Dietary soluble, insoluble, and total fiber intake and their dietary sources in association with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: A few studies have examined the association between different types of dietary fiber as well as their sources and the risk of breast cancer (BC) and the present study aimed to investigate these associations in a case-control study among Iranian women. METHODS: A total of 464 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer within the past year and 498 age-matched healthy controls were included. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. The association between dietary soluble, insoluble, total dietary fiber, as well as, fiber from fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals, and nuts intake with odds of breast cancer was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Mean total dietary fiber intake of patients with and without cancer were 33.1 ± 15.3 g per day (g/d) and 34.2 ± 16.5 (g/d), respectively. Dietary total fiber (OR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.47-0.90, Ptrend = 0.01), insoluble fiber (OR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.49-0.93, Ptrend = 0.01), fruits' fiber (OR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.49-0.94, Ptrend = 0.02), and vegetables' fiber (OR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.48-0.91, Ptrend = 0.01) were significantly associated with reduced likelihood of developing breast cancer in all participants. Furthermore, dietary total and insoluble fiber, as well as, fiber from fruits were significantly associated with lower odds of breast cancer in premenopausal women (P < 0.05). In contrast, cereals' fiber significantly increased the risk of breast cancer by 84% in premenopausal women (OR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.18-2.86, Ptrend = 0.009). In postmenopausal women, cereals' fiber had a significant inverse association with odds of breast cancer (OR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.31-1.03, Ptrend = 0.04). Also, fiber from vegetables was significantly associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.53; 95%CI: 0.30-0.94, Ptrend = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Dietary fiber intake and more specifically insoluble, fruits', and vegetables' fiber intake might be associated with a reduced breast cancer risk, particularly in premenopausal women. Future prospective investigations are needed to confirm these findings.

Role of dietary intake of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer risk in Iran.

High-fat diets have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, and the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been reported to vary based on the length of PUFAs. We explored the association between dietary omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CRC. We analyzed 865 CRC patients and 3206 controls from a case-control study of Iran (IROPICAN study). We used multivariate logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PUFAs intake and CRC risk. Our results showed that gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6, GLA), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA), a-linolenic acid (Cis-18:3n-3, ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC. However, the OR of linoleic acid (18: 2n-6, LA) intake was 1.47 (95% CI 1.01-2.14, p = 0.04) for proximal colon and that of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3, DPA) intake was 1.33 (95% CI 1.05-1.69, p = 0.01) for rectum. This study indicates a high level of LA is associated with an increased risk of proximal colon cancer, and DPA intake was positively associated with rectum cancer risk. Furthermore, our study noted a high intake of n-6 (from vegetable oils) compared to n-3 PUFAs (from fish and seafood) in this population. Public awareness and government support is needed to increase fish and seafood production and consumption in Iran.

Association between Butter, Margarine, and Olive Oil Intake and Asthma Symptoms among School Children: Result from a Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: There are conflicting results about the association between dietary fat intake and asthma symptoms. Since few studies in the Middle East have been explored the relation between dietary fat consumption and risk of asthma, the present study was conducted to investigate the association between the consumption of butter, margarine, and olive oil and asthma risk in school children living in central Iran. Method: In this cross-sectional study, out of 10,240 participants, asthma and its symptoms and dietary intake of butter, margarine, and olive oil of 7,667 children and adolescents were assessed using a validated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. The relationship between fat subtypes and asthma was assessed using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of asthma confirmed by a doctor in the study population was 4.22%. An inverse association was found between butter and margarine consumption once or twice a week and odds of current asthma and wheezing in the past 12 months (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28-0.96; OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.55-0.88, respectively); however, those with higher consumption did not have a higher chance for developing wheezing or asthma. Conclusion: We found that margarine and butter intake one or two times a week might have an inverse association with asthma and its symptoms among children. Prospective cohort studies are recommended to confirm these findings.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity and head and neck cancer: a large case-control study in Iran.

