Knowledge and awareness about temporomandibular disorder among dentists in India: Questionnaire study and review.

AIM: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) comprise ailments involving the jaw joint (temporomandibular joint) and its associated anatomical structures. The complexity involved in TMD is primarily due to its broad spectrum of conditions, clinical signs and symptoms variability, and multifactorial etiology. Considering the above, the present study was performed to help understand the prevailing knowledge and awareness of TMD among Indian dentists in the context of the new specialty "orofacial pain". SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Questinnaire study and review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The questionnaire was distributed using a web-based portal nationwide among Indian dentists. Dentists were invited to participate, clearly stating that the intent and purpose of the questionnaire was to record the existing knowledge and awareness concerning temporomandibular disorders among Indian dentists. The questionnaire was segregated into three sections: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of TMDs. The questions were recorded using a Likert three-point scale (1=agree; 2=disagree; 3=not aware). 310 dentists participated in the survey, among which 105 were general dentists (BDS [Bachelor of Dental Surgery] graduates), and 205 were dentists with specialist training (MDS [Masters of Dental Surgery] graduates). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The results obtained from the study participants was used to calculate the percentage and frequency, following which tabulations were made based on graduate type and clinical experience. The values obtained from all three sections were recorded, and the responses were analysed using Pearson's Chi-Square test with statistical significance kept at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Results of the study disclosed that only 58.1% of general dentists and 46.8% of specialists were confident in handling temporomandibular disorder patients. Splint therapy was the preferred treatment modality for general dentists, whereas dentists with specialist training preferred occlusal rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: The results of the current survey indicate that Indian dentists lack sufficient training in dental schools on all three sections and face difficulty diagnosing and treating TMDs.

A novel investigations on medical and non-medical mask performance with influence of marine waste microplastics (polypropylene).

The entire human race is struggling with the spread of COVID-19. Worldwide, the wearing of face masks is indispensable to prevent such spread. Despite numerous studies reporting on the fabrication of face masks and surgical masks to reduce spread and thus human deaths, this novel work is considered the marine waste of microplastics, namely Polypropylene (PP) polymer, used to fabricate non-woven fabric masks through the melt-blown process. This experimental work aims to maximize the mask's quality and minimize its fabrication cost by optimizing the melt-blown process parameters and using microplastics. The melt-blown process was used to make masks. Parameters such as extruder temperature, hot air temperature, melt flow rate, and die-to-collector distance (DCD) were investigated as independent variables. The quality of the mask was investigated in terms of bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE), particle filtration efficiency (PFE), and differential pressure. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array and Taguchi analysis were employed for experimental design and statistical optimization, respectively. The results reveal that the higher BFE and PFE are recorded at 96.7 % and 98.6 %, respectively. The surface morphological investigation on different layers ensured the fine and uniform porosity of the layers and exhibited minimum breath resistance (a low differential pressure of 0.00152 kPa/cm2). Hence the chemically treated marine waste microplastics improved the masks' performance.

Infectious complications in compound mandibular fractures undergoing a delayed surgical intervention - a prospective observational study.

The aim of this prospective study was to analyse if a delay in the time from injury to definitive surgical intervention of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of compound mandibular fractures predisposed to an increase in postoperative infectious complications. ORIF beyond 72 hours from injury was considered to be delayed intervention. Postoperative surgical site infections (SSI) and non-infectious complications (NIC) were recorded. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the delay in ORIF with SSI. The chi squared test/Fisher's exact test was used to find the association of the infectious complication status with predetermined risk factors. Eighty-three patients underwent a delayed ORIF with a median (range) of 8 (4-19) days. SSI was documented in eight patients (9.6%) and could be managed as outpatient medical and surgical intervention. Two patients needed repeat surgical intervention due to non-union of the fracture. The median (range) time to ORIF was 6.5 (5-12) days in patients who developed SSI; the Mann-Whitney U test did not show a statistically significant association between delayed ORIF and SSI (p = 0.7). The univariate analysis did not establish a significant relationship between SSI and predetermined risk factors. The delay to definitive surgical intervention was not observed to be an independent attributing factor in postoperative infectious complications of compound mandibular fractures.

Magnetic porous Ag2O/Chitin nanostructure adsorbent for eco-friendly effective disposing azo dyes.

