Cervical spine movements during laryngoscopy and orotracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Airway management is challenging in trauma patients because of the fear of worsening cervical spinal cord damage. Video-integrated and optic-integrated devices and intubation laryngeal mask airways have been proposed as alternatives to direct laryngoscopy with the Macintosh laryngoscope (MAC). We performed a meta-analysis to clarify which devices cause less cervical movement during airway management. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Embase and LILACS from inception to January 2022. We selected randomised controlled trials comparing alternative devices with the MAC for cervical movement from C0 to C5 in adult patients, evaluated by radiological examination. Additionally, cervical spine immobilisation (CSI) techniques were evaluated. We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool to evaluate the risk of bias, and the principles of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations system to assess the quality of the body of evidence. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies (530 patients) were included. Alternative devices caused statistically significantly less cervical movement than MAC during laryngoscopy with mean differences of -3.43 (95% CI -4.93 to -1.92) at C0-C1, -3.19 (-4.04 to -2.35) at C1-C2, -1.35 (-2.19 to -0.51) at C2-C3, and -2.61 (-3.62 to -1.60) at C3-C4; and during intubation: -3.60 (-5.08 to -2.12) at C0-C1, -2.38 (-3.17 to -1.58) at C1-C2, -1.20 (-2.09 to -0.31) at C2-C3. The Airtraq and the Intubation Laryngeal Mask Airway caused statistically significant less movement than MAC restricted to some cervical segments, as well as CSI. Heterogeneity was low to moderate in most results. The quality of the body of evidence was 'low' and 'very low'. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the MAC, alternative devices caused less movement during laryngoscopy (C0-C4) and intubation (C0-C3). Due to the high risk of bias and the very low grade of evidence of the studies, further research is necessary to clarify the benefit of each device and to determine the efficacy of cervical immobilisation during airway management.

Função pulmonar e força muscular respiratória na alta hospitalar em pacientes com COVID-19 pós internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Función pulmonar y fuerza muscular respiratoria al alta hospitalaria en pacientes con Covid-19 posingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength at hospital discharge in COVID-19 patients after Intensive Care Unit admission

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a função pulmonar e a força muscular respiratória (FMR) na alta hospitalar de pacientes com quadros críticos da COVID-19 e correlacioná-las com a força muscular periférica, tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) e de internação hospitalar e uso de medicações. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, incluindo pacientes que estiveram internados na UTI devido à COVID-19. A avaliação, na alta hospitalar, incluiu as seguintes variáveis: FMR, função pulmonar e força muscular periférica (escore Medical Research Council (MRC) e dinamometria de preensão palmar). Foram incluídos 25 pacientes, com idade média de 48,7±12,3 anos. Observou-se que 72% dos pacientes apresentaram distúrbio ventilatório restritivo, além de redução da FMR (pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) de 74% e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) de 78% do predito). A FMR (PImáx e PEmáx, respectivamente) apresentou correlação negativa com o tempo de VM (r=−0,599, p=0,002; r=−0,523, p=0,007) e de internação hospitalar (r=−0,542, p=0,005; r=−0,502, p=0,01) e correlação positiva com a capacidade vital forçada (CVF) (r=0,825, p=0,000; r=0,778, p=0,000), o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) (r=0,821, p=0,000; r=0,801, p=0,000), o pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) (r=0,775, p=0,000; r=0,775, p=0,000) e a força de preensão palmar (r=0,656, p=0,000; r=0,589, p=0,002). Concluímos que pacientes com quadros críticos da COVID-19 apresentaram, na alta hospitalar: redução da FMR; alterações da função pulmonar; correlação negativa entre a FMR e o tempo de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e de internação hospitalar; e correlação positiva com a função pulmonar e a força de preensão palmar.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la función pulmonar y la fuerza muscular respiratoria (FMR) al alta hospitalaria de pacientes con condiciones críticas del Covid-19 y correlacionarlas con la fuerza muscular periférica, el tiempo de ventilación mecánica (VM) y de hospitalización y uso de medicamentos. Se trata de un estudio transversal con pacientes que ingresaron en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos por Covid-19. La evaluación en el alta hospitalaria incluyó las siguientes variables: FMR, función pulmonar y fuerza muscular periférica (puntuación Medical Research Council -MRC- y dinamometría manual). Participaron 25 pacientes, con una edad media de 48,7±12,3 años. Se observó que el 72% de los pacientes presentó trastorno ventilatorio restrictivo, además de una reducción de la FMR (presión inspiratoria máxima -PImáx- del 74% y presión espiratoria máxima -PEmáx- del 78% del valor predicho). La FMR (PImáx y PEmáx, respectivamente) mostró una correlación negativa con la duración de la VM (r=−0,599, p=0,002; r=−0,523, p=0,007) y la hospitalización (r=−0,542, p=0,005; r=−0,502, p=0,01), pero una correlación positiva con la capacidad vital forzada (CVF) (r=0,825, p=0,000; r=0,778, p=0,000), el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) (r=0,821 , p=0,000; r=0,801, p=0,000), el flujo espiratorio máximo (FEM) (r=0,775, p=0,000; r=0,775, p=0,000) y la fuerza de agarre (r=0,656, p=0,000; r =0,589, p=0,002). Se concluye que los pacientes en condiciones críticas del Covid-19 presentaron al alta hospitalaria: reducción de FMR; cambios en la función pulmonar; correlación negativa entre la FMR y de tiempo de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) y de hospitalización; y correlación positiva con la función pulmonar y la fuerza de agarre.

