Distinct effects of intravenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy on ischemic and non-ischemic lungs after ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: The preclinical efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy after intravenous infusion has been promising, but clinical studies have yielded only modest results. Although most preclinical studies have focused solely on the ischemic lung, it is crucial to evaluate both lungs after ischemia-reperfusion injury, considering the various mechanisms involved. This study aimed to bridge this gap by assessing the acute effects of bone marrow MSC(BM) infusion before ischemic insult and evaluating both ischemic and non-ischemic lungs after reperfusion. METHODS: Eighteen male Wistar rats (403 ± 23 g) were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated using a protective strategy. After baseline data collection, the animals were randomized to 3 groups (n = 6/group): (1) SHAM; (2) ischemia-reperfusion (IR), and (3) intravenous MSC(BM) infusion followed by IR. Ischemia was induced by complete clamping of the left hilum, followed by 1 h of reperfusion after clamp removal. At the end of the experiment, the right and left lungs (non-ischemic and ischemic, respectively) were collected for immunohistochemistry and molecular biology analysis. RESULTS: MSC(BM)s reduced endothelial cell damage and apoptosis markers and improved markers associated with endothelial cell integrity in both lungs. In addition, gene expression of catalase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 increased after MSC(BM) therapy. In the ischemic lung, MSC(BM) therapy mitigated endothelial cell damage and apoptosis and increased gene expression associated with endothelial cell integrity. Conversely, in the non-ischemic lung, apoptosis gene expression increased in the IR group but not after MSC(BM) therapy. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates distinct effects of MSC(BM) therapy on ischemic and non-ischemic lungs after ischemia-reperfusion injury. The findings underscore the importance of evaluating both lung types in ischemia-reperfusion studies, offering insights into the therapeutic potential of MSC(BM) therapy in the context of lung injury.

[Adequacy of provision of procedures for early detection of breast cancer in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: a cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil and its regions, 2019]. / Adequação da oferta de procedimentos para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Sistema Único de Saúde: um estudo transversal, Brasil e regiões, 2019.

Early detection is a major strategy in breast cancer control and, for this reason, it is important to ensure access to investigation of suspected cases for care continuity and timely treatment. This study aimed to estimate the need for procedures of breast cancer early detection and assess their adequacy for providing care to screened and symptomatic women in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2019. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the provision of tests for breast cancer early detection, comparing the estimated need with the procedures performed in the SUS. Parameters provided by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute were used to estimate the population and the need for early detection tests. The number of procedures performed in 2019 was obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS. A deficit in screening mammograms was observed in the country (-45.1%), ranging from -31.4% in the South Region to -70.5 % in the North Region. If this test was offered to the target population, the deficit in the country would reduce to -14.8% and there would be an oversupply in the South Region (6.2%). Diagnostic investigation procedures varied between the regions, with higher deficits in coarse needle biopsy (-90.8%) and breast lump biopsy/excision (-80.6%) observed in the Central-West Region, and the highest deficit in anatomopathological exams in the North Region (-88.5%). The comparison between the production and need for procedures of breast cancer early detection in Brazil and its regions identified deficits and inadequacies that must be better understood and addressed at the state and municipal levels.

A detecção precoce é uma das estratégias para o controle do câncer de mama e, para tanto, é fundamental garantir o acesso à investigação dos casos suspeitos para continuidade do cuidado e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce dessa neoplasia e avaliar a sua adequação no atendimento às mulheres rastreadas e sintomáticas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no ano de 2019. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal para analisar a oferta de exames de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, comparando a necessidade estimada com os procedimentos realizados no SUS. Foram utilizados os parâmetros disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer para estimar a população e a necessidade de exames para a detecção precoce. No Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS, obteve-se o número de procedimentos realizados em 2019. Observou-se um déficit de mamografias de rastreamento no país (-45,1%), variando entre -31,4% na Região Sul a -70,5% na Região Norte. Se a oferta desse exame fosse direcionada para a população-alvo do rastreamento, o déficit no país reduziria para -14,8% e haveria sobreoferta no Sul (6,2%). Os procedimentos de investigação diagnóstica apresentaram variações entre as regiões, com maiores déficits de punção por agulha grossa (-90,8%) e biópsia/exérese de nódulo da mama (-80,6%) observados no Centro-oeste, e o maior déficit de exames anatomopatológicos no Norte (-88,5%). A comparação entre a produção e a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil identificou déficits e inadequações que devem ser melhor conhecidos e equacionados em nível estadual e municipal.

La detección temprana es una de las estrategias para el control del cáncer de mama y, para ello, es fundamental garantizar el acceso a la investigación de los casos sospechosos para la continuidad del cuidado y el tratamiento oportuno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana de esta neoplasia y evaluar su adecuación en la atención a las mujeres rastreadas y sintomáticas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, en el año 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para analizar la oferta de pruebas para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama, comparando la necesidad estimada con los procedimientos realizados en el SUS. Se utilizaron los parámetros proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer para estimar la población y la necesidad de pruebas para la detección temprana. El número de procedimientos realizados en el 2019 se obtuvo del Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del SUS. Se observó un déficit de mamografías de tamizaje en el país (-45,1%), oscilando entre el -31,4% en la Región Sur y el -70,5% en la Región Norte. Si la oferta de esta prueba se dirigiera a la población objetivo del rastreo, el déficit en el país se reduciría al -14,8% y habría una sobreoferta en el Sur (6,2%). Los procedimientos de investigación diagnóstica presentaron variaciones entre regiones, observándose mayores déficits en punción con aguja gruesa (-90,8%) y biopsia/escisión de nódulo mamario (-80,6%) en el Centro-Oeste, y el mayor déficit de pruebas anatomopatológicas en el Norte (-88,5%). La comparación entre la producción y la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama en Brasil y en las regiones identificó déficits e insuficiencias que deben ser mejor conocidos y abordados a nivel estatal y municipal.

Induction of SK-MEL-28 Invasion by Brain Cortical Cell-Conditioned Medium Through CXCL10 Signaling.