Water treatment is as much important as it is to satisfying 11 worldwide sustainable development goals out of 17. The removal of Azo is much important as they are toxic and their existence in water, air and food can easily affect humans by triggering allergies, forming tumours etc. Azo contained Dyes Production was banned in many countries. This research aims to synthesize composite Nanorods and Nanospheres and characterize and test to remove Azo dyes from the wastewater. This research used a previously reported method to rapidly synthesize chitin magnetite nanocomposites (ChM) by co-precipitation while irradiating with ultrasound (US). Detailed structural characterization of ChM revealed a crystalline phase analogous to magnetite and spherical morphologies; extending the reaction time to 8 min yielded a "nanorod" type morphology. Both the morphologies displayed a nanoscale limit with particles averaging between 5 and 30 nm in size, resulting the superparamagnetic performance and saturation magnetization values between 45 and 58 emu/g. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms showed that the surface modification of ChMs resulted in a rise of specific surface area and pore size. Anionic azo dyes (methyl orange (MO) and reactive black 5 (RB5)) adsorption on the surface of nanocomposites was also demonstrated to be pH-dependent, with the reaction favoured for surface-modified samples at pH 4 and unmodified samples at pH 8. Adsorption capacity studies showed that molecule size effect and electrostatic attraction were two distinct adsorption processes for unmodified and modified ChMs. Chitin Magnetite nanoparticles appear to be a substitute for traditional anionic dye adsorbents. Additionally, the two key materials sources, chitin, and magnetite are inexpensive and easily accessible.

Comparison of the effectiveness of red ginseng herbal mouth rinse with chlorhexidine and saline in oral cancer patients: A pilot double-blinded randomized control trial.

Background: Red ginseng is an herb with many medicinal properties and aids as a mouth rinse with fewer side effects than chlorhexidine. Aim: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of red ginseng herbal mouth rinses with those of chlorhexidine and saline in oral cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The present pilot study was a double-blinded randomized control trial with 45 histopathologically diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinoma patients divided into three groups: two intervention groups (herbal and chlorhexidine mouth rinse) and one control group (saline). Saliva samples for each patient were collected at baseline and after 14 days of using the mouth rinses. A microbiological examination of salivary samples was done by analysing total oral bacterial load along with specific counts for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum at baseline and after the usage of mouth rinse. Statistical Analysis: The data normality was analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and following the normal distribution of data, parametric tests were employed. Paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance, followed by post hoc Bonferroni test, were used for inter-group and intra-group differences. Result: There was a significant mean difference in total colony count, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis with oral hygiene index and gingival index improvement in the red ginseng herbal mouth rinse group when compared to the chlorhexidine and saline groups. Conclusion: In this study, red ginseng mouth rinse exhibited an increased antibacterial effect compared to chlorhexidine and saline. Hence, red ginseng mouth rinse can be used in oral cancer patients to maintain oral health, thereby improving the prognosis of these patients.

Nematicidal Property of Clindamycin and 5-hydroxy-2-methyl Furfural (HMF) from the Banana Endophyte Bacillus velezensis (YEBBR6) Against Banana Burrowing Nematode Radopholus similis.

Radopholus similis is a burrowing nematode which causes banana toppling disease and is of major economic threat for the banana production. Bacterial endophyte Bacillus velezensis (YEBBR6) produce biomolecules like 5-hydroxy-2-methyl furfural (HMF) and clindamycin in during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Molecular modelling and docking studies were performed on Radopholus similis protein targets such as calreticulin, cathepsin S-like cysteine proteinase, ß-1,4 -endoglucanase, reticulocalbin, venom allergen-like protein and serine carboxypeptidase to understand the mode of action of HMF and clindamycin against Radopholus similis. Structurally validated protein targets of R. similis were docked with biomolecules through AutoDock Vina module in PyRx 0.8 software to predict the binding energy of ligand and target protein. Among the chosen six targets, docking analysis revealed that clindamycin had the maximum binding affinity for ß-1,4-endoglucanase (- 7.2 kcal/mol), reticulocalbin (- 7.5 kcal/mol) and serine carboxypeptidase (- 6.9 kcal/mol) in comparison with HMF and the nematicide, carbofuran 3G. Besides, clindamycin also had the maximum binding energy for the target sites calreticulin and venom allergen-like protein compared to the small molecule HMF. Novel molecule, clindamycin produced by B. velezensis served as a potential inhibitor of the target sites associated in interrupting the functions of ß-1,4-endoglucanase, reticulocalbin, serine carboxypeptidase, calreticulin, cathepsin S-like cysteine proteinase, and venom allergen-like proteins. Besides, increased binding affinity of clindamycin with the protein target sites facilitated to explore it as a novel nematicidal molecule for the management of banana burrowing nematode R. similis. Thus, present investigation confirmed that, the small molecules clindamycin can be explored for nematicidal activity. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-022-01011-2.