ABSTRACT This study describes the pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) at hospital discharge of severe COVID-19 patients, correlating them with peripheral muscle strength, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), length of hospital stay, and use of medication. A cross-sectional study was conducted with COVID-19 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Assessment at hospital discharge included the following variables: RMS, pulmonary function, and peripheral muscle strength (Medical Research Council score [MRC] and handgrip dynamometry). A total of 25 patients with mean age of 48.7±12.3 years were assessed. Out of these, 72% presented restrictive ventilatory disorder, in addition to reduced RMS (maximum inspiratory pressure [MIP] of 74% and maximum expiratory pressure [MEP] of 78% of the predicted value). RMS (MIP and MEP, respectively) correlated negatively with duration of MV (r=−0.599, p=0.002; r=−0.523, p=0.007) and length of hospital stay (r=−0.542, p=0.005; r=−0.502, p=0.01); and positively with FVC (r=0.825, p=0.000; r=0.778, p=0.000), FEV1 (r=0.821, p=0.000; r=0.801, p=0.000), PEF (r=0.775, p=0.000; r=0.775, p=0.000), and handgrip strength (r=0.656, p=0.000; r=0.589, p=0.002). At hospital discharge, severe COVID-19 patients presented: reduced RMS; changes in lung function; negative correlation between RMS and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and length of hospital stay; and a positive correlation with lung function and hand grip strength.

Comparison of different frequencies of transcutaneous electrical diaphragmatic stimulation in healthy subjects: a randomized crossover clinical trial / Comparação de diferentes frequências da estimulação diafragmática elétrica transcutânea em indivíduos saudáveis: ensaio clínico randomizado cruzado

Most transcutaneous electric diaphragmatic stimulation (TEDS) studies use a stimulation frequency (SF) of 30 Hz, although the reason for this SF value is not completely understood. Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effect of two TEDS frequencies on the respiratory muscle strength and endurance, muscle activation, muscle thickness, diaphragmatic mobility, cardiovascular variables and safety in healthy subjects. Methods:Randomized crossover clinical trial with 20 healthy subjects subjected to two interventions: SF=30 Hz group and SF=80 Hz group. TEDS was applied at the diaphragm motor points with a symmetric biphasicpulsed current (pulse duration= 500 µs) for 30 minutes. The evaluated outcomes were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory muscle strength by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), inspiratory peak flux (PIF), diaphragm thickness during inspiration (DTI) and expiration (DTE), diaphragm mobility and activation, and endurance (S-Index). Results:SF-30 Hz showed a reduction with respect to baseline values for SBP (p=0.04), HR (p<0.001), DTE (p=0.02), IPF (p=0.01), and S-Index (p=0.03). SF-80 Hz showed a reduction with respect to baseline values for HR (p<0.001) and an increase in MEP (p<0.001). However, these changes were not clinically important and there were no between-groups differences for any of the evaluated outcomes. No complications were observed. Conclusion:TEDS with SF-80 Hz produces similar effects to SF-30 Hz in healthy subjects and bothfrequencies proved to be safe (NCT03844711).

A maioria dos estudos utilizam a estimulação diafragmática elétrica transcutânea (EDET) com frequência (F) de estímulo de 30Hz e testar diferentes frequências torna-se necessário para uma aplicação otimizada. Objetivo: Foi comparar o efeito agudo de duas frequências diferentes da EDET sobre a força muscular respiratória e endurance, ativação diafragmática, espessura muscular e mobilidade diafragmática, variáveis cardiovasculares e segurança em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: Estudo randomizado cruzado com 20 indivíduos saudáveis submetidos a duas intervenções: Grupo I com F= 30Hz e Grupo II com F= 80Hz. A aplicação foi nos pontos motores do diafragma, com duração do pulso de 500µs, durante 30 minutos. Foram avaliados a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), frequência cardíaca (FC), força muscular respiratória pela pressão inspiratória máxima (PImax), pressão expiratória máxima (PEmax), endurance e espessura muscular em inspiração (EDI) e expiração (EDE), mobilidade e ativação diafragmática. Resultados: O GI apresentou redução significativa em comparação às condições basais para os desfechos de PAS (p= 0.04), FC (p<0.001), EDI (p= 0,02), PIF (p= 0.01), e S-Index (p= 0.03). O GII apresentou redução significativa em comparação às condições basais para FC (p<0.001) e aumento da PEmax (p<0.001). Porém, estas alterações não foram clinicamente importantes e não houve diferença entre os grupos para nenhum desfecho avaliado. Nenhuma intercorrência foi observada. Conclusão: A EDET com F-80Hz produz efeitos semelhantes a F-30Hz em indivíduos saudáveis e ambas as frequências provaram ser seguras (NCT03844711).

