Como melhorar a mobilidade ativa em São Paulo, Brasil? Inquérito com lideranças de organizações não governamentais e com gestores públicos e privados / How to improve active mobility in São Paulo, Brazil? Survey with leaders of nongovernmental organizations and public and private sector managers / ¿Cómo mejorar la movilidad activa en São Paulo, Brasil? Encuesta con líderes de organizaciones no gubernamentales y gestores públicos y privados

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever um inquérito quantitativo realizado com lideranças para investigar ações efetivas, viáveis e que podem ser testadas em modelos computacionais para informar políticas de promoção da mobilidade ativa, tendo como base a cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Em 2022, foi realizado um inquérito online no contexto da pesquisa de Atividade Física e Ambiente do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo, acompanhada por representantes de organizações não governamentais, gestores públicos e de entidades privadas. Foi elaborado questionário com três perguntas com 13 alternativas de respostas sobre ações para promoção da caminhada ou uso de bicicleta. As lideranças deveriam selecionar até três alternativas a partir de seu potencial em termos de (1) efetividade; (2) viabilidade ou facilidade de implementação; e (3) desejo de realizar testes em modelos computacionais para informar políticas. O inquérito foi respondido por 18 lideranças de 16 instituições, sendo 13 (72%) mulheres e 12 (67%) representantes do terceiro setor, cuja média de idade era 48 anos, todos com nível superior de escolaridade. A redução da velocidade dos veículos motorizados foi a opção mais citada nas três questões. Outras ações citadas referem-se ao controle de circulação de veículos em regiões centrais, à segurança de pedestres, à diminuição das distâncias entre residências e locais de emprego, às campanhas educativas e à ampliação e melhoria de estruturas como ciclovias e calçadas. Os resultados são relevantes para apoiar a tomada de decisões baseadas em evidências na gestão pública e oferecer subsídios para a elaboração de modelos computacionais com vistas à promoção da mobilidade ativa.

Abstract: This study aimed to describe a quantitative survey conducted with leaders to investigate effective and feasible actions that can be evaluated in computational models to inform policies to promote active mobility based in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2022, an online survey was conducted during the Health Survey in São Paulo (Physical Activity and Environment study), which is monitored by representatives of nongovernmental organizations and public and private sector managers. A questionnaire was elaborated with three questions with 13 alternative answers about actions to promote walking and/or cycling. Leaders should select up to three alternatives based on their potential regarding: (1) effectiveness; (2) feasibility or ease of implementation; and (3) desire to verify tests in computational models to inform policies. The survey was answered by 18 leaders from 16 institutions, comprising 13 (72%) women and 12 (67%) representatives of the third sector, whose average age was 48 years and all had complete higher education. Reducing the speed of motor vehicles was the most cited option in all three questions. Other actions mentioned refer to controlling the traffic of vehicles in central areas, improving pedestrian safety, reducing the distances between homes and places of employment, conducting educational campaigns, and expanding and enhancing structures such as bicycle lanes and sidewalks. The results are relevant to support evidence-based decision-making in public management and to provide subsidies for the development of computational models with a view to promoting active mobility.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar una encuesta cuantitativa realizada con líderes para investigar las acciones efectivas, viables y que puedan probarse en modelos informáticos para orientar las políticas que promuevan la movilidad activa en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. En 2022 se realizó una encuesta en línea en el contexto de la Encuesta de Salud de São Paulo (Actividad Física y Medio Ambiente), que es monitoreada por representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales, gestores públicos y entidades privadas. Se elaboró un cuestionario de tres preguntas con 13 respuestas alternativas sobre acciones para promover la caminata o el uso de la bicicleta. Los líderes podían seleccionar hasta tres alternativas en función de su potencial en términos de (1) efectividad; (2) viabilidad o facilidad de implementación; y (3) deseo de verificar las pruebas en modelos informáticos para orientar las políticas. La encuesta fue respondida por 18 líderes de 16 instituciones; de los cuales 13 (72%) eran mujeres y 12 (67%) representaban el tercer sector; la edad promedio de ellos fue de 48 años y todos contaban con educación superior. Reducir la velocidad de los vehículos de motor fue la opción más citada en las tres preguntas. Otras acciones mencionadas se refieren al control de la circulación de vehículos en las regiones centrales, la seguridad de los peatones, la reducción de las distancias entre los hogares y los lugares de trabajo, las campañas educativas y la expansión y mejora de estructuras como carriles bici y aceras. Los resultados son relevantes para apoyar la toma de decisiones basada en la evidencia en la gestión pública y ofrecer subsidios para la elaboración de modelos computacionales destinados a promover la movilidad activa.

Social inequalities in the incidence, mortality, and survival of neoplasms in women from a municipality in Southeastern Brazil.

This study aims to analyze inequalities in the incidence, mortality, and survival of the main types of cancer in women according to the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). The study was conducted in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2010 to 2014, and used data from the Population-based Cancer Registry and the Mortality Information System. Incidence and mortality rates standardized by age and 5-year survival estimates were calculated according to the social vulnerability strata (SVS), based on the São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index. Three SVS were delimited, with SVS1 being the lowest level of vulnerability and SVS3 being the highest. Rate ratios and the concentration index were calculated. The significance level was 5%. Women in SVS1 had a higher risk of breast cancer (0.46; 95%CI: 0.41; 0.51), colorectal cancer (0.56; 95%CI: 0.47; 0.68), and thyroid cancer (0.32; 95%CI: 0.26; 0.40), whereas women from SVS3 had a higher risk of cervical cancer (2.32; 95%CI: 1.63; 3.29). Women from SVS1 had higher mortality rates for breast (0.69; 95%CI: 0.53; 0.88) and colorectal cancer (0.69; 95%CI: 0.59; 0.80) and women from SVS3 had higher rates for cervical (2.35; 95%CI: 1.57; 3.52) and stomach cancer (1.43; 95%CI: 1.06; 1.91). Women of highest social vulnerability had lower survival rates for all types of cancer. The observed inequalities differed according to the location of the cancer and the analyzed indicator. Inequalities between incidence, mortality, and survival tend to revert and the latter is always unfavorable to the segment of highest vulnerability, indicating the existence of inequality in access to early diagnosis and timely treatment.

