Disparities in treatment patterns and mortality in prostate cancer: Interaction between Black race and end-stage kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Black men and men with end-stage kidney disease have lower rates of treatment and higher mortality for prostate cancer. We studied the interaction of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) with Black race for treatment rates and mortality for men with prostate cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 516 Black and 551 White men with ESKD before prostate cancer 22,299 Black men, and 141,821 White men without ESKD who were 40 years or older from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results-Medicare data (2004-2016). All Black men with or without ESKD and White men with ESKD had higher prostate-specific antigen levels at diagnosis than White men without ESKD. Black men with ESKD had the lowest rates for treatment in both local and advanced stages of prostate cancer (age-adjusted risk ratio: 0.76, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.71-0.82 for local stage and age-adjusted risk ratio: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.76-0.9 for advanced stages) compared to White men without ESKD. Compared to White men without ESKD, prostate cancer-specific mortality was higher in White men with ESKD for both local and advanced stages (age-adjusted hazard ratio: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.8 and HR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.2) and it was higher for ESKD Black men only in advanced stage prostate cancer (age-adjusted hazard ratio: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.6). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that having a comorbidity such as ESKD makes Black men more vulnerable to racial disparities in prostate cancer treatment and mortality.

Treatment patterns and survival of low and intermediate-risk prostate cancer in end-stage kidney disease: A retrospective population cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In accordance with guidelines, observation with or without active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer increased in recent years in the general population. We compared treatment patterns and mortality for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer and mortality rates among end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and non-ESKD patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective population-based observational cohort study of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data of men aged 66 years and older with localized prostate cancer (2004-2015). ESKD status was determined using Medicare billing codes. Multivariable logistic regression models and Cox-proportional hazards models were used to study definitive treatment patterns and mortality, respectively. RESULTS: For low-risk prostate cancer, dialysis patients (N = 83) had lower but not statistically significant odds (OR, 0.74; 95% CI: 0.48-1.16) of receiving definitive treatment than non-ESKD patients (N = 24,935). For those with intermediate-risk prostate cancer, dialysis patients (N = 254) had lower odds to receive definitive treatment (OR, 0.54; 95% CI: 0.42-0.72) than non-ESKD patients (N = 60,883). From 2004-2010 to 2011-2015, for patients with low-risk prostate cancer, while the receipt of definitive treatment for non-ESKD patients trended down from 72% to 48%, it trended up for dialysis patients from 55% to 65%. Kidney transplant patients (N = 33 for low-risk and N = 91 for intermediate-risk) had lower rates of definitive treatment for low-risk and similar rates of treatment for intermediate-risk prostate cancer compared to non-ESKD patients. CONCLUSIONS: The disparity in definitive treatment rates for low-risk prostate cancer among dialysis patients exists despite their high mortality, compared to the general population.

Prostate Cancer, Kidney Transplant Wait Time, and Mortality in Maintenance Dialysis Patients: A Cohort Study Using Linked United States Renal Data System Data.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: The impact of prostate cancer on mortality in patients with end-stage kidney disease may be different from the general population. Prostate cancer may also delay the kidney transplant but has not been studied in a population-based cohort. We examined how prostate cancer influenced time to kidney transplant and death in a dialysis population. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective population-based, risk-set propensity score-matched cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Men, 40-79 years old, who were dialysis-dependent Medicare beneficiaries without prior documented prostate cancer, from the United States Renal Data System. EXPOSURES: Incident prostate cancer, identified using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification system diagnosis code 185. OUTCOMES: Time to kidney transplant and death. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Propensity-based risk-set matching to reduce bias between cases and controls. Cox proportional hazards model for time to death, and Fine-Gray competing risk model for time to kidney transplant. RESULTS: Among a total of 588,478 male dialysis patients who met the eligibility criteria, 18,162 had claims for prostate cancer. After propensity-based risk-set matching, 15,554 pairs of prostate cancer cases and controls were identified. Among the matched pairs, survival rates were 76%, 48%, and 30% at 1, 3, and 5 years in the prostate cancer group, compared with 80%, 51%, and 33% in the control group, with relative mortality of 95%, 94%, and 91% respectively (log-rank test P < 0.001). Prostate cancer was associated with a 22% lower likelihood of kidney transplant (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.72-0.85) and 11% higher likelihood of death (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.08-1.14) compared with controls. Kidney transplant was associated with a 4-fold improvement in overall survival, both in patients with and without prostate cancer (HR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.18-0.21). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective registry study. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer is associated with a modest increase in the risk of death and time to transplant in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Kidney transplant is associated with the same degree of survival benefit among those with pretransplant prostate cancer as those without.