Background: Data on the association between head and neck cancer (HNC) and dietary factors are inconclusive. No study has so far investigated the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) and HNC concerning interactions with other risk factors. Method: Pathologically confirmed new diagnosed HNC patients were included in this study. The control group was healthy hospital visitors who were frequently matched with patients on age (5 years interval), gender, and province of residence. Trained interviewers administered a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the participants' food intake 1 year before the cancer diagnosis. Data on TAC scores of foods was collected by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Total Radical-trapping Antioxidant Parameters (TRAP) from published data. We applied logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, socioeconomic status, province, opium use, alcohol use, physical activity, and dental health. We also studied the interaction of dTAC with tobacco smoking status, and opium use on the risk of HNC. Results: We recruited 876 HNC patients and 3,409 healthy controls. We observed a significant decrease in the odds of HNC with increasing dTAC scores. The OR of HNC for the third vs. the first tertile was 0.49 (95%CI 0.39-0.61) for FRAP and 0.49 (95%CI 0.39-0.62) for TRAP. Both dTAC scores were inversely associated with lip and oral (T3 ver. T1 OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.36-0.71 for FRAP and OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.44-0.82 for TRAP) and larynx (T3 ver. T1 OR = 0.43; 95%CI 0.31-0.61 for FRAP and OR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.26-0.55 for TRAP) cancers. There was no interaction between tobacco smoking, opium use; and TRAP or FRAP on the risk of HNC. Conclusion: An antioxidant-rich diet in terms of FRAP or TRAP could decrease the risk of HNC and its subtypes.

The impact of a blend of Pistacia atlantica seed and canola oil compared with a blend of corn-canola oil with synthetic antioxidant and corn-canola oil without synthetic antioxidant on oxidative stress markers in patients with metabolic syndrome: protocol for a triple-blind, randomized, three-way cross-over clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is regarded as a complex metabolic disorder. Recently, the role of dietary antioxidants in the underlying pathogenesis and complications of MetS has come into focus. Pistacia atlantica oil is known as a high antioxidant oil which might improve the antioxidant status of dietary oils and also oxidative stress markers. On the other hand, tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is an approved food-grade synthetic antioxidant that acts both as an inducer and inhibitor of carcinogenesis. The current trial will explore the possible effect of a blend of Pistacia atlantica seed-canola oils, corn-canola oils with TBHQ, and corn-canola oil without TBHQ on oxidative stress markers in patients with MetS. METHODS: We will conduct a single-center, triple-blind, three-way randomized cross-over clinical trial (RCT) among 72 patients with MetS. After a 1-month run-in period, eligible participants will consume the intervention oils as their regularly consumed oils in a random order. Each intervention period will last 8 weeks separated by 4-week washout periods. Anthropometric indices, body composition, physical activity, blood pressure, and 24-h dietary food recall measurements will be assessed at the beginning and the end of each intervention period. The primary outcome will be oxidative stress markers including serum total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and the enzyme activity of myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. The secondary outcomes will be changes in MetS components including blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and anthropometric measurements. DISCUSSION: Pistacia atlantica seed oil is high in antioxidants. An intervention with this oil could offer an option for oxidative stress prevention among patients with metabolic syndrome. The present clinical trial will be the first one assessing the impact of Pistacia atlantica oil on human oxidative stress markers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical trials IRCT20130223012571N8 . Registered on 4 March 2022.

Association between gastric cancer and the intake of different types of iron and meats.

BACKGROUND: Heme and non-heme irons are two forms of iron in the diet. Few studies have evaluated the association between heme iron intake and the risk of gastric cancer (GC). We aimed to investigate the association between heme, non-heme and total iron intake and risk of GC in Iran. METHODS: In a hospital-based case-control study, nutritionists interviewed 178 pathologically confirmed GC patients and 276 controls using a valid Diet History Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression model was used to estimate Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for iron intake and risk of GC. RESULTS: Subjects in the highest tertile of total iron intake were 46% less likely to get GC than those in the lowest (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32-0.92), however, the associations were not significant for intake of heme and non-heme iron. The risk of GC in the highest tertile of total meat intake was 2.51 times higher than the lowest. We found significant associations between GC and chicken (OR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.66-5.22) and fish intake (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.09-3.27), However, we found no associations between the risk of GC and intake of red meat, salted fish, and liver. CONCLUSION: Total iron intake was associated with a lower risk of GC which could be partly due to the high prevalence of anemia in Iran. Although, we could not find any significant association between the risk of GC and the intake of heme and non-hem iron among the Iranian population.