Melanoma, an infrequent yet significant variant of skin cancer, emerges as a primary cause of brain metastasis among various malignancies. Despite recognizing the involvement of inflammatory molecules, particularly chemokines, in shaping the metastatic microenvironment, the intricate cellular signaling mechanisms underlying cerebral metastasis remain elusive. In our pursuit to unravel the role of cytokines in melanoma metastasis, we devised a protocol utilizing mixed cerebral cortical cells and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell lines. Contrary to expectations, we observed no discernible morphological change in melanoma cells exposed to a cerebral conditioned medium (CM). However, a substantial increase in both migration and proliferation was quantitatively noted. Profiling the chemokine secretion by melanoma in response to the cerebral CM unveiled the pivotal role of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (CXCL10), inhibiting the secretion of interleukin 8 (CXCL8). Furthermore, through a transwell assay, we demonstrated that knockdown CXCL10 led to a significant decrease in the migration of the SK-MEL-28 cell line. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a cerebral CM induces melanoma cell migration, while modulating the secretion of CXCL10 and CXCL8 in the context of brain metastases. These insights advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in melanoma cerebral metastasis, paving the way for further exploration and targeted therapeutic interventions.

Smoking Cessation Is Associated With Short-Term Improvement of Vascular Health in a Cohort of People Living With HIV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Smoking is highly prevalent in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA), leading to detrimental effects in different tissues. We examined the effects of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on smoking cessation and vascular health. From December 2019 to October 2021, we prospectively enrolled PLHA who were actively smoking. The primary outcome was endothelial function measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). We evaluated the percent change in FMD compared to the baseline measure (Δ%FMD) to detect improvements among participants who quit smoking. To confirm the results, we used linear regression models to account for classical cardiovascular (CV) confounders. We included 117 participants with median age of 45.5 years (IQR= 36.4-54.8); 22 (20.4%) had hypertension, 9 (8.3%) had diabetes, almost half were smoking 20+ cigarettes/day (41.7%). After 12 weeks 30.76% participants quit smoking. Comparison of Δ%FMD change from baseline to week 12 showed that among participants adherent to therapy, there has been an increase in Δ%FMD when compared to those who relapsed (1.17% [0.29-2.98] vs -0.19% [-1.95-0.91], p<0.001). After adjustment for CV factors, multiple linear regression showed that Δ%FMD in participants who quit smoking presented a 2.54 mean increase in comparison to those who continued smoking (p=0.007). In conclusion, this study provides evidence that a strategy of NRT and counseling is modestly effective for smoking cessation in PLHA and improves vascular health in a short period of time. This reinforces the importance of the widespread anti-tobacco programs in HIV clinics and the expected impact lowering the incidence of future cardiovascular events.

Pharmacological Agents and Potential New Therapies in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by an imbalance between vasoactive mediators, which causes vascular remodeling, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and right ventricular overload, ultimately leading to heart failure and death. A metabolic theory has been suggested to explain the pathophysiology of PAH whereby abnormalities in mitochondrial biogenesis can trigger a hyperproliferative and apoptosis-resistant phenotype in cardiopulmonary and malignant cells, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn causes the Warburg effect. This can culminate in the mitophagy of pulmonary vessels and cardiomyocytes. The present narrative review focuses on the pathophysiology of PAH, the pharmacological agents currently available for its treatment, and promising and challenging areas of therapeutic investigation.

High prevalence of intracranial arterial stenosis among acute ischemic stroke patients in a Brazilian center: a transcranial color-coded duplex sonography study / Alta prevalência de estenose arterial intracraniana nos pacientes com acidente vascular isquêmico agudo em um centro brasileiro: um estudo com Doppler transcraniano colorido

Abstract Background There is limited data available regarding the prevalence of intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS) among acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients in Brazil and Latin America. Objective The present study sought to investigate the frequency and predictors of ICAS among patients with AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in a Brazilian center, with transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) technique. Methods Consecutive AIS and TIA patients, admitted to an academic public comprehensive stroke center in Brazil from February to December 2014, evaluated by TCCS were prospectively selected. Vascular narrowings > 50% were considered as ICAS, based on ultrasound criteria previously defined in the literature. Results We assessed 170 consecutive patients with AIS or TIA, of whom 27 (15.9%) were excluded due to an inadequate transtemporal acoustic bone window. We confirmed ICAS in 55 patients (38.5%). The most common location was the proximal segment of the middle cerebral artery (28.2%), followed by the vertebral (15.4%), posterior cerebral (13.6%), terminal internal carotid (9.1%) and basilar (8.2%) arteries. On multivariate models adjusting for potential confounders, systolic blood pressure (OR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01-1.04; p = 0.008) was independently associated with ICAS. Conclusion We found significant ICAS in approximately ⅓ of patients admitted with symptoms of AIS or TIA in a public tertiary academic stroke center in Brazil. The TCCS is an accessible and noninvasive technique that can be used to investigate the presence of moderate and severe ICAS, especially in patients who cannot be exposed to more invasive exams, such as the use of intravenous contrast agents.

Resumo Antecedentes Dados acerca da prevalência da estenose arterial intracraniana (EAIC) entre os pacientes com acidente vascular isquêmico (AVCi) agudo no Brasil e América Latina são limitados. Objetivo O presente estudo pretendeu investigar a frequência e os preditores da EAIC nos pacientes AVCi ou ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT) em um centro brasileiro utilizando o Doppler transcraniano colorido (duplex transcraniano). Métodos Pacientes consecutivos com AVCi ou AIT, admitidos entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2014 em um centro acadêmico brasileiro especializado em doenças cerebrovasculares, foram avaliados prospectivamente com duplex transcraniano. Os estreitamentos vasculares > 50% foram considerados como EAIC, baseado em critérios ultrassonográficos definidos previamente na literatura. Resultados Foram avaliados 170 pacientes com AVCi ou AIT, dos quais 27 (15,9%) foram excluídos em decorrência da janela óssea transtemporal acústica inadequada. Confirmamos EAIC em 55 pacientes (38,5%). A localização mais comum foi o segmento proximal da artéria cerebral média (28,2%), seguida pelas artérias vertebral (15,4%), cerebral posterior (13,6%), carótida interna terminal (9,1%) e basilar (8,2%). No modelo multivariado, ajustado para os potenciais confundidores, a pressão arterial sistólica aumentada (OR: 1,03; IC 95%: 1,01-1,04; p = 0,008) foi independentemente associada a EAIC. Conclusão Foi identificada EAIC significativa em quase ⅓ dos pacientes admitidos com sintomas de AVCi ou AIT em um serviço acadêmico público de atendimento especializado em doenças cerebrovasculares. O Doppler transcraniano colorido é uma ferramenta acessível e não invasiva que pode ser utilizada com segurança para a investigação da presença de EAIC moderada ou grave, especialmente nos pacientes que não podem ser expostos a exames complementares mais invasivos com uso de contraste intravenoso.