Prescription patterns of opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the first year after living kidney donation: An analysis of U.S. Registry and Pharmacy fill records.

We examined a novel database linking national donor registry identifiers to records from a US pharmaceutical claims warehouse (2007-2015) to describe opioid and NSAID prescription patterns among LKDs during the first year postdonation, divided into three periods: 0-14 days, 15-182 days, and 183-365 days. Associations of opioid and NSAID prescription fills with baseline factors were examined by logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio, LCL aORUCL ). Among 23,565 donors, opioid prescriptions were highest during days 0-14 (36.6%), but 12.6% of donors filled opioids during days 183-365. NSAID prescriptions rose from 0.5% during days 0-14 to 3.3% during days 183-365. Women filled opioids more commonly than men, and black donors filled both opioids and NSAIDs more commonly than white donors. After covariate adjustment, significant correlates of opioid prescription fills during days 183-365 included obesity (aOR,1.24 1.381.53 ), less than college education (aOR,1.19 1.311.43 ), smoking (aOR,1.33 1.451.58 ), and nephrectomy complications (aOR,1.11 1.291.49 ). NSAID prescription fills in year 1 were not associated with differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate, incidence of proteinuria or new-onset hypertension at the first and second year postdonation. Prescription fills for opioids and NSAIDs for LKDs varied with demographic and clinic traits. Future work should examine longer-term outcome implications to help inform safe analgesic regimen choices after donation.

Management of BK Polyomavirus Infection in Kidney and Kidney-Pancreas Transplant Recipients: A Review Article.

BK virus (BKV) can cause graft dysfunction or failure in kidney transplant recipients and hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) emerged as a common complication in the late 1990s, probably due to the introduction of potent immunosuppressive agents. BKVAN occurred in up to 5% of kidney transplant recipients, with graft failure in up to 70%. Since universal implementation of effective screening and treatment strategies, BKV is no longer a common cause of graft failure; reported graft loss is only 0% to 5%. This article briefly describes BK virology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.

The Utility of Screening Colonoscopy During Kidney Transplant Evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: Transplant centers often recommend, but not necessarily require, screening colonoscopies for people over 50 years of age in accordance with the US Preventative Services Task Force guidelines for the general population. We sought to identify risk factors affecting colonoscopy results in renal failure patients undergoing kidney transplant evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively examined patients undergoing kidney transplant evaluation from 2009 to 2012 (n = 469 patients). Comparisons were made between colonoscopy reports categorized as normal (no finding or hyperplastic polyp) or abnormal (adenomatous polyp or carcinoma). RESULTS: Of 469 patients who met the study criteria, 303 (64.6%) had normal colonoscopies and 166 (35.4%) had abnormal colonoscopies. Logistic regression analysis showed that male sex (odds ratio = 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-3.20; P = .001) and increasing age (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.08; P = .019) were more likely to correspond to abnormal findings. Those with dialysis vintage (length of time on dialysis) up to 3 years (odds ratio = 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.06; P = .027) and hypertension as the cause of renal failure (odds ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.87; P = .002) had more abnormal findings. No differences in length of evaluation, rate of being listed for transplant, and rate of transplant were shown. CONCLUSIONS: The overall rate of adenomatous findings on colonoscopy was higher among patients with pretransplant end-stage renal disease than in the general population, as shown in other studies. Age, sex, dialysis vintage up to 3 years, and hypertensive renal failure were associated with adenomatous polyps of the colon in this study population. Because adenomatous polyp rates are high in patients with chronic kidney disease who are undergoing transplant evaluation and colonoscopic findings do not appear to delay transplant evaluations or listing rates, screening colonoscopies should be encouraged.

Nephrology Update: Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to any acute decrease in glomerular filtration rate, regardless of etiology. Staging of AKI has been recommended to stratify AKI patients according to severity of the condition, based on serum creatinine level and urine output. Classification of AKI into prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal etiologies is helpful in differential diagnosis and management. AKI in hospitalized patients typically occurs due to decreased renal perfusion. Drug-induced, contrast-associated, postoperative, and sepsis-associated AKI also can occur. Clinical assessment of a patient with AKI involves a medical record review, thorough history and physical examination, urinary and blood tests, renal imaging, and, in some instances, renal biopsy. Contrast-induced nephropathy is a common iatrogenic etiology of AKI associated with administration of intravenous iodinated contrast media. Measures to prevent AKI should be taken before administration of intravenous iodinated contrast. AKI can result in many short- and long-term complications, including chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Appropriate treatment of AKI patients involves management of the underlying etiology, when possible, and use of nondialytic and dialytic therapies.