Impacts of bariatric surgery in health outcomes and health care costs in Brazil: Interrupted time series analysis of multi-panel data.

BACKGROUND: The increasing burden of obesity generates significant socioeconomic impacts for individuals, populations, and national health systems worldwide. The literature on impacts and cost-effectiveness of obesity-related interventions for prevention and treatment of moderate to severe obesity indicate that bariatric surgery presents high costs associated with high effectiveness in improving health status referring to certain outcomes; however, there is a lack of robust evidence at an individual-level estimation of its impacts on multiple health outcomes related to obesity comorbidities. METHODS: The study encompasses a single-centre retrospective longitudinal analysis of patient-level data using micro-costing technique to estimate direct health care costs with cost-effectiveness for multiple health outcomes pre-and post-bariatric surgery. Data from 114 patients who had bariatric surgery at the Hospital of Clinics of the University of Sao Paulo during 2018 were investigated through interrupted time-series analysis with generalised estimating equations and marginal effects, including information on patients' characteristics, lifestyle, anthropometric measures, hemodynamic measures, biochemical exams, and utilisation of health care resources during screening (180 days before) and follow-up (180 days after) of bariatric surgery. RESULTS: The preliminary statistical analysis showed that health outcomes presented improvement, except cholesterol and VLDL, and overall direct health care costs increased after the intervention. However, interrupted time series analysis showed that the rise in health care costs is attributable to the high cost of bariatric surgery, followed by a statistically significant decrease in post-intervention health care costs. Changes in health outcomes were also statistically significant in general, except in cholesterol and LDL, leading to significant improvements in patients' health status after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Trends multiple health outcomes showed statistically significant improvements in patients' health status post-intervention compared to trends pre-intervention, resulting in reduced direct health care costs and the burden of obesity.

Cost-utility analysis of traditional drug therapy with and without exercise program for hypertensive patients in real-life data primary health care

Abstract Aim: The study aimed to conduct a cost-utility analysis of traditional drug therapy (TDT) provided for hypertensive patients at primary care in comparison to the protocol based on combination with an exercise program (TDT+E) in real-life conditions, adopting a health system perspective. Methods: Longitudinal study based on enrollment of 49 hypertensive adults distributed into two groups, for 12 months. Quality-adjusted life years were estimated using health-related quality of life. Direct health care costs were calculated including inputs and human resources in primary care from medical records. Sensitivity analysis was performed based on multivariate and probabilistic scenarios. Results: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of TDT+E in comparison to TDT were +79.69. Sensitivity analysis showed that TDT+E presented advantages considering uncertainties. Conclusion: Our findings show that exercise programs may improve quality of life and life expectancy among hypertensive patients.

Social inequalities in the incidence, mortality, and survival of neoplasms in women from a municipality in Southeastern Brazil / Desigualdades sociais na incidência, mortalidade e sobrevida de câncer em mulheres em um município do Sudeste do Brasil / Inequidades sociales en la incidencia, mortalidad, y supervivencia relacionada con neoplasmas en mujeres de una municipalidad en el sudeste de Brasil

This study aims to analyze inequalities in the incidence, mortality, and survival of the main types of cancer in women according to the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). The study was conducted in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2010 to 2014, and used data from the Population-based Cancer Registry and the Mortality Information System. Incidence and mortality rates standardized by age and 5-year survival estimates were calculated according to the social vulnerability strata (SVS), based on the São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index. Three SVS were delimited, with SVS1 being the lowest level of vulnerability and SVS3 being the highest. Rate ratios and the concentration index were calculated. The significance level was 5%. Women in SVS1 had a higher risk of breast cancer (0.46; 95%CI: 0.41; 0.51), colorectal cancer (0.56; 95%CI: 0.47; 0.68), and thyroid cancer (0.32; 95%CI: 0.26; 0.40), whereas women from SVS3 had a higher risk of cervical cancer (2.32; 95%CI: 1.63; 3.29). Women from SVS1 had higher mortality rates for breast (0.69; 95%CI: 0.53; 0.88) and colorectal cancer (0.69; 95%CI: 0.59; 0.80) and women from SVS3 had higher rates for cervical (2.35; 95%CI: 1.57; 3.52) and stomach cancer (1.43; 95%CI: 1.06; 1.91). Women of highest social vulnerability had lower survival rates for all types of cancer. The observed inequalities differed according to the location of the cancer and the analyzed indicator. Inequalities between incidence, mortality, and survival tend to revert and the latter is always unfavorable to the segment of highest vulnerability, indicating the existence of inequality in access to early diagnosis and timely treatment.