Adequação da oferta de procedimentos para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Sistema Único de Saúde: um estudo transversal, Brasil e regiões, 2019 / Adequacy of provision of procedures for early detection of breast cancer in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: a cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil and its regions, 2019 / Adecuación de la oferta de procedimientos para la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en el Sistema Único de Salud: un estudio transversal, Brasil y regiones, 2019

Resumo: A detecção precoce é uma das estratégias para o controle do câncer de mama e, para tanto, é fundamental garantir o acesso à investigação dos casos suspeitos para continuidade do cuidado e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce dessa neoplasia e avaliar a sua adequação no atendimento às mulheres rastreadas e sintomáticas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no ano de 2019. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal para analisar a oferta de exames de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, comparando a necessidade estimada com os procedimentos realizados no SUS. Foram utilizados os parâmetros disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer para estimar a população e a necessidade de exames para a detecção precoce. No Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS, obteve-se o número de procedimentos realizados em 2019. Observou-se um déficit de mamografias de rastreamento no país (-45,1%), variando entre -31,4% na Região Sul a -70,5% na Região Norte. Se a oferta desse exame fosse direcionada para a população-alvo do rastreamento, o déficit no país reduziria para -14,8% e haveria sobreoferta no Sul (6,2%). Os procedimentos de investigação diagnóstica apresentaram variações entre as regiões, com maiores déficits de punção por agulha grossa (-90,8%) e biópsia/exérese de nódulo da mama (-80,6%) observados no Centro-oeste, e o maior déficit de exames anatomopatológicos no Norte (-88,5%). A comparação entre a produção e a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil identificou déficits e inadequações que devem ser melhor conhecidos e equacionados em nível estadual e municipal.

Abstract: Early detection is a major strategy in breast cancer control and, for this reason, it is important to ensure access to investigation of suspected cases for care continuity and timely treatment. This study aimed to estimate the need for procedures of breast cancer early detection and assess their adequacy for providing care to screened and symptomatic women in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2019. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the provision of tests for breast cancer early detection, comparing the estimated need with the procedures performed in the SUS. Parameters provided by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute were used to estimate the population and the need for early detection tests. The number of procedures performed in 2019 was obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS. A deficit in screening mammograms was observed in the country (-45.1%), ranging from -31.4% in the South Region to -70.5 % in the North Region. If this test was offered to the target population, the deficit in the country would reduce to -14.8% and there would be an oversupply in the South Region (6.2%). Diagnostic investigation procedures varied between the regions, with higher deficits in coarse needle biopsy (-90.8%) and breast lump biopsy/excision (-80.6%) observed in the Central-West Region, and the highest deficit in anatomopathological exams in the North Region (-88.5%). The comparison between the production and need for procedures of breast cancer early detection in Brazil and its regions identified deficits and inadequacies that must be better understood and addressed at the state and municipal levels.

Resumen: La detección temprana es una de las estrategias para el control del cáncer de mama y, para ello, es fundamental garantizar el acceso a la investigación de los casos sospechosos para la continuidad del cuidado y el tratamiento oportuno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana de esta neoplasia y evaluar su adecuación en la atención a las mujeres rastreadas y sintomáticas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, en el año 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para analizar la oferta de pruebas para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama, comparando la necesidad estimada con los procedimientos realizados en el SUS. Se utilizaron los parámetros proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer para estimar la población y la necesidad de pruebas para la detección temprana. El número de procedimientos realizados en el 2019 se obtuvo del Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del SUS. Se observó un déficit de mamografías de tamizaje en el país (-45,1%), oscilando entre el -31,4% en la Región Sur y el -70,5% en la Región Norte. Si la oferta de esta prueba se dirigiera a la población objetivo del rastreo, el déficit en el país se reduciría al -14,8% y habría una sobreoferta en el Sur (6,2%). Los procedimientos de investigación diagnóstica presentaron variaciones entre regiones, observándose mayores déficits en punción con aguja gruesa (-90,8%) y biopsia/escisión de nódulo mamario (-80,6%) en el Centro-Oeste, y el mayor déficit de pruebas anatomopatológicas en el Norte (-88,5%). La comparación entre la producción y la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama en Brasil y en las regiones identificó déficits e insuficiencias que deben ser mejor conocidos y abordados a nivel estatal y municipal.

Accuracy of arch expansion with two thermoplastic materials in Invisalign® patients: EX30® and SmartTrack®

