrombóticas potencialmente tóxicas para o resto da vida do paciente. A limitação do tratamento atual, junto ao melhor entendimento eletrofisiológico da arritmia, motivaram o tratamento baseado em intervenção, seja por meio de estudo eletrofisiológico ou cirurgia, visando ablação do substrato anatômico e, potencialmente, a cura na base fisiopatológica para seu uso, nos resultados obtidos e nas indicações. São apresentados, resumidamente, os resultados do nosso grupo com técnica cirúrgica simplicada, proposta para o tratamento da FA em pacientes com valvulopatia mitral que necessitam correção valvar.

The atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia and it is associated with the increased risk of vascular encephalic strokes (VES), with heart failure and with overall mortality. The results from the treatment of this arrhythmia are not yet satisfactory. Generally, the diagnostics of recurrent AF indicates prescribing life-long, potentially toxic, antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic drugs to the patients. The limitation of the current treatment, with the better electrophysiological understanding of arrhythmia, motivated the treatment based on intervention, whether through surgery or electrophysiologic study, aimed at ablation of the anatomical substrate and potentially cure the arrhythmia. In this paper, our goal is to review the surgical treatment for AF, with a focus on the physiological basis for its use, and the results obtained in the indications. The results of our group with simplified surgical technique are shown briefly, proposed for the treatment of AF in patients with mitral valve disease requiring valve repair.

La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia sostenida más común y está asociada con el aumento del riesgo de accidente vascular encefálico (AVE), la insuficiencia cardiaca y la mortalidad general. Los resultados obtenidos con el tratamiento de esta arritmia todavía son insatisfactorios. En general, el diagnóstico de FA recurrente involucra la prescripción de drogas antiarrítmicas y antitrombóticas potencialmente tóxicas para el resto de la vida del paciente. La limitación del tratamiento actual, junto con la mejor comprensión electrofisiológica de la arritmia, han motivado el tratamiento basado en la intervención, sea por medio de estudio electrofisiológico o cirugía, con vistas a la ablación del sustrato anatómico y, potencialmente, la cura de la arritmia. En el presente artículo, nuestro objetivo es revisar el tratamiento quirúrgico para la FA, con énfasis en la base fisiopatológica para su uso, los resultados obtenidos y las indicaciones. Se presentan, resumidamente, los resultados de nuestro grupo con técnica quirúrgica simplificada, propuesta para el tratamiento de la FA en pacientes con valvulopatía mitral que necesitan corrección valvar.