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar desigualdades na incidência, mortalidade e sobrevida de câncer em mulheres de acordo com o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS). O estudo foi realizado em Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2014 e usou dados do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP) e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM). Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade e estimativas de sobrevida em cinco anos de acordo com estratos de vulnerabilidade social. Foram demarcados três estratos com base no IVS de São Paulo, onde o estrato 1 representava o nível de menor vulnerabilidade e o estrato 3 o de maior vulnerabilidade. Foram calculadas razões de taxas e índice de concentração, com nível de significância de 5%. Foram encontrados riscos mais elevados de câncer de mama (0,46; IC95%: 0,41; 0,51), colorretal (0,56; IC95%: 0,47; 0,68) e tireoide (0,32; IC95%: 0,26; 0,40) em mulheres do estrato 1 e de colo uterino em mulheres do estrato 3 (2,32; IC95%: 1,63; 3,29). Mulheres do estrato 1 tiveram taxas mais elevadas de câncer de mama (0,69; IC95%: 0,53; 0,88) e colorretal (0,69; IC95%: 0,59; 0,80), e mulheres do estrato 3 tiveram taxas mais elevadas de câncer do colo uterino (2,35; IC95%: 1,57; 3,52) e estômago (1,43; IC95%: 1,06; 1,91). Para todos os tipos de câncer, a sobrevida era mais baixa em mulheres do estrato de maior vulnerabilidade social. As desigualdades observadas mostraram diferenças de acordo com a localização do tumor e o indicador utilizado. Além disso, há uma tendência de inverter as desigualdades entre incidência, mortalidade e sobrevida, onde a sobrevida sempre é desfavorável para o estrato de maior vulnerabilidade, indicando a existência de desigualdades em acesso ao diagnóstico precoce e tratamento precoce.

El objetivo fue analizar las inequidades en la incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia de los principales tipos de cáncer en mujeres, según el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Social (IVS). El estudio se llevó a cabo en Campinas, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, durante el período 2010-2014, y se usaron datos del Registro de Cáncer de Base Poblacional (RCBP) y el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM). Las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad estandarizadas por edad, así como las estimaciones de supervivencia durante cinco años, se calcularon según los estratos de vulnerabilidad social (SVS). Se delimitaron tres SVS, basados en el IVS de São Paulo, con SVS1 siendo el nivel más bajo de vulnerabilidad y SVS3 siendo el nivel más alto de vulnerabilidad. Se calcularon los cocientes de tasas y el índice de concentración. El nivel de significancia fue 5%. Se encontró un riesgo más alto de cáncer de la mama (0,46; IC95%: 0,41; 0,51), colorrectal (0,56; IC95%: 0,47; 0,68), y tiroides (0,32; IC95%: 0,26; 0,40) en mujeres de SVS1, y cáncer cervical en mujeres de SVS3 (2,32; IC95%: 1,63; 3,29). Respecto a la mortalidad, las mujeres de SVS1 tuvieron tasas más altas en cáncer de la mama (0,69; IC95%: 0,53; 0,88) y colorrectal (0,69; IC95%: 0,59; 0,80) y las mujeres de SVS3 tuvieron tasas más altas en cáncer cervical (2,35; IC95%: 1,57; 3,52) y estómago (1,43; IC95%: 1,06; 1,91). Para todos los tipos de cáncer, las tasas de supervivencia fueron más bajas en mujeres del estrato social con más alta vulnerabilidad social. Las inequidades sociales observadas difirieron según la localización del cáncer y el indicador analizado, y no hubo una tendencia para revertir las inequidades entre incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia, las últimas siempre fueron desfavorables para el segmento de más alta vulnerabilidad, indicando la existencia de desigualdad en el acceso a un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento oportuno.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Residents of Urban Areas of São Paulo, Brazil.

Anemia is a worldwide concern. This cross-sectional population-based study examined the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) among residents of São Paulo (n = 898; 12-93 years), considering sociodemographic factors, dietary iron inadequacy, and food contributors to iron intake. Blood cell count and iron biomarkers were quantified. Dietary iron intake was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls. Iron intake inadequacy was estimated using a probabilistic approach. The prevalence of anemia was 6.7%, depleted iron stores 5.1%, and IDA 1.1%. Women of all age groups, older adults, and those who were underweight or obese had the highest prevalence of anemia, and female adolescents had the highest prevalence of depleted iron stores. Female adolescents and adults were more vulnerable to depleted iron stores. Male adults and older adults had a considerable prevalence of iron overload. Except for female adolescents and adults, all groups had mild probabilities of inadequate iron intake. The main food iron contributor was wheat flour. Hemoglobin concentrations were directly associated with being an adult, having a higher income, and inversely associated with being female. Serum ferritin concentrations were directly associated with age and inversely correlated with female sex. Residents of São Paulo had a low prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and IDA, and sociodemographic factors interfered with these parameters.

Association of Iron Supplementation Programs with Iron-Deficiency Anemia Outcomes among Children in Brazil.

Anemia remains a condition with high prevalence in populations worldwide, and the prevalence of anemia among children under five years old in Brazil is approximately 40%, being higher in communities marked by social inequities. Diverse government programs during recent decades targeted iron-deficiency anemia, considering its impacts throughout the lifetime. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two government iron supplementation programs on health outcomes related to iron-deficiency anemia among children up to 4 years old in Brazilian municipalities. A longitudinal panel encompassing data from 5570 municipalities from 1998 to 2019 was investigated using a difference-in-differences framework with multiple interventions and distinct times of adhesion, and fixed-effects models were estimated to control for invariant municipal characteristics throughout the period in order to ensure comparability. The results indicate significant effects of the federal programs in reducing hospitalizations and lengths of stay due to iron-deficiency anemia, especially in non-poor municipalities. There was complementarity in the effects of the programs; however, neither of the programs influenced mortality rates. Thus, it is important to consider possible improvements in the operationalization of the programs, in order to achieve better results in the reduction of severe iron-deficiency anemia among children up to 4 years old.