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare accuracy of arch expansion using two different thermoplastic materials in Invisalign aligners: EX30® (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol, or PETG) and SmartTrack® (polyurethane). Methods: The study sample comprised 65 adult patients consecutively treated with Invisalign from two private practices: group 1 - treated with EX30® (358 teeth) and group 2 - treated with SmartTrack® (888 teeth). Six hundred and twenty-three measurements were assessed in three digital models throughout treatment: model 1 - initial, model 2 - predicted tooth position, and model 3 - achieved position. Sixteen reference points per arch were marked and, after best alignment, 2 points per tooth were copied from one digital model to another. Linear values of both arches were measured for canines, premolars, and first molars: on lingual gingival margins and cusp tips of every tooth. Comparisons were performed by Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Both termoplastic materials presented significant differences between predicted and achieved values for all measurements, except for the lower molar cusp tip in the SmartTrack® group. There is no statistical difference in the accuracy of transverse expansion between these two materials. Overall accuracy for EX30® aligners in maxilla and mandible were found to be 37 and 38%, respectively; and Smarttrack® presented an overall accuracy of 56.62% in the maxilla and 68.72% in the mandible. Conclusions: It is not possible to affirm one material expands better than the other. Further controlled clinical studies should be conducted comparing SmartTrack® and EX30® under similar conditions.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi comparar a acurácia na expansão da arcada utilizando alinhadores Invisalign com dois tipos de material termoplástico: EX30® (Polietileno Tereftalato Glicol, ou PETG) e SmartTrack® (poliuretano). Método: A amostra desse estudo incluiu 65 pacientes adultos tratados consecutivamente em dois consultórios particulares: grupo 1 - tratado com EX30® (358 dentes), e grupo 2 - tratado com SmartTrack® (888 dentes). Foram avaliadas 623 medidas em três pares de modelos digitais, ao longo do tratamento: modelo 1 - inicial, modelo 2 - posição dentária planejada, modelo 3 - posição alcançada. Foram marcados 16 pontos de referência por arcada e, após o bestfit, 2 pontos por arcada foram copiados de um modelo digital para o outro. Medidas lineares de ambas as arcadas foram aferidas para caninos, pré-molares e primeiros molares, localizadas na margem gengival lingual e ponta de cúspide de todos os dentes. Foram realizadas comparações usando os testes Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Ambos os materiais termoplásticos apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os valores planejados e alcançados em todas as medidas, exceto na ponta de cúspide dos primeiros molares inferiores do grupo SmartTrack®. Não houve diferença estatística entre esses dois materiais quanto à acurácia da expansão transversa. Em termos gerais, a acurácia dos alinhadores EX30® na maxila e mandíbula foi de 37% e 38%, respectivamente. O grupo SmartTrack® apresentou acurácia de 56,62% e 68,72% na maxila e mandíbula, respectivamente. Conclusões: Não foi possível afirmar que um material expande melhor que o outro. Estudos clínicos controlados futuros devem ser conduzidos comparando SmartTrack® e EX30® sob condições similares.

Accuracy of Invisalign® aligners in adult patients: a retrospective study of angular tooth movements

ABSTRACT Objective: This retrospective study aimed to assess the predictability of Invisalign® aligners regarding rotational, mesio-distal and buccal-lingual tip movements. Methods: Two materials were included in the analysis - EX30, used until 2013; and SmartTrack, in current use. The study comprised 56 adult patients treated with Invisalign Comprehensive. Data sample were assessed on three sets of digital models; model 1 - initial, model 2 - predicted, and model 3 - achieved. Sixty reference points were marked in each dental arch, and two reference planes assisted the superimposition. The degree of rotation, mesio-distal and buccal-lingual tip was obtained via trigonometric calculations, through a previously published validated method. The accuracy of outcomes was compared according to the types of tooth movement and teeth groups,and the influence of predetermined variables on movement accuracy was also investigated. Results: Rotation and mesio-distal tip did not present any significant difference when comparing EX30 and SmartTrack groups. Only buccal-lingual tip presented a significant difference, incisor and canine groups treated with EX30 aligners presented an increase in accuracy (p= 0.007 and p = 0.007, respectively). For each additional degree planned for rotation movements, there was an increase of 0.35° in the discrepancy, and an increase of 0.40° and 0.41° for mesio-distal and buccal-lingual tip, respectively. EX30 and SmartTrack discrepancies were compared by multilevel linear regression. Conclusion: EX30 aligners reached higher accuracy for buccal-lingual tip in anterior teeth. However, for rotation and mesio-distal tip, SmartTrack and EX30 are similarly accurate. The total amount of planned movement has a significant impact on accuracy rates, with a decrease in accuracy for every additional degree.

RESUMO Objetivo: Esse estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo aferir a previsibilidade dos alinhadores Invisalign em relação aos movimentos de rotação e inclinações mesiodistal e vestibulolingual. Material e Métodos: Foram incluídos dois materiais nessa análise: EX30®, utilizado até 2013; e SmartTrack®, atualmente em uso. Esse estudo avaliou 56 pacientes tratados com Invisalign Comprehensive. Os dados foram avaliados em três pares de modelos digitais; modelo 1 - inicial, modelo 2 - planejado, e modelo 3 - alcançado. Foram marcados 60 pontos de referência em cada arcada, sendo a sobreposição realizada com auxílio de planos de referência. O grau de rotação e inclinações mesiodistal e vestibulolingual foi obtido por cálculos de trigonometria, usando um método validado publicado anteriormente. Os resultados foram comparados de acordo com os tipos de movimento dentário e grupos de dentes, também foi investigada a influência de variáveis predeterminadas na confiabilidade dos movimentos. Resultados: Os movimentos de rotação e inclinação mesiodistal não apresentaram diferença estatística, quando comparados os grupos EX30® e SmartTrack®. Somente a inclinação vestibulolingual apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa, sendo que os grupos de incisivos e caninos tratados com alinhadores EX30® apresentaram um aumento na previsibilidade(p= 0,007 e p= 0,007, respectivamente). Para cada grau adicional planejado para movimento de rotação, ocorreu um aumento de 0,35° na discrepância, e aumentos de 0,40° e 0,41° para as inclinações mesiodistal e vestibulolingual, respectivamente. As discrepâncias entre EX30® e SmartTrack® foram comparadas por regressão linear multinível. Conclusão: Os alinhadores EX30® alcançaram maior previsibilidade para a inclinação vestibulolingual em dentes anteriores. No entanto, para rotação e inclinação mesiodistal, SmartTrack® e EX30® apresentaram previsibilidade similar. A quantidade total de movimento planejado apresenta influência significativa nas taxas de previsibilidade, com diminuição na acurácia para cada grau adicional.

