Effects of specialised nutritional interventions in patients with incurable cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current evidence of the effect of specialised nutritional interventions on nutritional status, survival, quality of life and measures of functionality in patients with incurable cancer. METHODS: Systematic literature review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS and Cochrane Library databases. Clinical studies that evaluated different specialised nutritional interventions, such as nutritional counselling, oral nutritional supplementation (ONS), enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN), were eligible. Only studies classified as being of high methodological quality (ie, low or moderate risk of bias) were included. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies reporting on 2448 patients were deemed eligible. Five types of specialised nutrition were observed: mixed (multimodal nature, ie, dietary counseling, ONS, physical activity and/or drugs) (n=12), ONS (n=5), PN (n=3), EN (n=1) and multidisciplinary team counselling (n=1). Benefits of any kind from the interventions were reported in 14 (63.6%) studies, mainly resulting from mixed intervention. Nutritional status improved in 12 (60.0%) of 20 studies and quality of life improved in eight (50.0%) of 16 studies. Few studies have evaluated the influence of nutritional interventions on survival and measure of functionality, and have not shown improvement in these outcomes. CONCLUSION: Despite the limited evidence, specialised nutritional interventions can yield positive effects for patients with incurable cancer, mainly in their nutritional status and quality of life.

The use of nutrition support near the end of life for hospitalized patients with advanced cancer at a reference center: Two realities.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency and factors associated of the provision of nutrition support (NS) in the last 30 days of life in patients with advanced cancer in the palliative or non-palliative setting. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in palliative and non-palliative care units at a specialized cancer center for oncology in Brazil. The use of oral nutrition supplements (ONS) and enteral (EN) and parenteral (PN) nutrition in the 30 days before death were assessed. RESULTS: The 239 patients included were predominantly older (>60 years; 63.2%) and female (61.1%). The use of ONS was lower in palliative than non-palliative care during the last 30 (52% vs. 6%), 7 (42% vs. 4%), and 3 (23% vs. 2%) days before death (all P < .001). The use of EN and PN was lower in palliative care, decreasing with the approach of death. The independent factors associated with ONS in non-palliative care were (odds ratio): breast tumor (3.03), hypoalbuminemia (1.10), and nutrition risk (16.98); in palliative care, only the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) ≥40% (1.24) was associated to the use of ONS. The use of EN and PN was associated with head-neck (HN) tumor in both settings (5.41) in non-palliative and (8.74) in palliative. Others independent factors were: hypoalbuminemia (3.12) in non-palliative care and KPS (1.31) in palliative care. CONCLUSIONS: The use of NS near the end of life was high in the non-palliative and less frequent in palliative care setting. The factors associated with NS differed according to the clinical oncology setting, with one of the factors in palliative care being a better prognosis.

The Nutritional Approach Challenge of a Patient with Colon Cancer and Leptomeningeal Metastasis in Clinical Practice: Case Report / Desafio da Abordagem Nutricional de uma Paciente com Câncer de Cólon e Metástase Leptomeníngea na Prática Clínica: Relato de Caso / El Reto de la Abordaje Nutricional de una Paciente con Cáncer de Colon y Metástasis Leptomeníngeas em la Práctica Clínica: Relato de Caso

Introduction: Leptomeningeal metastasis is an extremely rare evolution of colon cancer, with reduced survival, requiring early palliative treatment in order to improve the patient's quality of life. The aim of this study was to report the case of a patient with colon cancer with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, from the perspective of the nutritional approach in exclusive palliative care. Case report: Young female patient with diagnosis of colon cancer, metastatic to leptomeninges, admitted to a Palliative Care Unit, with reduced functionality and nutritional risk. From the 1st to the 8th day of hospitalization, she remained on zero diet. In the few moments when she was more alert, there was an attempt to offer liquid oral diet, which could not be achieved due to high risk of bronchoaspiration. After multiprofessional team discussions and conversations with the patient's family members, it was decided to place the nasoenteric catheter (NEC). The patient alternated periods on zero diet and nutrition by NEC according to clinical and nutritional conditions. Conclusion: It is necessary to reconcile a safe food route for quality of life and death, considering not only the patient, but the feelings and meanings the family members attribute to food