Trends in sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with sedentary behavior among Brazilian adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with screen-based sedentary behavior (watching television ≥ 3 hours/day) among adult individuals in Brazil. METHODS: Quantitative analysis of ten editions of the cross-sectional health survey VIGITEL, representative at the population level. Individuals from states' capitals living in households with land-line telephone were randomly selected and interviewed with a structured questionnaire, through the telephone. A multivariate logistic regression model was estimated for identification of factors associated with screen-based sedentary behavior. RESULTS: There was stability in trends referring to prevalence of sedentary behavior from 2008 to 2017. Prevalence of sedentary behavior was higher between individuals with unhealthier lifestyles: consumption of < two in natura food items (vegetables, fruits, and beans) per day (26.73% [95%CI 25.2 - 28.31]) in comparison with ≥ two items per day (23.79% [95%CI 21.92 - 25.77]); consumption of soft drinks ≥ five days per week (31.24% [95%CI 29.58 - 32.95]) than < five days per week (23.82% [95%CI 22.2 - 25.52]); and practice of < 150 minutes of physical activity per week (28.2% [95%CI 26.17 - 30.33]) than ≥ 150 minutes per week (22.54% [95%CI 21.27 - 23.86]). Regular consumption of in natura food items (OR = 0.984), practice of physical activity (OR = 0.798), and living in richer municipality (OR = 0.826) represented protective factors in relation to screen-based sedentary behavior, whilst regular consumption of soft drinks (OR = 1.440), smoking (OR = 1.375) and alcohol abuse (OR = 1.334) represented risk factors. CONCLUSION: The adoption of screen-based sedentary behavior among adult individuals in Brazil presented significant association with modifiable behavioral factors in the period 2008-2017.

Viabilidade no atendimento às normas do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e sua relação com custo dos cardápios / Feasibility in meeting nutrient amounts of the National School Feeding Program and its relationship with the menu cost

Resumo O estudo avaliou a viabilidade da adequação de cardápios em relação às exigências nutricionais estabelecidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e a relação entre o custo do cardápio. Cada cardápio semanal contou de uma combinação de alimentos dentro de cada grupo. Para cada combinação de alimentos foi elaborado um modelo de otimização de dados para obter as quantidades de cada alimento de forma a atender às exigências do PNAE ao menor custo possível (cardápios com 20% e 30% da ingestão dietética de referência para energia, macronutrientes, cálcio, ferro, magnésio, zinco, vitaminas A e C, além de restrições para sódio, gorduras saturada e trans, e açúcar de adição). Não foi obtida nenhuma solução que acomodasse todas as exigências do PNAE. Os componentes limitantes foram cálcio, sódio e carboidratos; para os demais os cardápios foram adequados. O custo foi diretamente correlacionado com a frequência de carne e frutas, e inversamente com os conteúdos de sódio e carboidratos, e com as frequências de arroz e feijão. A probabilidade de adequação de carboidratos foi próxima de zero quando a frequência de carne foi acima de 1 vez por semana. Concluindo, é pouco provável a obtenção de cardápios que atendam à todas as exigências do PNAE.

Abstract We evaluated the feasibility of the menu adequacy regarding the nutritional constraints established by the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) and its relation to the cost. Each menu accounted for a given food combination within each food group. A diet optimization model comprising each set of foods was designed to obtain food quantities in order to meet the exigences of the PNAE at the lowest cost (menus with 20% and 30% of dietary reference intake for energy, macronutrients, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, vitamins A and C, also restrictions for sodium, saturated and trans fats, and added sugar). There was no feasible solution that accommodated all nutrient targets. Limiting components were calcium, sodium, and carbohydrates; but the menus were adequate for the other nutrients. There was a positive correlation between the menu cost and the frequency of meat and fruits, and a negative correlation with the contents of sodium and carbohydrates, and with the frequencies of rice and beans. The probability of obtaining carbohydrate adequacy was close to zero when the meat frequency was higher than one serving per week. In conclusion, it is unlikely to obtain menus that meet all the requirements of the PNAE.

Trends in sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with sedentary behavior among Brazilian adults / Tendências em fatores sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida associados ao comportamento sedentário em adultos brasileiros