Association of Dietary Nitrate, Nitrite, and N-Nitroso Compounds Intake and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) are a class of chemical carcinogens found in various environmental sources such as food, drinking water, cigarette smoke, the work environment, and the indoor air population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the links between nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs in food and water and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and pancreatic cancer (PC). A systematic search of the literature in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Embase was performed for studies on the association between NOCs in drinking water and food sources and GI cancers. Forest plots of relative risk (RR) were constructed for all the cancer sites and the intake sources. The random-effects model was used to assess the heterogeneity between studies. Forty articles were included after removing duplicate and irrelevant articles. The meta-analysis indicated that the intake of high dose vs. low dose of these compounds was significantly associated with the overall GI cancer risk and nitrite (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.07-1.29), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.06-1.65). We found that dietary nitrite intake increased GC (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02-1.73), and EC (RR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.01-1.89). Additionally, dietary NDMA intake increased the risk of CRC (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.18-1.58). This meta-analysis provides some evidence that the intake of dietary and water nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs may be associated with GI cancers. In particular, dietary nitrite is linked to GC and EC risks and dietary NDMA intake is associated with CRC.

The effect of nutrition education for cancer prevention based on health belief model on nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian women.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, nutrition has received an increasingly important role in the etiology of cancer. Thus, public education about dietary factors associated with cancer risk or prevention could be an important intervention for cancer prevention, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of cancer is increasing rapidly and the access to care is limited. The age-standardized incidence of breast cancer was 35.8 among Iranian women in 2020. We aimed to study the effect of nutrition education on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian women towards dietary factors related to cancer. METHODS: In this interventional study, 229 women from public health centers were recruited and underwent three 75-min sessions of education based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Participants were interviewed by trained interviewers using a validated and reproducible nutrition-related cancer prevention knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire (NUTCANKAP) questionnaire designed based on the HBM. Nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of participants were assessed through this questionnaire. Three 24-h dietary recalls (one weekend and two nonconsecutive weekdays) were also collected before and one month after the intervention. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 45.14 years, and the mean BMI was 27.2 kg/m2. After the intervention, the participants had a higher intake of whole grain (p = 0.03) and a lower fat dairy (p = 0.009) and nuts (p = 0.04). However, the intake of high-fat dairy (p = 0.001) decreased after the intervention. We indicated significant differences in knowledge (p < 0.001) and nutritional practice scores (p = 0.01) after education. In addition, after the intervention, there were significant differences in the mean score of the HBM components, except for the perceived self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: Participation in a nutrition education program positively impacted the knowledge and nutritional practices linked to cancer prevention.

Substitution of dietary macronutrients and their sources in association with breast cancer: results from a large-scale case-control study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between dietary replacement of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and their sources and odds of developing breast cancer (BC). METHODS: This hospital-based large-scale case-control study recruited 464 women with confirmed BC within the past year and 500 apparently healthy controls matched in terms of age and residential place. Dietary data as well as other variables were collected by trained interviewers. RESULTS: After adjustment for all possible confounders, substituting every 50 kcal of energy from dietary carbohydrates for the same amount of energy from total fats was associated with lower odds for developing BC among all participants [odds ratio (OR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-0.99] as well as premenopausal women (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.99). Replacing protein intake with fat was associated with a higher likelihood of BC among postmenopausal women (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.20). Replacement of carbohydrates with MUFAs might be associated with a decreased odds of BC and replacement of dietary carbohydrates with PUFAs might be associated with an increased odds of BC in all participants as well as postmenopausal women (P < 0.05). The same association was shown for protein only in postmenopausal women. Substituting MUFAs for saturated (SFAs) and PUFAs was associated with a significant decreased odds of BC in the whole population (P < 0.05). The same association was observed for replacing MUFAs for PUFAs in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: Substitution of dietary carbohydrates for total fats and PUFAs might reduce the odds of breast cancer. Also, substituting MUFAs for carbohydrates, SFAs and PUFAs might lower the disease risk. Future prospective investigations are highly recommended.