Utility of mammography for chronic kidney disease patients undergoing kidney transplant evaluation.

UNLABELLED: Transplant centers typically require screening mammography (MMG) for women ≥40 during evaluation. American Cancer Society recommends starting annual MMG at 40, while USPSTF recommends biennial MMG at 50. We sought to determine the effect of age and other breast malignancy risk factors on screening MMG in the pre-transplant renal failure population undergoing transplant evaluation. METHODS: We retrospectively examined women ≥40 undergoing kidney transplant evaluation from 2006 to 2012 (n = 541). RESULTS: Patients aged 40.0-49.9 and ≥50 had similar rates of breast biopsy and breast malignancy. African Americans underwent a higher rate of biopsies (OR 2.391, 95%CI 1.111-5.019, p = 0.026), with a lower rate of biopsy in those already on dialysis at presentation (OR 0.434, 95%CI 0.212-0.888, p = 0.022). Higher breast density (>50% fibroglandular tissue) increased both rate of biopsy (OR 2.876, 95%CI 1.377-6.010, p = 0.005) and malignancy (OR 5.061, 95%CI 1.012-25.315, p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: As we found no independent differences in biopsy or malignancy between age groups, it is reasonable for transplant centers to use the same evaluation MMG screening policy for all women ≥40. However, as malignancy risk increased with higher breast density, a lower threshold for additional workup may be warranted in patients with dense breasts or an indeterminate lesion on MMG.

Fever, infection, and rejection after kidney transplant failure.

BACKGROUND: Patients returning to dialysis therapy after renal transplant failure have high morbidity and retransplant rates. After observing frequent hospitalizations with fever after failure, it was hypothesized that maintaining immunosuppression for the failed allograft increases the risk of infection, while weaning immunosuppression can lead to symptomatic rejection mimicking infection. METHODS: One hundred eighty-six patients with failed kidney transplants were analyzed for rates of hospitalization with fever within 6 months of allograft failure. Patients were stratified by the presence of full immunosuppression versus minimal (low-dose prednisone) or no immunosuppression, before hospital admission. Subsequent rates of documented infection and nephrectomy, as well as patient survival, were ascertained. RESULTS: Hospitalization with fever within 6 months of allograft failure was common, occurring in 44% of patients overall. However, among febrile hospitalized patients who had been weaned off of immunosuppression before admission, only 38% had documented infection. In contrast, 88% of patients maintained on immunosuppression had documented infection (P<0.001). In both groups, dialysis catheter-related infections were the most common infection source. Allograft nephrectomy was performed in 81% of hospitalized patients with no infection, compared to 30% of patients with documented infection (P<0.001). Mortality risk was significantly higher in patients with concurrent pancreas transplants or who were hospitalized with documented infection. CONCLUSIONS: Maintenance immunosuppression after kidney allograft failure was associated with a greater incidence of infection, while weaning of immunosuppression commonly resulted in symptomatic rejection with fever mimicking infection on presentation. Management of the failed allograft should include planning to avoid both infection and sensitizing events.

Safety and efficacy of transjugular renal biopsy performed by interventional nephrologists.

Obtaining renal tissue is often critical in the diagnosis and management of patients with renal disease of unknown etiology. Bleeding diathesis, liver disease, and obesity are common contraindications for percutaneous renal biopsy. In high-risk patients, transjugular renal biopsy is believed to be a safe and effective procedure. This study reports the experience of an academic interventional nephrology program with performing transjugular renal biopsy. We performed a retrospective observational study of 23 patients with either acute or chronic kidney disease with contraindications for percutaneous renal biopsy. All transjugular renal biopsies were performed by interventional nephrologists at our university. We studied the efficacy and safety of transjugular renal biopsy in these patients. Twenty out of 23 (87%) of the procedures yielded adequate tissue for pathologic diagnosis. Three (13%) patients required blood transfusions, none required coil embolization or nephrectomy, and there were no deaths. Even though performing transjugular renal biopsy requires considerable technical expertise and must be performed in an interventional radiology suite, it can be safely and effectively performed by well-trained interventional nephrologists to achieve pathological diagnosis.