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with screen-based sedentary behavior (watching television ≥ 3 hours/day) among adult individuals in Brazil. Methods: Quantitative analysis of ten editions of the cross-sectional health survey VIGITEL, representative at the population level. Individuals from states' capitals living in households with land-line telephone were randomly selected and interviewed with a structured questionnaire, through the telephone. A multivariate logistic regression model was estimated for identification of factors associated with screen-based sedentary behavior. Results: There was stability in trends referring to prevalence of sedentary behavior from 2008 to 2017. Prevalence of sedentary behavior was higher between individuals with unhealthier lifestyles: consumption of < two in natura food items (vegetables, fruits, and beans) per day (26.73% [95%CI 25.2 - 28.31]) in comparison with ≥ two items per day (23.79% [95%CI 21.92 - 25.77]); consumption of soft drinks ≥ five days per week (31.24% [95%CI 29.58 - 32.95]) than < five days per week (23.82% [95%CI 22.2 - 25.52]); and practice of < 150 minutes of physical activity per week (28.2% [95%CI 26.17 - 30.33]) than ≥ 150 minutes per week (22.54% [95%CI 21.27 - 23.86]). Regular consumption of in natura food items (OR = 0.984), practice of physical activity (OR = 0.798), and living in richer municipality (OR = 0.826) represented protective factors in relation to screen-based sedentary behavior, whilst regular consumption of soft drinks (OR = 1.440), smoking (OR = 1.375) and alcohol abuse (OR = 1.334) represented risk factors. Conclusion: The adoption of screen-based sedentary behavior among adult individuals in Brazil presented significant association with modifiable behavioral factors in the period 2008-2017.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar fatores sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida associados ao comportamento sedentário baseado em tempo de tela (assistir televisão ≥ 3 horas/dia) entre brasileiros adultos. Métodos: Análise quantitativa de dez edições do inquérito de saúde de delineamento transversal VIGITEL, representativo em nível populacional. Indivíduos de capitais estaduais residentes em domicílios com telefone fixo foram selecionados aleatoriamente e entrevistados via questionário estruturado por telefone. Estimou-se modelo de regressão logística multivariada para identificação de fatores associados ao comportamento sedentário. Resultados: Observou-se tendência estável na prevalência de comportamento sedentário entre 2008 e 2017. Verificou-se maior prevalência de comportamento sedentário entre indivíduos com padrões de comportamento menos saudáveis: consumo de < 2 itens alimentares in natura (vegetais, frutas e feijões) por dia (26,73% [IC95% 25,2 - 28,31]) em comparação ao consumo de ≥ 2 itens por dia (23,79% [IC95% 21,92 - 25,77]); consumo de refrigerantes em ≥ 5 dias por semana (31,24% [IC95% 29,58 - 32,95]) em comparação a < 5 dias por semana (23,82% [IC95% 22,2 - 25,52]); e prática de atividade física < 150 minutos por semana (28,2% [IC95% 26,17 - 30,33]) em comparação a ≥ 150 minutos por semana (22,54% [IC95% 21,27 - 23,86]). Consumir alimentos in natura (OR = 0,984); praticar atividade física (OR = 0,798) e residir em município de maior renda (OR = 0,826) representaram fatores de proteção ao comportamento sedentário baseado em tempo de tela, enquanto consumo de refrigerantes (OR = 1,440), fumo (OR = 1,375) e abuso de álcool (OR = 1,334) representaram fatores de risco. Conclusão: A adoção do comportamento sedentário baseado em tela entre indivíduos adultos no Brasil apresentou associação significativa com fatores comportamentais modificáveis no período 2008-2017.

Avaliação dos indicadores de aquisição, disponibilidade e adequação nutricional da cesta básica de alimentos brasileira / Assessment of the indicators of purchasing, availability, and nutritional adequacy of the Brazilian basic food basket

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução dos custos para aquisição da cesta básica associados ao poder aquisitivo do salário mínimo, além de mensurar a disponibilidade per capita nos domicílios brasileiros dos alimentos que compõem a cesta básica. Também foram avaliadas a adequação da composição nutricional e a qualidade da dieta baseada no consumo diário de itens da cesta básica. Os resultados obtidos apontam a existência de períodos de elevação de preços para aquisição dos itens da cesta básica, assim como a incapacidade do salário mínimo para o custeio para tais provisões alimentares. Foi verificado que as dietas baseadas no consumo dos itens da cesta básica apresentam quantidade de energia e sódio superiores às recomendações para indivíduos adultos, além de apresentar quantidades insuficientes de cálcio, potássio e vitamina A. A avaliação da qualidade das dietas apontou baixa quantidade de frutas, vegetais, cereais na dieta composta pelos itens das cestas básicas, sendo constatado excesso energético proveniente de gorduras e açúcar de adição. Diante de tais evidências, recomenda-se revisão da composição das cestas básicas para atendimento de requisitos nutricionais básicos em alimentação para população brasileira.

Abstract The scope of this study was to assess the evolution of costs for purchasing the basic food basket associated with the purchasing power of the minimum wage, besides measuring the availability per capita in Brazilian households of the items comprised in the food basket. Additionally, adequacy of the nutritional composition and diet quality based on daily consumption of food basket items was evaluated. The results obtained indicate the existence of periods of price increase for the acquisition of the food basket items, as well as the inability of the minimum wage to meet the cost of such food supplies. It was verified that the diets based on the consumption of food basket items have a higher calorie and sodium content than the recommendations for adults, as well as insufficient amounts of calcium, potassium, and vitamin A. The evaluation of the quality of the diets indicated low amounts of fruit, vegetables, cereals in the diet consisting of the items of the food baskets, with excess calories from fats and added sugar being verified. In view of such evidence, a review of the composition of the food baskets is recommended in order to meet basic nutritional requirements in food for the Brazilian population.

Qualidade da dieta e despesa diária com alimentação em adultos com doença cardiovascular no Brasil / Quality of diet and daily spending on food by adults with cardiovascular disease in Brazil / Calidad de la dieta y gasto diario en alimentación de adultos con enfermedad cardiovascular en Brasil

A adesão a uma alimentação saudável depende de fatores como os preços dos alimentos, sendo que alguns estudos conduzidos em países desenvolvidos apontam para um maior custo de uma alimentação de melhor qualidade nutricional. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o custo direto da alimentação de indivíduos adultos com doença cardiovascular no Brasil, investigando a relação entre o custo e a qualidade da dieta. Foram utilizados os dados de um ensaio clínico randomizado, o BALANCE Program. A investigação atual é uma análise transversal no momento inicial dos participantes com alta adesão ao estudo realizado em 35 centros das cinco regiões brasileiras. O consumo alimentar de amostra com 1.160 indivíduos foi coletado pelo recordatório alimentar de 24 horas (R24h), a avaliação da qualidade da dieta pelo Índice da Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R) e os custos diretos da alimentação foram estimados por meio de preços de mercado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no custo direto da alimentação ou características dos indivíduos entre os tercis de adesão. Quando analisados todos os recordatórios não houve correlação entre custo e qualidade da dieta (r = 0,38; p = 0,17), já a análise por tercis mostrou fraca correlação entre o menor tercil de adesão (r = -0,112; p = 0,03). O presente estudo apontou ausência de diferenças entre os custos diretos da alimentação classificada como saudável e daquela com a pior qualidade nutricional, o que pode ser um incentivo à adesão às orientações alimentares no Brasil, minimizando barreiras à adoção de estilos de vida saudáveis.