Comunicação com a mulher sobre a radiação no rastreamento mamográfico / Communication with women about radiation in mammographic screening

O rastreamento mamográfico destina-se a mulheres assintomáticas e é essencial informá-las sobre os seus benefícios e riscos, dentre os quais a exposição à radiação ionizante. O objetivo desse artigo é analisar como a informação sobre o risco da radiação no rastreamento mamográfico é apresentada em materiais de comunicação em saúde para as mulheres. Foi realizada uma análise documental de materiais informativos de sites governamentais e de repositório de ferramentas de apoio à decisão. Foram avaliados 11 sites governamentais, 128 endereços eletrônicos, 100 imagens e 12 ferramentas de apoio à decisão e selecionados 14 materiais para análise. Observou-se pouca informação sobre os riscos da exposição à radiação e tendência a ressaltar os benefícios do rastreamento. A forma de apresentar o risco foi variada e poucos o quantificam. Reconhece-se a dificuldade implícita a essa temática e a importância de se considerar o letramento em cada contexto. Contudo, é preciso ampliar a comunicação com a mulher sobre o rastreamento do câncer de mama, na atenção primária à saúde, valorizando a tomada de decisão compartilhada com o profissional de saúde como princípio ético a ser assegurado.

Mammographic screening is aimed at asymptomatic women and it is essential to inform them about its benefits and risks, including exposure to ionizing radiation. The purpose of this article is to analyze how information on radiation risk in mammography screening is presented in health communication materials for women. A documentary analysis on materials from government websites and from a decision aids repository was carried out. A total of 11 governmental websites, 128 electronic addresses, 100 images and 12 decision support tools were evaluated and 14 materials were selected for analysis. There was little information on risks of radiation exposure and a tendency to emphasize the benefits of screening. The way of presenting the risk was varied and few quantified it. The difficulty implicit in this theme and the importance of considering literacy in each context are recognized. However, it is necessary to increase communication with women about breast cancer screening, in primary health care, valuing shared decision-making with the health professional as an ethical principle to be ensured.

CETP Expression in Bone-Marrow-Derived Cells Reduces the Inflammatory Features of Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Mice.

CETP activity reduces plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations, a correlate of an increased risk of atherosclerotic events. However, our recent findings suggest that CETP expression in macrophages promotes an intracellular antioxidant state, reduces free cholesterol accumulation and phagocytosis, and attenuates pro-inflammatory gene expression. To determine whether CETP expression in macrophages affects atherosclerosis development, we transplanted bone marrow from transgenic mice expressing simian CETP or non-expressing littermates into hypercholesterolemic LDL-receptor-deficient mice. The CETP expression did not change the lipid-stained lesion areas but decreased the macrophage content (CD68), neutrophil accumulation (LY6G), and TNF-α aorta content of young male transplanted mice and decreased LY6G, TNF-α, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in aged female transplanted mice. These findings suggest that CETP expression in bone-marrow-derived cells reduces the inflammatory features of atherosclerosis. These novel mechanistic observations may help to explain the failure of CETP inhibitors in reducing atherosclerotic events in humans.

Local glycolysis fuels actomyosin contraction during axonal retraction.

In response to repulsive cues, axonal growth cones can quickly retract. This requires the prompt activity of contractile actomyosin, which is formed by the non-muscle myosin II (NMII) bound to actin filaments. NMII is a molecular motor that provides the necessary mechanical force at the expense of ATP. Here, we report that this process is energetically coupled to glycolysis and is independent of cellular ATP levels. Induction of axonal retraction requires simultaneous generation of ATP by glycolysis, as shown by chemical inhibition and genetic knock-down of GAPDH. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximal-ligation assay showed that actomyosin associates with ATP-generating glycolytic enzymes and that this association is strongly enhanced during retraction. Using microfluidics, we confirmed that the energetic coupling between glycolysis and actomyosin necessary for axonal retraction is localized to the growth cone and near axonal shaft. These results indicate a tight coupling between on-demand energy production by glycolysis and energy consumption by actomyosin contraction suggesting a function of glycolysis in axonal guidance.

Therapeutic effects of hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension.

AIMS: To evaluate BM-MSCs and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) preconditioned with hypoxia or normoxia in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). MAIN METHODS: BM-MSCs were isolated and cultured under normoxia (MSC-N, 21%O2) or hypoxia (MSC-H, 1%O2) for 48 h. EVs were then isolated from MSCs under normoxia (EV-N) or hypoxia (EV-H). PAH was induced in male Wistar rats (n = 35) with monocrotaline (60 mg/kg); control animals (CTRL, n = 7) were treated with saline. On day 14, PAH animals received MSCs or EVs under normoxia or hypoxia, intravenously (n = 7/group). On day 28, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), pulmonary acceleration time (PAT)/pulmonary ejection time (PET), and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) index were evaluated. Perivascular collagen content, vascular wall thickness, and endothelium-mesenchymal transition were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS: PAT/PET was lower in the PAH group (0.26 ± 0.02, P < 0.001) than in CTRLs (0.43 ± 0.02) and only increased in the EV-H group (0.33 ± 0.03, P = 0.014). MSC-N (32 ± 6 mmHg, P = 0.036), MSC-H (31 ± 3 mmHg, P = 0.019), EV-N (27 ± 4 mmHg, P < 0.001), and EV-H (26 ± 5 mmHg, P < 0.001) reduced RVSP compared with the PAH group (39 ± 4 mmHg). RVH was higher in the PAH group than in CTRL and reduced after all therapies. All therapies decreased perivascular collagen fiber content, vascular wall thickness, and the expression of endothelial markers remained unaltered; only MSC-H and EV-H decreased expression of mesenchymal markers in pulmonary arterioles. SIGNIFICANCE: MSCs and EVs, under normoxia or hypoxia, reduced right ventricular hypertrophy, perivascular collagen, and vessel wall thickness. Under hypoxia, MSCs and EVs were more effective at improving endothelial to mesenchymal transition in experimental PAH.

[Risk of false-positive result in mammography screening in Brazil]. / Risco de resultado falso positivo no rastreamento mamográfico do Brasil.

False-positive results on mammography screening are common, putting a burden on both women and the health care system. This study aimed to estimate the risk of false-positive results in Brazilian mammography screening based on data from the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) information systems. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with women aged 40-69 years, who underwent mammography screening and breast histopathological examination at SUS from 2017 to 2019. The rate of false-positive results was estimated based on the prevalence of altered BI-RADS results on mammography screening and the proportion of benign results on breast histopathological examination. Of the 10,671 women with histopathological examination at SUS, 46.2% had a benign result, and this proportion was significantly higher in women aged 40-49 years compared to women aged 50-69 years. The estimate of false-positive results was 8.18 cases per 100 women aged 40-49 years and 6.06 per 100 women aged 50-69 years. This information is useful for public managers in evaluating mammography screening programs, as well as for health care providers to guide women on the implications of mammography screening.