Adherence to the DASH Diet and Risk of Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern has been recommended as a healthy dietary plan by several international guidelines. However, data on the association between the DASH diet and breast cancer is limited. This study investigated the association between the DASH dietary pattern and risk of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a hospital-based case-control study conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Cancer Institute of Iran. Patients with histopathologically confirmed breast cancer were recruited. Controls were healthy subjects who were frequency matched to cases by residential place and age (±10 years). A validated 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire was applied to assess the dietary intake of participants. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The DASH dietary pattern scores were calculated using the method introduced by Fung. Unconditional logistic regression, in which potential confounders were taken into account, was applied to determine the association between adherence to the DASH dietary pattern and odds of breast cancer. RESULTS: The study participants comprised 477 patients with breast cancer and 507 healthy controls. In the total population, patients with breast cancer were slightly older (45.9 vs. 43.9 years, P = .02), had slightly higher BMI (21.9 vs. 20.2, P = .01) and were less physically active (20 vs. 27 MET h/wk. P < .01) than controls. In Model A, which was adjusted for age and energy intake, adherence to the DASH dietary pattern substantially reduced breast cancer risk in the total population (OR for comparing extreme tertiles: 0.62; 95% CI 0.44-0.78; Ptrend = 0.004). Even after controlling for more cofounders, greatest adherence to DASH diet was associated with a 34% reduction in risk of breast cancer (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.94; Ptrend = 0.03). In premenopausal women, adherence to the DASH dietary pattern was insignificantly associated with a 32% reduction in breast cancer risk. This risk reduction was 38% in postmenopausal women, which was also not found to be significant CONCLUSION: Adherence to the DASH dietary pattern could be associated with an approximately 30% reduction in risk of breast cancer. However, further studies, in particular studies with prospective design, are required to confirm this claim.

Patterns of Nutrient Intake in Relation to Gastric Cancer: A Case Control Study.

Gastric Cancer (GC) is the most common cancer among Iranian men. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between patterns of nutrient intake and the risk of GC in Iran. We enrolled 178 GC patients and 271 controls matched for age and sex. We collected dietary intakes using a validated diet history questionnaire. We performed factor analysis on 28 nutrients using multivariate logistic regression models on tertiles of factor scores and estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We identified three nutrient patterns. The first pattern included pantothenic acid, riboflavin, zinc, animal protein, and calcium. Selenium, thiamin, carbohydrate, vegetable protein, niacin and low intake of vitamin E loaded the second pattern, and the third pattern was abundant in fiber, carotene, vitamin C and A. We found no significant association between GC and any of the dietary patterns. However, in the first patterns, men in the highest tertile had significantly higher odds of GC than the lowest (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.13-4.09, p trend = 0.02). A dietary pattern loaded by animal products may increase the risk of GC among Iranian men. Larger studies are required to approve these findings in overall and in different subgroups.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1931697.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Breast Cancer: report from a Large-Scale Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between diet, including its inflammatory potential, and breast cancer has led to inconsistent results. We investigated the association between a dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the odds of breast cancer in a large case-control study among women. METHODS: This case-control study was carried out on 412 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer and 456 apparently healthy controls. DII scores were calculated from dietary intake data. Multi-variable adjusted logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios for breast cancer across quartiles of DII. RESULTS: A total participants aged 45 ± 10.8 years were included in the present study. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals in the highest quartile of DII scores had 1.5 times higher odds of breast cancer than those with the lowest (OR= 1.56; 95%CI: 1.04-2.35, Ptrend=0.02). Premenopausal women with the greatest DII had higher odds for breast cancer, compared with those with the lowest DII (OR= 1.92; 95% CI: 1.14-3.25, Ptrend=0.01). No significant association was seen between DII and odds of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: Dietary inflammatory index might be directly associated with odds of breast cancer particularly in premenopausal women. Prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Effect of l-carnitine supplementation on liver fat content and cardiometabolic indices in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women, and is associated with cardiovascular diseases as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The recent evidence suggested the beneficial effects of l-carnitine in women with PCOS. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of l-carnitine supplementation on liver fat content and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight/obese women with PCOS. METHODS: The present study was designed as a 12-week double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Sixty-two overweight/obese women with PCOS were assigned into the treatment (received 1000 mg/d l-carnitine capsule) and the control (received placebo capsule) groups. The outcomes included lipid accumulation product (LAP), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC) and Castelli II indices. RESULTS: At the end of the trial, there was no significant difference between the treatment and the control groups in terms of LAP (-1.1 vs. -4.0; P = 0.45), AIP (0.0 vs. -0.09; P = 0.14), AC (-0.2 vs. -0.8; P = 0.06) and Castelli II index (-0.2 vs. -0.6; P = 0.07) after controlling the mean change of waist circumference. CONCLUSION: l-carnitine supplementation for 12 weeks has no beneficial effect on liver fat content and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight or obese women with PCOS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered on 30 December 2019 at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20191016045131N1.

Dietary carbohydrate quality and risk of breast cancer among women.