Adherence to a healthy diet depends on factors such as food prices, while studies in developed countries have identified higher costs of more nutritional foods. The current study aimed to assess the direct food expenditures by adults with cardiovascular disease in Brazil, investigating the relationship between cost and quality of diet. The study used data from a randomized clinical trial, the BALANCE Program. The current study is a cross-sectional baseline analysis of participants with high adherence to the trial, conducted in 35 sites in all five major geographic regions of Brazil. Food consumption by 1,160 individuals was collected with a 24-hour dietary recall (24HR), quality of diet was measured with the Diet Quality Index Revised (DQI-R), and direct food costs were estimated from market prices. No significant differences were observed between tertiles of adherence in the direct costs of food or individual characteristics. When all the 24HR were analyzed, there was no correlation between cost and quality of diet (r = 0.38; p = 0.17), while analysis by tertiles showed a weak correlation in the lowest tertile of adherence (r = -0.112; p = 0.03). The study showed absence of differences between direct costs of healthy versus unhealthy foods, a finding that can serve as an incentive for adherence to food recommendations in Brazil, thereby minimizing barriers to the adoption of healthy lifestyles.

La adhesión a una alimentación saludable depende de factores como los precios de los alimentos, siendo que algunos estudios realizados en países desarrollados apuntan hacia un mayor coste de una alimentación de mejor calidad nutricional. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el coste directo de la alimentación en individuos adultos con enfermedad cardiovascular en Brasil, investigando la relación entre el coste y la calidad de la dieta. Se utilizaron los datos de un ensayo clínico aleatorio, el BALANCE Program. La investigación actual es un análisis transversal desde el principio con participantes de alta adhesión al estudio, realizado en 35 centros de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El consumo alimentario de la muestra con 1.160 individuos fue recogido mediante el recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas (R24h), la evaluación de la calidad de la dieta se evaluó mediante el Índice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado (IQD-R por sus siglas en portugués) y los costes directos de la alimentación se estimaron mediante precios de mercado. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el coste directo de la alimentación o características de los individuos entre los terciles de adhesión. Cuando se analizaron todos los recordatorios no hubo correlación entre coste y calidad de la dieta (r = 0,38; p = 0,17), ya en el análisis por terciles hubo una débil correlación entre el menor tercil de adhesión (r = -0,112; p = 0,03). El presente estudio apuntó una ausencia de diferencias entre los costes directos de la alimentación clasificada como saludable y aquella con peor calidad nutricional, lo que puede ser un incentivo para la adhesión a las orientaciones alimentarias en Brasil, minimizando barreras para la adopción de estilos de vida saludables.

Measuring the quality of main meals: Validation of a meal quality index / Medida da qualidade das principais refeições: validação de um índice de qualidade de refeição

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the internal validity and reliability of an index developed to assess the nutritional quality of meals. Methods The Main Meal Quality Index is composed of ten components. The final scores range from 0-100 points. The index performance was measured using strategies for assessing content validity, construct validity, discriminant validity and reliability. The analyses were performed using the Stata statistical software at a 5% significance level. Results The index was positively associated with carbohydrates, vegetable proteins, fibers, vitamins, folate and potassium and negatively associated with energy, total fat, saturated fat, animal protein, cholesterol, phosphorus, sodium, added sugar, and cholesterol biomarker. Significant differences were found between the two groups with marked disparities in dietary quality, smokers (50.2 points) and non-smokers (53.5 points). Conclusion The index might be a useful tool for assessing the nutritional quality of meals and for monitoring and comparing groups.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a validade interna e a confiabilidade do índice de qualidade das principais refeições. Métodos O indicador, Índice de Qualidade de Refeição, inclui dez componentes, com pontuação final que varia de 0 a 100 pontos. Estratégias de avaliação do desempenho do indicador incluíram: avaliação da validade de conteúdo, validade de construto, validade discriminante e confiabilidade. As análises foram realizadas no software estatístico Stata e adotou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados O indicador associou-se positivamente com os nutrientes carboidrato, proteína vegetal, fibras, vitaminas, folato e potássio e negativamente à energia, gordura total, gordura saturada, proteína animal, colesterol, fósforo, sódio, açúcar adicionado e biomarcador de colesterol. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre dois grupos com disparidades acentuadas na qualidade da dieta, fumantes (50,2 pontos) e não fumantes (53,5 pontos). Conclusão O indicador pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a qualidade nutricional das refeições e ser empregado para monitorar e comparar grupos.

Marketing of food and beverage in Brazil: scientific literature review on regulation and self-regulation of advertisements / Publicidade de alimentos e bebidas no Brasil: revisão de literatura científica sobre regulação e autorregulação de propagandas / Publicidad de alimentos y bebidas en Brasil: revisión de la literatura científica sobre regulación y auto-regulación de propagandas

The effects of marketing strategies for promotion of foods and beverages have been investigated due to its potential impacts on populations' food choices, particularly among children and adolescents. The paper presents an academic literature review on regulation and self-regulation of food and beverage advertisements in Brazil, based on search performed in electronic databases. Majority of studies were based on law analysis or qualitative study of advertisements. There are sufficient evidences on the need for government regulation of advertisements addressed to children and adolescents complementarily to institutional self-regulation in order to tackle ethical transgressions on food and beverage advertisements identified in Brazil. Additionally, there should be imposition of rigorous penalties for noncompliance to ethical rules and proposition of incentives towards actions encouraging healthy food consumption patterns, in order to comprise an actual system for promotion of public health.