Resultados falsos positivos na mamografia de rastreamento são comuns a essa intervenção e trazem ônus para as mulheres e o sistema de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o risco de resultado falso positivo no rastreamento mamográfico brasileiro com base em dados de sistemas de informação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foi realizado estudo de coorte histórica de mulheres de 40-69 anos, que realizaram mamografia de rastreamento e exame histopatológico de mama no SUS, nos anos de 2017 a 2019. A taxa de resultados falsos positivos foi estimada a partir da prevalência de resultados BI-RADS alterados na mamografia de rastreamento e da proporção de resultados benignos no exame histopatológico de mama. Das 10.671 mulheres com exame histopatológico no SUS, 46,2% apresentaram resultado benigno, sendo essa proporção significativamente maior em mulheres de 40-49 anos comparada à de mulheres de 50-69 anos. A estimativa de resultados falsos positivos foi de 8,18 casos por 100 mulheres na faixa etária de 40-49 anos, e de 6,06 por 100 mulheres na faixa de 50-69 anos. Essas informações são úteis aos gestores na avaliação de programas de rastreamento do câncer de mama, assim como aos profissionais de saúde, para que orientem a mulher sobre as implicações do rastreamento mamográfico.

Los resultados falsos positivos en la mamografía de cribado son comunes en esta intervención y suponen prejuicios para las mujeres y el sistema de salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el riesgo de resultados falsos positivos en el cribado mamográfico brasileño a partir de los datos del sistema de información del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Se realizó un estudio de cohorte histórica de mujeres de 40-69 años, que se sometieron a mamografía de cribado y examen histopatológico de mama en el SUS, de 2017 a 2019. La tasa de resultados falsos positivos se estimó a partir de la prevalencia de resultados de BI-RADS alterados en la mamografía de cribado y la proporción de resultados benignos en el examen histopatológico de mama. De las 10.671 mujeres que se sometieron a examen histopatológico en el SUS, el 46,2% tuvo un resultado benigno, siendo esta proporción significativamente mayor en mujeres de 40-49 años en comparación con las mujeres de 50-69 años. La estimación de resultados falsos positivos fue de 8,18 casos por 100 mujeres en el grupo de edad de 40-49 años y 6,06 por 100 mujeres en el grupo de 50-69 años. Esta información es útil para los gestores en la evaluación de los programas de cribado de cáncer de mama, así como para los profesionales sanitarios en orientar a las mujeres sobre las implicaciones del cribado mamográfico.

Mastication in overweight and obese children: A comparative cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze masticatory characteristics in children from 7 to 10 years, and to compare these characteristics among normal weight, overweight and obese children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in northeast Brazil, with a sample of 160 children, aged 7 to 10 years. The authors evaluated: nutritional and dental status; food intake; masticatory parameters and orofacial myofunctional characteristics. The children were divided according to nutritional status into normal weight (n = 101), overweight (n = 33) and obesity (n = 26) groups. Results: The results showed that Obese children had a larger bite size (g) (median = 6.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-9.0, p = 0.049) and performed fewer masticatory sequences (median = 3.0, Q1-Q3 = 2.0-3.2, p = 0.024) than children with normal weight (median = 5.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-7.0; median = 4.0, Q1-Q3 = 3.0-5.0). Furthermore, obese children finished feeding in a shorter time (s) (median = 62.5, Q1-Q3 = 50.5-70.0, p = 0.039) than normal weight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 56.5-78.0) and overweight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 58.0-81.5). Conclusions: The present results suggest that obese children present changes in mastication, evidenced by larger bite-size, performing fewer masticatory sequences and rapid mastication, which may contribute to increased food consumption and the development of excess weight.

Atomoxetine and Fluoxetine Activate AMPK-ACC-CPT1 Pathway in Human SH-SY5Y and U-87 MG Cells.

OBJECTIVE: Atomoxetine and fluoxetine are psychopharmacologic agents associated with loss of appetite and weight. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the cellular energy sensor that regulate metabolism and energy, being activated by fasting and inhibited by feeding in the hypothalamus. METHODS: Human brain cell lines (SH-SY5Y and U-87 MG cells) were used to study the outcome of atomoxetine and fluoxetine treatment in the activity of AMPK-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)- carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) pathway and upstream regulation by calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase ß (CaMKKß) using immunoblotting and CPT1 enzymatic activity measures. RESULTS: Phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC increased significantly after atomoxetine and fluoxetine treatment in the first 30-60 minutes of treatment in the two cell lines. Activation of AMPK and inhibition of ACC was associated with an increase by 5-fold of mitochondrial CPT1 activity. Although the neuronal isoform CPT1C could be detected by immunoblotting, activity was not changed by the drug treatments. In addition, the increase in phospho-AMPK and phospho-ACC expression induced by atomoxetine was abolished by treatment with STO-609, a CaMKKß inhibitor, indicating that AMPK-ACC-CPT1 pathway is activated through CaMKKß phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that at the cellular level atomoxetine and fluoxetine treatments may activate AMPK-ACC-CPT1 pathways through CaMKKß in human SH-SY5Y and U-87 MG cells.

Risco de resultado falso positivo no rastreamento mamográfico do Brasil / Risk of false-positive result in mammography screening in Brazil / Riesgo de resultados falsos positivos en el cribado mamográfico en Brasil

Resultados falsos positivos na mamografia de rastreamento são comuns a essa intervenção e trazem ônus para as mulheres e o sistema de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o risco de resultado falso positivo no rastreamento mamográfico brasileiro com base em dados de sistemas de informação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foi realizado estudo de coorte histórica de mulheres de 40-69 anos, que realizaram mamografia de rastreamento e exame histopatológico de mama no SUS, nos anos de 2017 a 2019. A taxa de resultados falsos positivos foi estimada a partir da prevalência de resultados BI-RADS alterados na mamografia de rastreamento e da proporção de resultados benignos no exame histopatológico de mama. Das 10.671 mulheres com exame histopatológico no SUS, 46,2% apresentaram resultado benigno, sendo essa proporção significativamente maior em mulheres de 40-49 anos comparada à de mulheres de 50-69 anos. A estimativa de resultados falsos positivos foi de 8,18 casos por 100 mulheres na faixa etária de 40-49 anos, e de 6,06 por 100 mulheres na faixa de 50-69 anos. Essas informações são úteis aos gestores na avaliação de programas de rastreamento do câncer de mama, assim como aos profissionais de saúde, para que orientem a mulher sobre as implicações do rastreamento mamográfico.