BACKGROUND: A few studies have examined the relationship between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and risk of breast cancer (BC) among women in Middle Eastern countries. We studied the associations between carbohydrate quality index and the risk of BC in overall and by menopausal status. METHODS: In this case-control study, dietary intake of 461 women with pathologically confirmed BC within the past year were examined. The same information were collected for 495 apparently healthy controls using a 168-item validated FFQ. Carbohydrate quality was determined by considering four criteria including: ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates, dietary fiber intake, GI and the ratio of whole grains to total grains. RESULTS: Mean GI and GL of participants were totally 57.5 ± 7.2 and 245.7 ± 64.7, respectively. A trend toward significant association was seen between GI and odds of BC in the whole population; such that after stratifying analysis by menopausal status, premenopausal women in the highest quartile of GI were 1.85 times higher likely to have BC than those in the lowest quartile (95% CI: 1.12, 3.07, P = 0.01). We found that women with the greatest CQI had lower odds for BC, compared with those with the lowest CQI (0.63; 95% CI: 0.43-0.94, P = 0.03). This association was remained after stratifying analysis by menopausal status in premenopausal (0.55; 95% CI: 0.34-0.90, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: We found that GI was directly and CQI inversely associated with odds of BC. In order to determine the effects of dietary carbohydrate quality prospective cohort studies are needed.

Association between dietary fat and fat subtypes with the risk of breast cancer in an Iranian population: a case-control study.

AIM: To examine the relationship between dietary fat intake and breast cancer (BC) development. METHOD: This case-control study included 473 women with breast cancer (pathologically confirmed) and 501 healthy subjects matched by age and residency. Dietary intakes of different types and sources of fatty acids were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The association between dietary fats and odds of BC was assessed using a logistic regression model in crude and multivariable-adjusted models. P values below 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. RESULTS: Participants' age and body mass index were 44.0 ± 10.8 years and 28.4 ± 5.6 kg/m2, respectively. Individuals with the highest quartile of total fat intake and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake were 1.50 times more at risk to develop BC than others. A positive significant association was observed between animal fat (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.89, 95 % CI = 0.93-3.81), saturated fatty acid (SFA) (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.70, 95 % CI = 0.88-3.30), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (Q4 vs. Q1 OR = 1.85, 95 % CI = 0.95-3.61) and PUFA intake (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.12, 95 % CI = 1.05-4.27) with BC risk in postmenopausal women. However, there was no association in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: Total dietary fat and its subtypes might increase the risk of BC, especially in postmenopausal women. This observational study confirms the role of dietary fat in breast cancer development. Intervention studies involving different estrogen receptor subgroups are needed.

Adherence to low-carbohydrate diet in relation to gastric cancer: findings from a case-control study in Iran.

This study examined the association between adherence to low carbohydrate diet (LCD) and risk of gastric cancer (GC). This hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Iran Cancer Institute, Tehran, Iran between 2010 and 2012. Totally, 178 patients with GC and 276 apparently healthy controls participated in this study. Cases were histo-pathologically confirmed GC patients aged ≥40 years diagnosed with GC in the last year. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated 146-item Diet History Questionnaire. We computed the LCD score trough the protocol explained by Halton. Patients with GC were older (60.8 vs. 53.2 years, P < 0.001) and more likely to be male (74.2 vs. 63.8%, P = 0.02), married (97.8 vs. 86.6%, P < 0.001) and illiterate (62.4% vs. 26.1%, P < 0.001) than controls. Before adjusting for covariates, adherence to LCD-diet was not associated with risk of GC [odds ratio (OR) 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82-2.09 for highest vs. lowest tertile; Ptrend < 0.26]. Adjustments for several potential confounders including H-pylori infection and BMI, participants in the highest tertile of LCD score were 7% more likely to have GC than those in the lowest tertile; however, it was not statistically significant (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.59-1.95 for highest vs. lowest tertile; Ptrend < 0.79). No significant association was also seen between adherence to animal- or vegetable-based LCD diet and risk of GC. In conclusion, we failed to find any evidence on the association between consumption of LCD and odds of GC. Further studies, in particular of prospective design, are required to confirm these findings.

Dietary N-nitroso compounds intake and bladder cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. While tobacco smoking is responsible for more than half of the bladder cancer cases, occupational exposures is also an established risk factor of bladder cancer. Strong evidence of carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) have been provided in animal and human studies, but the target organ of occurring cancer in human including bladder cancer is still obscure. A wide range of NOCs sources surrounded us like diet, drinking water, cigarette smoking, workplace, and indoor air population. We conducted a meta-analysis to elucidate the association between NOCs in drinking water and food source and bladder cancer risk. Ten articles were included after removing the duplicates and irrelevant articles. The majority studies of our meta-analysis was done on women, maybe because of cigarette smoking as a main risk factor among men which is more common among men than women. Although the number of articles was limited our meta-analysis showed no significant association between dietary intakes of NOCs and bladder cancer risk (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.88, 1.05; I2 = 50%, P-value = 0.007), neither subgrouping of NOCS type and source of NOCs nor dose of nitrate and nitrite intake indicated any associations.

