Stand-off radiation detection techniques.

Remote detection of radioactive materials is extremely challenging, yet it is important to realize the technique for safe usage of radioactive materials. Gamma rays are the most far distant penetrating photons that are involved with the radiation decay process. Herein, we overview the gamma-ray detection techniques that are material-based and vacuum tube-based. A muon detector is also reviewed as a radioactive material imager. We overview versatile detectors that are currently being widely used and new concepts that may pave the way for promising remote detectability up to several kilometers.

Remote detection of radioactive material using high-power pulsed electromagnetic radiation.

Remote detection of radioactive materials is impossible when the measurement location is far from the radioactive source such that the leakage of high-energy photons or electrons from the source cannot be measured. Current technologies are less effective in this respect because they only allow the detection at distances to which the high-energy photons or electrons can reach the detector. Here we demonstrate an experimental method for remote detection of radioactive materials by inducing plasma breakdown with the high-power pulsed electromagnetic waves. Measurements of the plasma formation time and its dispersion lead to enhanced detection sensitivity compared to the theoretically predicted one based only on the plasma on and off phenomena. We show that lower power of the incident electromagnetic wave is sufficient for plasma breakdown in atmospheric-pressure air and the elimination of the statistical distribution is possible in the presence of radioactive material.

Management of Multiple Mandibular Fractures in a Child with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Using Arch Bar Retained Thermoformed Splints: A Novel Technique.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominant and recessive inherited disorders of type I collagen metabolism. Clinical features of OI include multiple bone fractures, muscle weakness, joint laxity, skeletal deformities, blue sclerae, hearing loss, and dentinogenesis imperfecta. This report presents a challenging case of multiple mandibular fractures in a five years old child with OI, which was successfully treated with a new, minimally invasive technique of closed reduction with arch bar retained thermoformed splint.