Lilian Harrison y la travesía del Río de la Plata (1923): repercusión en la prensa uruguaya / Lilian Harrison e a travessia do Rio da Prata (1923): repercussão na imprensa uruguaia / Lilian Harrison and the crossing of the River Plate (1923): repercussion in the Uruguayan press

RESUMEN Lilian Harrison fue la primera persona en completar la travesía del Río de la Plata a nado, entre Colonia (Uruguay) y Punta Lara (Argentina) en 1923. La prensa argentina de la época coronó la victoria como un logro de toda la nación, a despecho de las apelaciones sexistas de los reportajes. Este artículo pretende analizar los discursos de la prensa uruguaya sobre la hazaña de la nadadora, utilizando las principales publicaciones periódicas de la época. El análisis de los reportajes permite concluir que, además de los artículos sexistas, que disminuían los logros de la atleta en comparación con sus compañeros masculinos, había cierto nivel de contrariedad en los reportajes, lo que indicaba el desagrado de la prensa hacia los propios nadadores del país.

ABSTRACT Lilian Harrison was the first person to complete the crossing of the River Plate by swimming between Colonia (Uruguay) and Punta Lara (Argentina) in 1923. The Argentine press of the time crowned the victory as an achievement of the whole nation, despite the sexist appeals of the reports. This article aims to analyse the discourses of the Uruguayan press about the swimmer's achievement, using the main periodicals published at the time. An analysis of the reports allows us to conclude that, in addition to the sexist articles, which also diminished the athlete's achievements compared to her male companions, there was some level of contrariness in the reports, signalling the displeasure of the press towards the country's swimmers.

RESUMO Lilian Harrison foi a primeira pessoa a completar a Travessia do Rio da Prata à nado, entre Colônia (Uruguay) e Punta Lara (Argentina) no ano de 1923. A imprensa argentina da época coroou a vitória como uma conquista de toda a nação, em que pesem os apelos sexistas das reportagens. Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar os discursos da imprensa Uruguaya sobre o feito da nadadora, utilizando os principais periódicos publicados na época. Uma análise das reportagens permite concluir que, para além das matérias sexistas, que também diminuíram os feitos da atleta frente aos companheiros do gênero masculino, houve algum nível de contrariedade nas reportagens, sinalizando o desagrado da imprensa em relação aos próprios nadadores do país.

Kinetics of emergence of liver complications in hepatitis C virus infected patients and advanced fibrosis, with and without HIV-coinfection, after sustained virological response.

OBJECTIVE: There is scarce available evidence on the distribution over time of liver complications emergence in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients who achieve sustained virological response (SVR) with direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based therapy. Therefore, we aimed at describing the kinetics of liver-related events appearance in this setting. DESIGN: A multicentric prospective cohort study. METHODS: HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients from GEHEP-011 cohort, whose inclusion criteria were had achieved SVR with DAA-based therapy; liver stiffness prior to starting treatment at least 9.5 kPa; and available liver stiffness measurement at SVR. SVR was considered as the baseline time-point. RESULTS: One thousand and thirty-five patients were included, 664 (64%) coinfected with HIV. Before DAA-based therapy, 63 (6.1%) individuals showed decompensated cirrhosis. After SVR, 51 (4.9%) patients developed liver complications. Median (Q1-Q3) time to the emergence of hepatic events was hepatic encephalopathy 11 (7-24) months, ascites 14 (6-29) months, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 17 (11-42) months and portal hypertension gastrointestinal bleeding (PHGB) 28 (22-38) months (P = 0.152). We define two profiles of liver complications: those emerging earlier (encephalopathy and ascites) and, those occurring continuously during the follow-up (HCC, PHGB) [median (Q1-Q3) time to emergence 12.7 (6.6-28.2) months vs. 25.4 (12.5-41.53) months, respectively (P = 0.026)]. CONCLUSION: The vast majority of HCV-infected patients who develop liver complications after reaching SVR with DAA do it within 3 years after SVR time-point. Specifically, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites do not usually emerge after this period. Conversely, HCC and PHGB may occur in longer term. It is critical to identify patients at risk of developing hepatic events to continue performing surveillance for them.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Is Associated With Lower Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Sustained Virological Response to Direct-acting Antivirals in Hepatitis C Infected Patients With Advanced Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) who achieve sustained virological response (SVR) with direct-acting antiviral (DAA). METHODS: Multisite prospective cohort study, where HCV-monoinfected patients and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals were included if they met: (1) SVR with DAA-based combination; (2) liver stiffness (LS) ≥9.5 kPa previous to treatment; (3) LS measurement at the SVR time-point. The main endpoint was the occurrence of HCC. Propensity score (PS) was calculated to address potential confounders due to unbalanced distribution of baseline characteristics of HIV/HCV-coinfected and HCV-monoinfected patients. RESULTS: In total, 1035 HCV-infected patients were included, 667 (64%) coinfected with HIV. After a median (Q1-Q3) follow-up time of 43 (31-49) months, 19 (1.8%) patients developed HCC (11 [3.0%]; HCV-monoinfected, 8[1.2%]; HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals; P = .013). In the multivariable analysis, HIV coinfection was associated with a lower adjusted risk of developing HCC (subhazard ratio [sHR] = 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .08-.90; P = .034). Predictors of HCC emergence were: HCV genotype 3 (sHR = 7.9, 95% CI: 2.5-24.9; P < .001), MELD score at SVR >10 (sHR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.01-1.86; P = .043) and LS value at SVR (sHR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06, for 1 kPa increase; P = .011). Using inverse probability weighting method on the PS, HIV-infected patients had a lower risk of HCC (powered HR = 0.33, 95% CI: .11-.85). CONCLUSIONS: Among HCV-infected patients with advanced fibrosis, who achieve SVR with DAA, HIV coinfection seems to be associated with a lower risk of HCC occurrence. The underlying causes for this finding need to be investigated.

Impact of HIV on the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an aggressive presentation and a shorter survival in people with HIV (PWH). This could be due to later diagnosis or lower rates of HCC treatment, and not to HIV infection itself. AIM: :: To assess the impact of HIV on HCC survival in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. METHODS: Multicenter cohort study (1999-2018) of 342 and 135 HCC cases diagnosed in HIV/HCV-infected and HCV-monoinfected patients. Survival after HCC diagnosis and its predictors were assessed. RESULTS: HCC was at Barcelona-Clinic Liver-Cancer (BCLC) stage 0/A in 114 (33%) HIV/HCV-coinfected and in 76 (56%) HCV-monoinfected individuals (P < 0.001). Of them, 97 (85%) and 50 (68%) underwent curative therapies (P = 0.001). After a median (Q1-Q3) follow-up of 11 (3-31) months, 334 (70%) patients died. Overall 1 and 3-year survival was 50 and 31% in PWH and 69 and 34% in those without HIV (P = 0.16). Among those diagnosed at BCLC stage 0/A, 1 and 3-year survival was 94 and 66% in PWH whereas it was 90 and 54% in HIV-negative patients (P = 0.006). Independent predictors of mortality were age, BCLC stage and α-fetoprotein levels. HIV infection was not independently associated with mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.57; 95% confidence interval: 0.88-2.78; P = 0.12]. CONCLUSION: HIV coinfection has no impact on the survival after the diagnosis of HCC in HCV-infected patients. Although overall mortality is higher in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, this seem to be related with lower rates of early diagnosis HCC in HIV-infected patients and not with HIV infection itself or a lower access to HCC therapy.