Os efeitos de estratégias de marketing para promoção de alimentos e bebidas têm sido investigados devido aos potenciais impactos sobre escolhas alimentares populacionais, particularmente entre crianças e adolescentes. O artigo apresenta revisão de literatura acadêmica sobre regulação e autorregulação de propagandas de alimentos e bebidas no Brasil, baseada em busca realizada em bases de dados eletrônicas. A maioria dos estudos identificados referia-se a análise de legislação ou estudo qualitativo das propagandas. Há evidências de necessidade de regulação das propagandas direcionadas a crianças e adolescentes em complementação ao sistema de autorregulação institucional para combate às transgressões éticas identificadas em propagandas de alimentos e bebidas no Brasil. Adicionalmente, há necessidade de aplicação de penalidades severas para transgressões éticas, assim como incentivos às ações de apoio à alimentação saudável para compor um sistema efetivo de promoção da saúde pública.

Los efectos de estrategias de marketing para promoción de alimentos y bebidas se han investigado debido a los potenciales impactos sobre elecciones alimenticias poblacionales, particularmente entre niños y adolescentes. El artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura académica sobre regulación y auto-regulación de propagandas de alimentos y bebidas en Brasil, con base en una búsqueda realizada en bases de datos electrónicas. La mayoría de los estudios identificados se refería al análisis de la legislación o estudio cualitativo de las propagandas. Hay evidencias de la necesidad de regulación de las propagandas dirigidas a niños y adolescentes en complementación al sistema de auto-regulación institucional para el combate a las transgresiones éticas identificadas en propaganda de alimentos y bebidas en Brasil. Adicionalmente, hay la necesidad de aplicación de penalidades severas para transgresiones éticas, así como incentivos a las acciones de apoyo a la alimentación saludable para componer un sistema efectivo de promoción de la salud pública.

Economic assessment of postoperative pain control strategies for treatment of adult patients with cancer / Avaliação econômica de estratégias para controle da dor pós-operatória para tratamento de pacientes adultos com câncer

Summary Objective: The authors performed an economic assessment of opioids currently being used for control of postoperative pain relating to the surgical treatment of cancer (fentanyl and sufentanil) within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym). Method: The assessment was based on the perspective of the government, in order to collaborate with the promotion of effectiveness in public policies of health, and to optimize the allocation of public resources into health. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using data collected from the Brazilian Unified Health System and information from literature review, in order to build a decision tree on the alternatives for control of postoperative pain related to cancer treatment among adult patients. The outcomes considered were: effectiveness of postoperative analgesia and occurrence of nausea and vomit in the 48 hour period after surgery, and additional 24-hour cycles in patient follow-up. A univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to verify robustness of the model estimated. Results: Literature review showed a limited number of studies directly comparing fentanyl and sufentanil for control of postoperative pain. The adoption of sufentanil (cost = U$ 25.72 / outcome = 1.6 VAS points) was dominant in relation to the use of fentanyl (cost = U$ 32.58 / outcome = 2.6 VAS points). The estimated model showed robustness in relation to changes in the parameters analyzed. Conclusion: Sufentanil presented higher cost-effectiveness ratio in relation to fentanyl for control of postoperative pain in surgeries related to cancer treatment among adult patients in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Resumo Objetivo: O artigo apresenta uma avaliação econômica de opioides atualmente utilizados no controle de dor pós-operatória relacionada ao tratamento cirúrgico do câncer (fentanil e sufentanil) no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde. Método: A avaliação baseou-se na perspectiva do governo, de forma a colaborar na promoção da efetividade das políticas públicas de saúde e melhorar a alocação de recursos públicos em saúde. Uma análise custo-efetividade foi realizada a partir de dados coletados no Sistema Único de Saúde e de informações provenientes de revisão da literatura para construção de uma árvore de decisão contendo alternativas para controle de dor pós-operatória relacionada ao tratamento cirúrgico do câncer entre pacientes adultos. Os desfechos considerados foram: efetividade da analgesia pós-operatória e ocorrência de náusea e vômito no período de 48 horas após cirurgia e em ciclos adicionais de 24 horas de seguimento do paciente. Uma análise de sensibilidade univariada foi conduzida para verificar a robustez do modelo estimado. Resultados: Na revisão de literatura, um número limitado de estudos efetuou comparação direta entre fentanil e sufentanil no controle de dor pós-operatória. A adoção de sufentanil (custo = U$ 25,72 / desfecho = 1,6 pontos VAS) foi dominante em relação ao uso do fentanil (custo = U$ 32,58 / desfecho = 2,6 pontos VAS). O modelo estimado demonstrou robustez em relação a mudanças nos parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: O sufentanil apresentou razão custo-efetividade superior em relação ao fentanil no controle de dor pós-operatória em cirurgias relacionadas ao tratamento de câncer entre pacientes adultos no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Determinants of outpatient expenditure within primary care in the Brazilian National Health System / Determinantes de gastos ambulatoriais na atenção primária do sistema público de saúde brasileiro