False-positive results on mammography screening are common, putting a burden on both women and the health care system. This study aimed to estimate the risk of false-positive results in Brazilian mammography screening based on data from the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) information systems. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with women aged 40-69 years, who underwent mammography screening and breast histopathological examination at SUS from 2017 to 2019. The rate of false-positive results was estimated based on the prevalence of altered BI-RADS results on mammography screening and the proportion of benign results on breast histopathological examination. Of the 10,671 women with histopathological examination at SUS, 46.2% had a benign result, and this proportion was significantly higher in women aged 40-49 years compared to women aged 50-69 years. The estimate of false-positive results was 8.18 cases per 100 women aged 40-49 years and 6.06 per 100 women aged 50-69 years. This information is useful for public managers in evaluating mammography screening programs, as well as for health care providers to guide women on the implications of mammography screening.

Los resultados falsos positivos en la mamografía de cribado son comunes en esta intervención y suponen prejuicios para las mujeres y el sistema de salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el riesgo de resultados falsos positivos en el cribado mamográfico brasileño a partir de los datos del sistema de información del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Se realizó un estudio de cohorte histórica de mujeres de 40-69 años, que se sometieron a mamografía de cribado y examen histopatológico de mama en el SUS, de 2017 a 2019. La tasa de resultados falsos positivos se estimó a partir de la prevalencia de resultados de BI-RADS alterados en la mamografía de cribado y la proporción de resultados benignos en el examen histopatológico de mama. De las 10.671 mujeres que se sometieron a examen histopatológico en el SUS, el 46,2% tuvo un resultado benigno, siendo esta proporción significativamente mayor en mujeres de 40-49 años en comparación con las mujeres de 50-69 años. La estimación de resultados falsos positivos fue de 8,18 casos por 100 mujeres en el grupo de edad de 40-49 años y 6,06 por 100 mujeres en el grupo de 50-69 años. Esta información es útil para los gestores en la evaluación de los programas de cribado de cáncer de mama, así como para los profesionales sanitarios en orientar a las mujeres sobre las implicaciones del cribado mamográfico.

Los caminos de la asistencia en salud mental: la atención psicosocial como territorio de cuidado / The paths of mental health care: psychosocial care as a territory of care

Resumen Este trabajo presenta algunas consideraciones sobre los avances, las permanencias y las rupturas de las políticas de Salud Mental en Brasil, con el objetivo de comprender la concepción del cuidado presente en la Red de Atención Psicosocial (RAPS) desde la perspectiva de las personas que utilizan sus servicios. Se trata de una investigación etnográfica, realizada en la ciudad de Juazeiro/BA, siendo el marco teórico y metodológico de la Psicología Discursiva y el Construccionismo Social. Los resultados apuntan a una ampliación de la red asistencial, en que la centralidad del hospital psiquiátrico en el municipio se desdibuja de la oferta de servicios sustitutivos que constituirán la RAPS local. Sin embargo, estos servicios siguen con la herencia del modelo de manicomio iatrogénico hegemónico. Para los usuarios, la Atención Psicosocial representa un cuidado en libertad y la garantía del servicio comunitario de puertas abiertas permite la producción y afirmación de la vida. Aunque sean territorios en disputa, señalan posibles caminos de apropiación política entre las contradicciones operadas por el proceso de reforma psiquiátrica en Brasil.

Abstract This paper presents some considerations about the advances, permanence, and ruptures of Mental Health policies in Brazil, aiming to understand the conception of care present in the Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS) from the perspective of the people who use the services. This is an ethnographic research, carried out in the city of Juazeiro/BA. We worked with the theoretical and methodological framework of Discursive Psychology and Social Constructionism. The results show an expansion of the care network, in which the centrality of the psychiatric hospital in the city is blurred by the offer of substitutive services that will constitute the local RAPS. However, these services still carry the legacy of the hegemonic iatrogenic asylum model. For users, Psychosocial Care represents a care in freedom and the guarantee of open-door community service enables production and affirmation of life. Although these are territories in dispute, they point to possible paths of political appropriation among the contradictions operated by the process of psychiatric reform in Brazil.

Percepções de estudantes de Medicina sobre o estresse acadêmico e a mentoria no seu enfrentamento: um estudo qualitativo / Medical students' perceptions of academic stress and mentoring for coping: a qualitative study / Percepciones de estudiantes de medicina sobre el estrés académico y la tutoría en su enfrentamiento: un estudio cualitativo

A formação médica é considerada estressante devido a fatores como: extensa carga horária, atividades práticas complexas, muito conteúdo e alta exigência de dedicação. Programas de mentoria podem amenizar esse estresse acadêmico. Com o objetivo de investigar a percepção dos estudantes de um programa de mentoria sobre o estresse da formação médica e a mentoria como recurso de enfrentamento, desenhou-se um estudo do tipo transversal com metodologia qualitativa. Selecionaram-se 12 alunos e realizaram-se sessões de grupo focal. Os dados produzidos foram submetidos à análise temática, resultando em duas categorias de estressores - 1. ser estudante e 2. ambiente acadêmico - e em duas categorias de elementos protetores - 1. autocuidado e 2. mentoria. A mentoria foi considerada recurso de enfrentamento por ser um espaço de reflexão e desenvolvimento de habilidades e comportamentos que aumentam competências relacionais, além de propiciar acolhimento, alívio psicológico, pertencimento e efeito tranquilizador.(AU)