A review on synthesis methods and recent applications of nanomaterial in wastewater treatment: Challenges and future perspectives.

Freshwater has been incessantly polluted by various activities such as rapid industrialization, fast growth of population and agricultural activities. Water pollution is considered as one the major threatens to human health and aquatic bodies which causes various severe harmful diseases including gastrointestinal disorders, asthma, cancer, etc. The polluted wastewater could be treated by different conventional and advanced methodologies. Amongst them, adsorption is the most utilized low cost, efficient technique to treat and remove the harmful pollutants from the wastewater. The efficiency of adsorption mainly depends on the surface properties such as functional group availability and surface area of the adsorbents used. Since various waste-based carbon derivatives are utilized as adsorbents for harmful pollutants removal; nanomaterials are employed as effective adsorbents in recent times due to its excellent surface properties. This review presents an overview of the different types of nanomaterials such as nano-particles, nanotubes, nano-sheets, nano-rods, nano-spheres, quantum dots, etc. which have been synthesized by different chemical and green synthesis methodologies using plants, microorganisms, biomolecules and carbon derivatives, metals and metal oxides and polymers. By concentrating on potential research difficulties, this study offers a new viewpoint on fundamental field of nanotechnology for wastewater treatment applications. This review paper critically reviewed the synthesis of nanomaterials more importantly green synthesis and their applications in wastewater treatment to remove the harmful pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.

Investigations on influences of MWCNT composite membranes in oil refineries waste water treatment with Taguchi route.

Most of the 'oil refineries' severally pollutes the water resources by depleting their untreated waste water like cooling water, storm water and unsanitary sewage water. These wastewaters are to be treated with high care to protect the human, pebbles, plants, fish and other water animals and from harmful effects. The present study focused to treat the oil refinery wastewater by means of Multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) coated Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The main objectives are: to increases the life of filter, reduce the percolation flux and reduce the formation of antifouling in the filter by using MWCNT composite membrane in it. Different process parameters of the proposed water treatment process, like diameter of MWCNT (15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm and 30 nm), operating pressure (3 bar, 4 bar, 5 bar and 6 bar), pH value (3, 5, 7 and 9) and temperature (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C and 40 °C) temperature. Taguchi statistical technique is employed for designing experiments and for optimizing the process parameters of wastewater treatment process of an oil refinery. The proposed filter for wastewater treatment exhibited appreciable performance in removal rate of Percolation flux, percentage of chemical oxygen demand removal and percentage of total carbolic rejection as 27.2 kg/m2h, 78.51% and 95.33% respectively.

GC-MS Analysis, Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Phytocompounds from Solanum torvum Unripe Fruits and Its Effect on Breast Cancer Target Protein.

This study was designed to identify phytocompounds from the aqueous extract of Solanum torvum unripe fruits using GC-MS analysis against breast cancer. For this, the identified phytocompounds were subjected to perform molecular docking studies to find the effects on breast cancer target protein. Pharmacokinetic properties were also tested for the identified phytocompounds to evaluate the ADMET properties. Molecular docking studies were done using docking software PyRx, and pharmacokinetic properties of phytocompounds were evaluated using SwissADME. From the results, ten best compounds were identified from GC-MS analysis against breast cancer target protein. Of which, three compounds showed very good binding affinity with breast cancer target protein. They are ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) (- 7.3 kcal/mol), aspidospermidin-17-ol,1-acetyl-16-methoxy (- 6.7 kcal/mol) and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-[[2-[1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl amino]-6-[trichloromethyl]-s-triazine (- 6.7 kcal/mol). Further, docking study was performed for the synthetic drug doxorubicin to compare the efficiency of phytocompounds. The binding affinity of ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) is higher than the synthetic drug doxorubicin (- 7.2 kcal/mol), and the binding affinity of other compounds is also very near to the drug. Hence, the present study concludes that the phytocompounds from the aqueous extract of Solanum torvum unripe fruits have the potential ability to treat breast cancer.