Introdução: A metástase leptomeníngea é uma evolução extremamente rara do câncer de cólon, com sobrevida reduzida, demandando tratamento paliativo precoce no intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de uma paciente com câncer de cólon com carcinomatose leptomeníngea, sob a perspectiva da abordagem nutricional em cuidados paliativos exclusivos. Relato do caso: Paciente jovem, sexo feminino, com diagnóstico de câncer de cólon, metastático para leptomeninge de rara evolução, admitida na Unidade de Cuidados Paliativos, com funcionalidade reduzida e risco nutricional. Do 1º ao 8º dia de internação, manteve dieta zero. Nos poucos momentos em que esteve mais alerta, houve uma tentativa de oferta de dieta via oral líquida, o que não pôde ser alcançado em virtude do alto risco de broncoaspiração. Após discussões entre a equipe multiprofissional e conversas com familiares da paciente, optou-se pela colocação do cateter nasoentérico (CNE). A paciente alternava períodos de dieta zero e nutrição pela CNE de acordo com suas condições clínicas e nutricionais. Conclusão: É necessário conciliar uma via alimentar segura para qualidade de vida e de morte, contemplando não somente o paciente, como também os sentidos e significados atribuídos à alimentação por seus familiares

Introducción: La metástasis leptomeníngea es una evolución extremadamente rara del cáncer de colon, con supervivencia reducida, requiriendo tratamiento paliativo precoz para mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar el caso de una paciente con cáncer de colon con carcinometosis leptomeníngea, desde la perspectiva del abordaje nutricional en cuidados paliativos exclusivos. Relato del caso: Paciente joven con diagnóstico de cáncer de colon, metastásico a leptomeninge, ingresado en una Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos, con funcionalidad y riesgo nutricional reducidos. Desde el 1º al 8º día de hospitalización, permaneció con dieta cero. En los pocos momentos en que estuvo alerta, se intentó ofrecer dieta líquida oral, lo que no se pudo lograr por alto riesgo de broncoaspiración. Luego de discusiones entre el equipo multiprofesional y conversaciones con familiares del paciente, se decidió colocar el catéter nasoentérico (CNE). El paciente alternó períodos de dieta cero y nutrición por CNE de acuerdo con sus condiciones clínicas y nutricionales. Conclusión: Es necesario conciliar una ruta alimentaria segura para la calidad de vida y la muerte, contemplando no solo al paciente, sino también los sentidos y significados atribuidos a la alimentación por sus familiares

Diphenyl diselenide confers neuroprotection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity in hippocampal slices.

The present study aimed at investigating the potential in vitro protective effect of the organochalcogenide diphenyl diselenide - (PhSe)2 - against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced toxicity in rat hippocampal slices. Hippocampal slices were treated for 1 h with H2O2 (2 mM) in the presence or absence of (PhSe)2 (0.1-10 microM). H2O2 treatment significantly decreased cell viability (measured by MTT test) and the co-incubation with (PhSe)(2) (10 microM) significantly blunted such phenomenon. The non permeable thiol compounds dithiothreitol (DTT) (100 microM) or reduced glutathione (GSH) (100 microM), which did not display protective effects against H2O2-induced loss of cell viability per se, significantly improved the protective effects elicited by (PhSe)2. Conversely, the permeable form of GSH (GSH monoethyl ester) was unable to alter the neuroprotection mediated by (PhSe)2. The treatment of rat hippocampal slices with H2O2 also increased the lipid peroxidation and decreased the intracellular GSH levels. Moreover, (PhSe)2 (from 0.1 microM) significantly decreased H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, H2O2 decreased GSH levels and this phenomenon was partially prevented by (PhSe)2. The potential effects of H2O2 on MAPKs phosphorylation (ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK1/2) were also evaluated. Even though H2O2 (2 mM) did not alter p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 phosphorylation in hippocampal slices, it stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the co-incubation with (PhSe)2 (10 microM) blocked this effect. Taken together, the present results indicate that (PhSe)2 exerts protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in hippocampal slices and avoided the increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation promoted by H2O2. The neuroprotective effect of compound seems to be related to its thiol-peroxidase-like activity and appears to occur at the extracellular milieu because a permeable form of GSH was unable to improve the protective effect of the compound as did the impermeable GSH.