Medical training is considered stressful due to factors such as heavy course load, complex practical activities, the large volume of content and high expectations in terms of dedication. Mentoring programs can alleviate academic stress. The aim of this qualitative cross-sectional study was to investigate medical students' perceptions of a mentoring program designed to reduce stress and mentoring as a tool for coping. We selected 12 students and held focus group sessions. We performed a thematic analysis, which resulted in the identification of two categories of stressors and protectors: being a student and the academic environment and self-care and mentoring, respectively. Mentoring was considered a coping resource because it provided a space for reflection and helped students develop skills and behavior that enhance relational skills, in addition to providing a welcoming environment, psychological relief, a feeling of belonging and a tranquilizing effect.(AU)

La formación médica se considera estresante debido a factores tales como: extensa carga horaria, actividades prácticas complejas, mucho contenido, alta exigencia de dedicación. Programas de tutoría pueden amenizar ese estrés académico. Con el objetivo de investigar la percepción de los estudiantes de un programa de tutoría sobre el estrés de la formación médica y la tutoría como recursos de enfrentamiento, se diseñó un estudio del tipo transversal con metodología cualitativa. Se seleccionaron 12 alumnos y se realizaron sesiones de grupo focal. Los datos producidos se sometieron a análisis temático, resultando en dos categorías de factores de estrés: 1. ser estudiante, y 2. ambiente académico; y dos categorías de elementos protectores: 1. autocuidado, y 2. tutoría. La tutoría se consideró recurso de enfrentamiento por ser espacio de reflexión y desarrollo de habilidades y comportamientos que aumentan competencias relacionales además de propiciar amparo, alivio psicológico, pertenencia y efecto tranquilizador.(AU)

As associações entre tempo de tela e saúde mental no ciclo vital / The associations between screen time and mental health across the life cycle

Introdução: O cotidiano está cada vez mais permeado pela tecnologia. A evolução das plataformas de mídia, além de otimizar a informação, tem um papel importante na aproximação das pessoas, sobretudo em contextos de isolamento social, como o vivido na pandemia da Covid-19. Pais, professores, pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas relatam preocupação com possíveis efeitos desfavoráveis do uso excessivo de telas, em especial, na saúde mental das pessoas. Como os indivíduos podem responder diferentemente a exposição às telas em cada etapa do desenvolvimento, este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar as associações entre tempo de tela e a saúde mental dos indivíduos nas diferentes fases do ciclo vital. Desde crianças, nos adolescentes, nos adultos até os idosos serão avaliados quanto aos potenciais efeitos da exposição às telas. Método: A investigação foi realizada por meio de quatro revisões sistemáticas da literatura. Uma pergunta PICO foi estabelecida, em conformidade com o Protocolo PRISMA, bem como foi realizado registro da revisão no PROSPERO e avaliado risco de viés por instrumentos padronizados. As bases de dados Scopus, Pubmed e PsycInfo foram escolhidas para busca do tema e os descritores foram escolhidos conforme a faixa etária e de acordo com o significado no MESH. Como o uso das telas tem se modificado ao longo dos anos, optamos por incluir apenas estudos dos últimos 10 anos. Amostras com as idades pertinentes a cada fase do ciclo vital, sem diagnóstico mencionado de problemas de saúde mental prévio, que utilizaram escalas para avaliar os diversos aspectos de saúde mental e que apresentaram associações diretas de tempo de tela com desfechos de saúde mental foram selecionadas. A perspectiva ao longo da vida foi norteadora para a comparabilidade e análise dos resultados. Resultados: Dentre os desfechos em saúde mental, depressão e ansiedade foram os que apareceram em todas as quatro fases investigadas do ciclo vital. As respostas à influência do tempo de tela na saúde mental foram diferentes em cada fase do ciclo vital. O uso de telas apontou fatores particulares com adolescentes apresentando mais autoagressão relacionada ao uso de telas; adultos mais estresse, idosos mais sofrimento psicológico e crianças apresentaram mais problemas de comportamentos. O conteúdo das telas demonstrou exercer impacto importante na saúde mental e não somente a contabilização do tempo. Conclusão: O indicador "tempo de tela" pode não ser o mais apropriado para as investigações dos efeitos da exposição a dispositivos de tela em resultados de saúde mental. Pesquisas futuras devem considerar a ideia de que nos encontramos irremediavelmente envolvidos pelas telas e resta descobrir maneiras de se conviver de forma saudável com essa nova realidade.

Introduction: Everyday life is increasingly permeated by technology. The evolution of media platforms, in addition to optimizing information, plays an important role in bringing people together, especially in contexts of social isolation, such as that experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic. Parents, teachers, researchers and policy makers report concern about possible unfavorable effects of excessive screen use, especially on people's mental health. As individuals may respond differently to exposure to screens at each stage of development, this study aims to investigate the associations between screen time and the mental health of individuals at different stages of the life cycle. Children, teenagers, adults and the elderly will be assessed regarding the potential effects of exposure to screens. Method: The investigation was carried out through four systematic literature reviews. A PICO question was established, in accordance with the PRISMA Protocol, and the review was registered in PROSPERO and risk of bias was assessed using standardized instruments. The Scopus, Pubmed and PsycInfo databases were chosen to search for the topic and the descriptors were chosen according to the age group and according to the meaning in MESH. As the use of screens has changed over the years, we chose to only include studies from the last 10 years. Samples with ages relevant to each phase of the life cycle, without a previous diagnosis of mental health problems, which used scales to assess the different aspects of mental health and which presented direct associations between screen time and mental health outcomes were selected. The lifelong perspective was a guide for comparability and analysis of results. Results: Among the mental health outcomes, depression and anxiety were those that appeared in all four phases of the life cycle investigated. Responses to the influence of screen time on mental health were different at each stage of the life cycle. The use of screens highlighted particular factors with adolescents presenting more self-harm related to the use of screens; adults more stress, elderly people more psychological suffering and children showed more behavioral problems. The content of screens has been shown to have an important impact on mental health, not just time tracking. Conclusion: The "screen time" indicator may not be the most appropriate for investigations of the effects of exposure to screen devices on mental health outcomes. Future research should consider the idea that we find ourselves irremediably involved in screens and that it remains to discover ways to live in a healthy way with this new reality.