Frictional Forces Produced by Three Different Ligation Methods in Two Different Types of Brackets in 0.016 Nickel-Titanium Wire: An in vitro Study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the frictional forces produced by three types of ligatures (conventional elastic ligatures, unconventional elastic ligatures, and tooth-colored ligature wire) on ceramic bracket and stainless steel brackets with 0.016 nickeltitanium (NiTi) archwire in the dry state. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty each stainless steel brackets and ceramic brackets (0.022 slot central incisor brackets) were mounted on the acrylic block. This assembly was mounted on the Instron machine with the crossheads moving upward at a speed of 10 mm/min in the upper jaw of the Instron machine, one acrylic block with hook and a straight length of 0.016 NiTi wire was attached to it. This wire was ligated to brackets with three different ligation methods. In each test, the brackets were moved a distance of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm across the central space, and the load cell readings were recorded on the digital display. The difference between the readings is noted. RESULTS: Stainless steel brackets with 0.016 NiTi archwire ligated with conventional, unconventional, and tooth-colored ligation with the movement of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm shows that the tooth-colored ligation indicating least frictional force decay. Comparison of frictional forces (in newtons) between ceramic brackets and stainless steel brackets using 0.016 NiTi wire for a movement of 12 mm shows that stainless steel bracket with tooth-colored ligation produced least frictional force compared with ceramic bracket. CONCLUSION: Based on this study results, we can conclude that stainless steel brackets produce less frictional force compared to ceramic brackets. Similarly, tooth-colored ligatures can be preferred to reduce friction during leveling stage.

Efficacy of herbal alternatives in maintaining oral health in cancer patients: A systematic review.

Herbal rinses possess different medicinal properties. Numerous studies have reported the usefulness of various herbal oral rinses. Few studies claimed that herbal rinses are superior to synthetic mouth rinses for certain purposes, but there appears to be a lack of sound scientific evidence to prove the efficacy of herbal rinses in controlling oral plaque in cancer patients. This review analyses the various clinical studies on herbal rinses and aims to find the safety and efficacy of red ginseng mouth rinses over other available mouth rinses in carcinoma patients. A thorough electronic search was conducted in various databases and 10 articles were included in the review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data extracted were tabulated and analyzed. The risk of bias table was drawn. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Of the 10 clinical trials included in the review, three studies appeared to have low risk of bias. The mean follow-up period was 14 days, ranging from 7 to 21 days. The sample size in each study was reported to be between 10 and 50, except one study with 240 samples. Seven studies have reported a significant difference between the herbal mouth rinse group and the chlorhexidine group. Of all the herbal rinses, mouth rinses with ginger extracts show more efficacy over other herbal rinses and red ginseng appears to be a more safer herbal rinse. Based on the available evidence, herbal mouth rinses are comparable to synthetic mouth rinses in their anti-bacterial properties. The red ginseng with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous properties may be an alternative mouth rinse in cancer patients. However, further clinical trials with more samples are required for better evidence.

Do preoperative glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and random blood glucose levels predict wound healing complications following exodontia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients?-a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Many dental surgeons consider a type 2 diabetic patient to be at higher risk for wound healing complications following exodontia. Random blood glucose (RBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values help the surgeon determine the glycemic control and assess if the patient can undergo the surgical procedure. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze if preoperative HbA1C and RBG testing could predict the risk of wound healing and infectious complications in type 2 DM patients undergoing exodontia in an office setting. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 133 type 2 diabetic patients and age- and gender-matched non-diabetic patients undergoing exodontia. Preoperative HbA1C values and random blood glucose levels were obtained for patients in both groups. Wound healing and infectious complications and additional interventions performed were recorded. RESULTS: Duration of diabetes ranged from 1 to 25 years. 80.5% of diabetics were treated with oral hypoglycemics. A vast majority of patients in both groups underwent extraction of only a single tooth. There was no significant difference in non-infectious complications between the two groups. The absolute risk of infectious complications in diabetics was 10.5% compared to a 6.8% risk among the control group. Age, RBG values, HbA1C, duration of DM, and number and nature of exodontia performed did not show any statistical significance. CONCLUSION: This study observed a slight, but not statistically significant increase in the risk of infectious complications in type 2 DM patients undergoing exodontia. Surgical site infections were amenable to surgical drainage with or without oral antibiotics on an outpatient basis with favorable healing outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The RBG and HbA1C values were not significantly associated with risk of infectious complications. Resorting to prophylactic antibiotics and warning about possible adverse healing for routine exodontia in type 2 DM patients is unnecessary.

