RESUMO
Suboptimal selenium status may impair the antioxidant defense system in patients undergoing hemodialysis, compromising the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase activity. To evaluate the association between the duration of hemodialysis, nutritional selenium status, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis in a region of selenium-rich soils (Ceará, Northeast Brazil). The case-control study of 75 individuals aged 18 to 88 years was allocated between two groups: hemodialysis (n = 41) and control (n = 34). Plasma and erythrocytes selenium levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The GPx activity and TBARS levels were also evaluated. In addition, the hemodialysis group was stratified according to the duration of treatment (≤ 59 months and ≥ 60 months). The Mann-Whitney test, Student's t test, and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation were applied according to the data distribution. Moreover, a quantile regression was performed. The significance level (p) was < 0.05. The hemodialysis group had lower selenium levels in their plasma and erythrocytes than the control group (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in the GPx activity between the groups. Furthermore, an association between the hemodialysis group and selenium levels in plasma (coefficient - 16,343, p < 0.001) and erythrocytes (coefficient - 7839, p = 0.003) was observed by quantile regression, independent of age, sex, and body-mass index. In individuals who had undergone treatment for 60 months or more, GPx activity was lower (p = 0.026) and TBARS levels higher (p = 0.011) than in those who had undergone treatment for less than 60 months. The status of selenium was reduced in the hemodialysis group compared to the control group. The lower GPx activity and higher levels of TBARS in individuals who had undergone treatment for 60 months or more correlated with greater oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Selênio , Antioxidantes , Brasil , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Glutationa , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Estresse Oxidativo , Diálise Renal , SoloRESUMO
A literatura científica evidencia os efeitos promissores do uso da Comunicação Alternativa e Ampliada (CAA) por educandos com autismo. Entre os recursos utilizados da CAA por essa população destacam-se o Picture Exchange Communication System (Pecs) e as estratégias derivadas do Aided Modeling Intervention (AMI). O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em avaliar a eficácia de uma adaptação do protocolo Pecs e das estratégias do AMI ao desenvolvimento da comunicação de uma criança autista de cinco anos, tendo-se uma professora como agente de intervenção. Os dados foram coletados durante atendimento pedagógico realizado em uma clínica. No programa de intervenção a professora foi capacitada a usar o Pecs associado a estratégias do AMI para aumentar a frequência de interações com o aluno no decorrer das atividades pedagógicas. Um delineamento quase experimental registrou aumento na frequência de iniciativas de interação do aluno com a utilização dos pictogramas e com mudanças no estilo de interação da professora.
Communication impairments, typically observed in individuals with autism, may be minimized by the use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and Aided Modeling Intervention (AMI) are AAC protocols typically used with this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adapting PECS for a preschooler with autism, having his teacher as an intervention agent. Data were collected during individualized teaching sessions, conducted at a private clinic. The teacher was taught to implement the PECS protocol, associated with AMI Strategies to increase the frequency of interactions with the student during educational activities. A quasi-experimental design revealed increase in the student´s communication turns using the pictograms and changes in the teacher´s communication style.
La literatura científica evidencia los efectos promisores del uso de la Comunicación Alternativa y Ampliada (CAA) por educandos con autismo. Entre los recursos utilizados de la CAA por esa populación se destacan el Picture Exchange Communication System (Pecs) y las estrategias derivadas del Aided Modeling Intervention (AMI). El objetivo del presente estudio se constituyó en evaluar la eficacia de una adaptación del protocolo Pecs y de las estrategias del AMI al desarrollo de la comunicación de un niño autista de cinco años que tuvo una profesora como agente de intervención. Los datos fueron recolectados durante atención pedagógica realizada en una clínica. En el programa de intervención la profesora fue capacitada a usar el Pecs asociado a estrategias del AMI para aumentar la frecuencia de interacciones con el alumno en el transcurso de actividades pedagógicas. Un delineamiento casi experimental registró aumento en la frecuencia de iniciativas de interacción del alumno con la utilización de los pictogramas y con cambios en el estilo de interacción de la profesora.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Adulto , Auxiliares de Comunicação para Pessoas com Deficiência , Transtorno Autístico/psicologiaRESUMO
This research evaluated the in vitro acaricidal activity of extracts from 21 plant species from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. During stage I, a larval immersion test was performed using three extract concentrations (5%, 20%, and 40%). During stage II, we used only plants that showed over 95% efficiency at the 40% concentration in stage I in an amount sufficient for the adult immersion test. Aeschynomene denticulata, Angelonia hirta, Aspilia latissima, Caperonia castaneifolia, Centratherum punctatum, Crotalaria micans, Diodia kuntzei, Echinodorus paniculatus, Hyptis mutabilis, Lantana canescens, Melanthera latifolia, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Richardia grandiflora, Sebastiana hispida, Tocoyena formosa, Zanthoxylum rigidum, and Sesbania virgata (fruit extract) showed acaricidal activity against the larval stage of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus higher than 95% at a 40% (w/v) concentration, while Hippocratea volubilis and Randia armata showed moderate efficacy and Croton glandulosus and Senna obtusifolia had no effect. The M. latifolia, A. hirta, R. grandiflora, and A. latissima raw extracts were evaluated for their activity against adults, and only A. hirta showed an efficacy close to 90%. Eighteen extracts had an efficacy of up to 95% against larvae at a 40% concentration, seven extracts were effective at 20%, and only one (Sebastiana hispida) was effective at a 5% concentration.
Este trabalho avaliou a atividade acaricida in vitro de extratos de 21 espécies de plantas do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Na etapa I, foi realizado um teste de imersão larval utilizando três concentrações de extrato (5%, 20% e 40%). Na etapa II, utilizou-se apenas as plantas que apresentaram eficácia superior a 95%, na concentração de 40% na etapa I e que apresentasse quantidade suficiente para o teste de imersão de adulto. Aeschynomene denticulata, Angelonia hirta, Aspilia latissima, Caperonia castaneifolia, Centratherum punctatum, Crotalaria micans, Diodia kuntzei, Echinodorus paniculatus, Hyptis mutabilis, Lantana canescens, Melanthera latifolia, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Richardia grandiflora, Sebastiana hispida, Tocoyena formosa, Zanthoxylum rigidum e Sesbania virgata (extrato do fruto) apresentaram atividade acaricida sobre larvas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus superior a 95% na concentração de 40% (w/v), enquanto Hippocratea volubilis e Randia armata apresentaram eficácia moderada e Croton glandulosus e Senna obtusifolia não apresentaram efeito acaricida. Os extratos brutos de M. latifolia, A. hirta, R. grandiflora e A. latissima foram avaliados sobre adultos e A. hirta apresentou eficácia próxima de 90%. Dezoito extratos apresentaram eficácia de até 95%, contra larvas, na concentração de 40%, sete extratos foram eficazes a 20% e apenas um (Sebastiana hispida) foi eficaz na concentração de 5%.