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: One of the big challenges facing governments worldwide is the financing of healthcare systems. Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors and key components associated with healthcare expenditure. The aim here was to identify demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical factors associated with direct healthcare expenditure within primary care, among adults attended through the Brazilian National Health System in the city of Bauru. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS: Healthcare expenditure over the last 12 months was assessed through medical records of adults aged 50 years or more. Annual healthcare expenditure was assessed in terms of medication, laboratory tests, medical consultations and the total. Body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension, age, sex, physical activity and smoking were assessed through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: The total healthcare expenditure for 963 participants of this survey was US$ 112,849.74 (46.9% consultations, 35.2% medication and 17.9% laboratory tests). Expenditure on medication was associated with overweight (odds ratio, OR = 1.80; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07-3.01), hypertension (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.91-4.82) and moderate physical activity (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38-0.81). Expenditure on consultations was associated with hypertension (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12-2.47) and female sex (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.14-2.55). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that overweight, lower levels of physical activity and hypertension were independent risk factors associated with higher healthcare expenditure within primary care.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Um dos grandes desafios dos governos em todo o mundo é o financiamento de sistemas de saúde e, por isso, é necessário compreender fatores e componentes-chave associados a despesas em saúde. O objetivo foi identificar fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida e clínicos associados aos gastos diretos com saúde na atenção primária entre adultos do Sistema Único de Saúde da cidade de Bauru. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado em cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Bauru (SP), Brasil. MÉTODO: Gastos com saúde nos últimos 12 meses foram avaliados através de prontuários médicos de adultos de 50 anos ou mais. Gastos anuais com saúde foram avaliados com: medicamentos, exames laboratoriais, consultas médicas e total. Índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, hipertensão, idade, sexo, atividade física e tabagismo foram avaliados por meio de entrevista face a face. RESULTADOS: O gasto total com serviços de saúde para os 963 participantes deste inquérito foi de US$ 112.849.74 (46,9% consultas, 35,2% medicamentos e 17,9% exames). Gastos com medicamentos foram associados com sobrepeso (odds ratio, OR = 1,80 [intervalo de confiança, IC 95%: 1,07-3,01]), hipertensão (OR = 3,04 [IC 95%: 1,91-4,82]) e atividade física moderada (OR = 0,56 [95% IC: 0,38-0,81]). Gastos com consultas foram associados com hipertensão (OR = 1,67 [IC 95%: 1,12-2,47]) e sexo feminino (OR = 1,70 [IC 95%: 1,14-2,55]). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados mostraram que sobrepeso, menor nível de atividade física e hipertensão são fatores de risco independentes associados com maiores gastos com saúde na atenção primária.

Determinants of outpatient expenditure within primary care in the Brazilian National Health System.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:: One of the big challenges facing governments worldwide is the financing of healthcare systems. Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors and key components associated with healthcare expenditure. The aim here was to identify demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical factors associated with direct healthcare expenditure within primary care, among adults attended through the Brazilian National Health System in the city of Bauru. DESIGN AND SETTING:: Cross-sectional study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS:: Healthcare expenditure over the last 12 months was assessed through medical records of adults aged 50 years or more. Annual healthcare expenditure was assessed in terms of medication, laboratory tests, medical consultations and the total. Body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension, age, sex, physical activity and smoking were assessed through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS:: The total healthcare expenditure for 963 participants of this survey was US$ 112,849.74 (46.9% consultations, 35.2% medication and 17.9% laboratory tests). Expenditure on medication was associated with overweight (odds ratio, OR = 1.80; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07-3.01), hypertension (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.91-4.82) and moderate physical activity (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38-0.81). Expenditure on consultations was associated with hypertension (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12-2.47) and female sex (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.14-2.55). CONCLUSIONS:: Our results showed that overweight, lower levels of physical activity and hypertension were independent risk factors associated with higher healthcare expenditure within primary care.

Association Between Costs Related to Productivity Loss and Modified Risk Factors Among Users of the Brazilian National Health System.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between costs related to productivity losses and its risk factors among users of the Brazilian National Health System. METHODS: The public cost associated with productivity losses of 342 adults has been estimated, taking into account a period of 18 months. Costs related to productivity loss were estimate using data provided by the Brazilian National Health System (disability retirements) and absenteeism. Modifiable risk factors and unhealthy behaviors were assessed through interviews (physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and smoking) and clinical assessments (obesity). RESULTS: Smoking and physical inactivity affected significantly the amount of money lost with productivity losses related to absenteeism. The presence of obesity generated higher expenditures with disability retirement, while low back pain and sleep disorder were the most relevant confounders in multivariate models for disability retirement and absenteeism. CONCLUSIONS: Among users of the Brazilian National Health System, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity seem to have a significant effect on productivity losses associated with health problems. Moreover, low back pain and sleep quality seem variables few explored but with potential to affect health care costs.

Economic assessment of postoperative pain control strategies for treatment of adult patients with cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The authors performed an economic assessment of opioids currently being used for control of postoperative pain relating to the surgical treatment of cancer (fentanyl and sufentanil) within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym). METHOD: The assessment was based on the perspective of the government, in order to collaborate with the promotion of effectiveness in public policies of health, and to optimize the allocation of public resources into health. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using data collected from the Brazilian Unified Health System and information from literature review, in order to build a decision tree on the alternatives for control of postoperative pain related to cancer treatment among adult patients. The outcomes considered were: effectiveness of postoperative analgesia and occurrence of nausea and vomit in the 48 hour period after surgery, and additional 24-hour cycles in patient follow-up. A univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to verify robustness of the model estimated. RESULTS: Literature review showed a limited number of studies directly comparing fentanyl and sufentanil for control of postoperative pain. The adoption of sufentanil (cost = U$ 25.72 / outcome = 1.6 VAS points) was dominant in relation to the use of fentanyl (cost = U$ 32.58 / outcome = 2.6 VAS points). The estimated model showed robustness in relation to changes in the parameters analyzed. CONCLUSION: Sufentanil presented higher cost-effectiveness ratio in relation to fentanyl for control of postoperative pain in surgeries related to cancer treatment among adult patients in the Brazilian Unified Health System.