Post-extraction bleeding complications in patients on uninterrupted dual antiplatelet therapy-a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Dental surgeons consider patients on antiplatelet therapy (APT) to be at a risk for perioperative bleeding during dental extraction. This fear often prompts them to consider a temporary withdrawal of the medication for a few days before extraction. Such withdrawal can have serious consequences, especially in patients on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze if patients on uninterrupted DAPT undergoing dental extractions had an increased risk of bleeding complications when compared with patients on no antiplatelet therapy. METHODS: This prospective study included 120 DAPT patients and an equal number of age- and gender-matched non-APT patients undergoing dental extractions. Immediate and delayed bleeding complications in both groups were recorded. Interventions required to control the post-extraction hemorrhage were also analyzed. RESULTS: Duration of DAPT medication ranged from 6 months to 13 years. Post-percutaneous coronary intervention was the most common cause for DAPT. A vast majority of patients in both groups underwent extraction of one or two teeth. Patients on DAPT had a 7-fold increased risk of immediate bleeding complications when compared with control group. All bleeding episodes were controlled with local hemostatic measures. Transalveolar extractions and localized periodontitis had a significant relationship to bleeding complications. CONCLUSION: This study observed an increase in the risk of prolonged bleeding in uninterrupted DAPT patients undergoing dental extractions. Bleeding episodes were amenable to local hemostatic measures with favorable outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dental extractions in patients on uninterrupted DAPT can be done safely. Resorting to temporary withdrawal of DAPT due to a fear of excessive bleeding is unnecessary.

Evaluating the expression of GLUT-1 in oral leukoplakia.

AIM: The aim of the present study is to analyze the role of GLUT-1 in detection of early alterations occurring in oral leukoplakia. This study was to evaluate the expression of GLUT-1 in normal oral epithelium, the expression of GLUT-1 levels in the tissue samples of oral leukoplakia and to statistically compare the expression of GLUT-1 in normal epithelium and oral leukoplakia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample comprised formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 23 cases of histopathologically diagnosed oral leukoplakia and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 10 cases of normal oral mucosa. Sections were mounted on glass slide coated with Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APES; Sigma chemical co., USA) and processed for subsequent immunohistochemical study to demonstrate GLUT-1. RESULTS: GLUT-1 expression in normal oral mucosa revealed weak positivity in all 10 cases (100%). The oral leukoplakia cases showed immunopositivity in all 23 cases (100%) of which 10 cases (39.14%) demonstrated focal positivity and 13 cases (60.86%) of diffuse positivity. The results were compared statistically using ANOVA test was significant at P = 0.002. CONCLUSION: The present study shows expression of GLUT-1 in leukoplakia may be used as a reliable marker to identify the high risk group for malignant transformation.

Sequential Removal of a Large Odontoma in the Angle of the Mandible.

Odontomas are the commonly occurring benign tumors of the jaw, which are odontogenic in origin. Lesion originates as the dental components are laid down in a disorganized manner, due to failure of normal morphodifferentiation. They are considered as hamartomatous developmental malformations rather than a true neoplasm. Mostly, these asymptomatic lesions are discovered as an incidental finding. Large odontomas may give rise to local disturbances, such as eruption delay of permanent teeth, asymmetric tooth eruption, malpositioning, displacement, resorption, or occasional devitalization of adjacent teeth. Odontomas may erupt into the mouth and tend to be associated with impacted teeth and other cystic lesions. The odontomas have a tendency to become symptomatic due to local infection such as sinusitis, infected adjacent tooth, and the exposure of tumor to oral environment. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the primary features and treatment of these lesions, depending on published data and individual witness.

Acceleration of Intruding Anterior Tooth by Alveolar Corticotomy.

True intrusion is one of the difficult and complex goals to achieve which requires clinical judgment, skills, and experience. Intrusion requires less force level than other tooth movement, but it requires delicacy since the entire stress is concentrated in the apex of the root. Although true intrusion alone is not challenging, eliminating the adverse effect while intruding requires tedious skills of the clinician. A 17-year-old male patient with Class I malocclusion with open bite has a prominent maxillary cortical bone. He had a convex profile with an unpleasant smile. To reduce the bulkiness of cortical bone and to intrude the upper anterior, so the decision was made to perform corticotomy.

Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of spine, skin and rind of Jack fruit peel - A comparative study.

The present study was conducted to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of crude ethanolic extracts of spine, skin and rind of jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were assessed using Folin's Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride methods which revealed 316, 355 and 382 mg tannic acid equivalent/g of polyphenol and 96.7, 131.6 and 164.6 mg quercetin equivalent/g of flavonoid in spine, skin and rind, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of all three extracts was comparable to diclofenac in vitro and in vivo studies. Skin exhibited maximum anti-inflammatory activity, rind had preferential inhibition on Cyclooxygenase-2 and spine and skin inhibited both Cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 in vitro.