Macronutrients Intake and Stomach Cancer Risk in Iran: A Hospital-based Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Stomach cancer (SC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Dietary risk factors of SC are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between macronutrient intakes and the risk of SC. STUDY DESIGN: A hospital-based case-control study. . METHODS: The data were obtained from a hospital-based case-control study conducted at the Cancer Institute of Iran from 2010 to 2012. Patients were 40 years or older and were diagnosed with SC in less than one year with no history of any cancers. On the other hand, the controls were healthy subjects who were caregivers or visitors of the patients. Demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire through face to face interviews by trained interviewers. Dietary data were obtained using a validated Diet History Questionnaire. The age and gender-adjusted odds ratios (ORs), as well as the adjusted ORs of age, gender, energy, education, smoking, and body mass index, were reported for continuous and tertiles of intakes. RESULTS: Totally, 207 SC patients and 217 controls participated in this study. In the full adjusted model, after comparing the highest tertiles to the lowest ones, the intake of sucrose (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.66-5.19; P-trend<0.001), protein (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.17-3.55; P-trend=0.011), cholesterol (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.28-3.85; P-trend=0.005), and percent of calories from protein (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.69-5.61; P-trend<1.001) showed a positive significant association with SC. Moreover, a significantly negative association was found between the percent of calories obtained from carbohydrates and SC (OR: 0. 57; 95% CI: 0.33-0.98; P-trend=0.015). CONCLUSION: The findings in this study showed that macronutrient intakes might be associated with the etiology of SC in Iran.

Adherence to plant-based dietary pattern and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies assessed the link between plant based diet and breast cancer risk rather than healthy and unhealthy plant based diet. This study examined the relation between plant-based dietary pattern and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study was conducted among 412 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer within the past year and 456 apparently healthy controls. Dietary data were collected using a validated and reliable 168-item FFQ. We created three patterns including overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and an unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). The risk of breast cancer was compared across quartiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI. RESULTS: we did not find significant association between adherence to PDI and uPDI score and odds of breast cancer among women. However, a greater score of hPDI was inversely associated to the risk of breast cancer (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43-0.93, P = 0.01), in the crude model. After adjustment for age and energy, we saw stronger association between breast cancer risk and higher hPDI score (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37-0.82, P = 0.002). After stratified by menopausal status, we did not find significant association between PDI and uPDI score and risk of breast cancer. However, pre- and postmenopausal women in the highest quartile of hPDI score had lower risk of breast cancer than those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: we found an inverse significant association between hPDI and odds of breast cancer in the whole population of study. After stratifying by menopausal status, this correlation was also seen both in pre and postmenopausal women.

Association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and breast cancer: a case-control study in a Middle Eastern country.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women. DESIGN: In this hospital-based case-control study, dietary intake of participants was collected using a 168-item validated FFQ. Dietary TAC was assessed using FRAP assay considering. Logistic regression was used to obtain ORs for breast cancer across quartiles of dTAC. SETTING: Cancer Institute, Iran. PARTICIPANTS: We included 412 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer and 456 apparently healthy controls. RESULTS: Mean dTAC was 11·3 ± 5·8 for cases and 12·1 ± 7·9 for controls. A trend towards significant inverse association was seen between dTAC and odds of breast cancer in the whole population; such that after controlling for several potential confounders, individuals in the highest quartile of dTAC were 0·39 times less likely to have breast cancer than those in the lowest quartile (0·61; 95 % CI: 0·38, 0·99, P < 0·05). In the stratified analysis by menopausal status, we found that postmenopausal women with the greatest dTAC had lower odds for breast cancer, compared with those with the lowest dTAC (0·47; 95 % CI: 0·24, 0·93, P < 0·05). This association strengthened after additional adjustment for BMI (0·28; 95 % CI: 0·11, 0·72, P < 0·05). No significant association was seen between dTAC and odds of breast cancer in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: We found that dietary TAC was inversely associated with risk of breast cancer, in particular among postmenopausal women. Prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.