Positive expiratory pressure in postoperative cardiac patients in intensive care: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effectiveness of positive expiratory pressure blow-bottle device compared to expiratory positive airway pressure and conventional physiotherapy on pulmonary function in postoperative cardiac surgery patients in intensive care unit. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTINGS: Tertiary care. SUBJECTS: 48 patients (16 in each group; aged 64.5 ± 9.1 years, 38 male) submitted to cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized into conventional physiotherapy (G1), positive expiratory pressure blow-bottle device (G2) or expiratory positive airway pressure, both associated with conventional physiotherapy (G3). G2 and G3 performed three sets of 10 repetitions in each session for each technique. MAIN MEASURES: Pulmonary function (primary); respiratory muscle strength, radiological changes, pulmonary complications, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay (secondary) assessed preoperatively and on the 3rd postoperative day. RESULTS: Pulmonary function (except for forced expiratory volume in one second/ forced vital capacity % predicted) and respiratory muscle strength showed significant reduction from the preoperative to the 3rd postoperative in all groups (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (P > 0.05). Regarding radiological changes, length of intensive care unit stay and length of hospital stay, there was no significant difference between groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both positive expiratory pressure techniques associated with conventional physiotherapy were similar, but there was no difference regarding the use of positive expiratory pressure compared to conventional physiotherapy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03639974.https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03639974.

Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Heart Failure: What Is New? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) have already been demonstrated in patients with heart failure (HF), but the best mode of training and which patients benefit from this intervention are not clear. The purpose of this study was to review the effects of IMT on respiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, pulmonary function, quality of life, and dyspnea in patients with HF; IMT isolated or combined with another intervention (combined IMT), the presence of inspiratory muscle weakness, training load, and intervention time were considered. METHODS: The search included the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and LILACS database through September 2019. The review included randomized studies that assessed IMT in isolation or combined with another intervention-in comparison with a control group, a placebo, or another intervention-in patients with HF. Fourteen studies were included, 13 for meta-analysis (10 for isolated IMT and 3 for combined IMT). RESULTS: Isolated IMT demonstrated an increase in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (25.12 cm H2O; 95% CI = 15.29 - 34.95), 6-Minute Walk Test (81.18 m; 95% CI = 9.73 - 152.63), maximum oxygen consumption (12 weeks: 3.75 mL/kg/min; 95% CI = 2.98 to 4.51), and quality of life (-20.68; 95% CI = -29.03 to -12.32). The presence of inspiratory muscle weakness, higher loads, and longer intervention times resulted in greater increases in MIP. IMT combined with another intervention demonstrated an increase only in MIP. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated IMT resulted in an increase in inspiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, and quality of life. IMT combined with another intervention resulted only in a small increase in inspiratory strength. Isolated IMT with higher loads can be considered an adjuvant intervention, especially for those who do not adhere to conventional rehabilitation and who have respiratory muscle weakness. IMPACT: A systematic review was necessary to review the effects of IMT on respiratory muscle strength, lung function, functional capacity, quality of life, and dyspnea in patients with HF. Various clinical issues important for a better training prescription were considered; these included whether the performance of the training IMT as a form of isolated training benefits patients with HF, whether the combination of IMT with another intervention has additional effects, whether any patient with HF can benefit from IMT (alone or combined with another intervention), and whether only patients who already have respiratory muscle weakness benefit. Also important was establishing which training load provides the best result and the best intervention time, so that health care can be provided more efficiently. LAY SUMMARY: For people with heart failure, IMT by itself, without being combined with other exercise, can improve ease of breathing, increase the amount of distance that they can walk, and improve quality of life. Inspiratory training with higher loads might be helpful for those with respiratory muscle weakness who are unable to do conventional exercise.

Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain, Pulmonary Function, and Respiratory Muscle Strength After Posterolateral Thoracotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) compared to placebo TENS and a control group on pain, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and analgesic medications in the postoperative period of thoracotomy in an Intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Patients who had undergone posterolateral thoracotomy were randomly allocated to receive TENS during ICU stay, or placebo TENS, or into the control group. All groups received conventional physiotherapy. We analysed the intensity of pain, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and use of analgesia medications. Outcomes were evaluated before surgery, immediately after, 24 and 48 h after ICU admission. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included. Regarding pain perception, there was no difference between groups (p = 0.172), but there was a significant reduction in pain intensity for patients receiving TENS after first physiotherapy session compared to baseline (4.7 ± 3.2 vs 3.3 ± 2.6; p < 0.05). All groups had a decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) after surgery (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups regarding the use of analgesic medications, but a higher intake of morphine and acetaminophen were observed for the control (p = 0.037) and placebo group (p = 0.035), respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of TENS provides a little benefit of pain (in the first 12 h) but failed to demonstrate any improvement in the recovery of ICU patients after 48 h of posterolateral thoracotomy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02438241.

O uso de alta frequência como recurso para cicatrização de queimaduras: Um estudo de caso / The use of high frequency as a resource for burn healing: A case study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da alta frequência na cicatrização de feridas por queimadura durante internação hospitalar. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de caso, realizado com uma voluntária do sexo feminino, 19 anos, em um hospital de pronto-socorro. Foram aplicados a alta frequência e curativos convencionais, com a amostra única sendo dividida em área de intervenção e área controle. Foram avaliados dados clínicos e sociodemográficos, registros fotográficos pré e pós as intervenções, dimensão da área da ferida por meio de planimetria digitalizada, aspecto da cicatriz através da Escala Vancouver e a qualidade de vida por meio do questionário Burn Specific Health Scale. RESULTADOS: A área da ferida teve redução de 54% na área de intervenção e 26% na área controle. Aspectos como vascularização e flexibilidade também apresentaram discreta melhora. O questionário de qualidade de vida reduziu dois pontos, relacionados à melhora da sensibilidade da pele e aos cuidados com a queimadura. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de alta frequência combinada com uso de curativos durante a internação hospitalar mostrou resultados favoráveis em comparação a apenas o uso de curativos na cicatrização de feridas. Contudo, mais estudos são necessários.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the high frequency in the healing of burn wounds during hospitalization. METHODS: This is a case study, conducted with a 19-year-old female volunteer, in an emergency room. The high frequency and conventional dressings were applied, with the single sample being divided into the intervention area and the control area. Clinical and sociodemographic data, photographic records before and after the interventions, dimension of the wound area through digitalized planimetry, the aspect of the scar through the Vancouver Scale and quality of life through the Burn Specific Health Scale questionnaire were evaluated. RESULTS: The wound area decreased 54% in the intervention area and 26% in the control area. Aspects such as vascularity and flexibility also showed a slight improvement. The quality of life questionnaire reduced two points, related to the improvement of skin sensitivity and care for burns. CONCLUSION: The use of the high frequency combined with the use of dressings during hospitalization showed favorable results compared to only the use of dressings in wound healing. However, more studies are needed.

Intervenção motora precoce em bebês prematuros: uma revisão sistemática / Early motor intervention in premature infants: a systematic review

O desenvolvimento motor busca independência funcional através de mudanças nos sistemas corporais, possui caráter cumulativo e é influenciado por diferentes fatores, entre eles a prematuridade. Portanto, quando um bebê nasce prematuro ele necessita realizar intervenção precoce para minimizar os efeitos da prematuridade. Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente os efeitos da intervenção motora precoce comparada ao tratamento convencional ou comparada à condição de controle sobre o desenvolvimento motor de prematuros. Método: A busca foi realizada nas bases Pubmed, PEDro, Lilacs e Cochrane, do início até julho de 2015. Utilizamos os descritores "premature", "early intervention", e seus sinônimos, além do filtro para ensaios clínicos randomizados. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados com bebês prematuros que realizaram intervenção precoce comparado com tratamento convencional, grupo controle ou outro tipo de intervenção precoce, e que avaliaram o desenvolvimento motor. Resultados: Dos 970 estudos identificados, 13 foram incluídos. Seis estudos apresentaram resultados favoráveis no desenvolvimento motor no grupo intervenção, enquanto sete não apresentaram resultados significativos apesar de apresentarem melhoras no desenvolvimento motor. Conclusão: Os estudos apresentaram uma alta variabilidade metodológica, o que dificultou uma comparação entre os mesmos, visto que haviam diferentes métodos de avaliação, intervenção e frequências de tratamento. Por esse motivo, estudos como maior rigor metodológico ainda devem ser realizados para que possa haver um melhor entendimento do efeito da intervenção precoce em prematuros.

The motor development functional seeks functional independence through changes in body systems, has cumulative character and is influenced by different factors, among them prematurity. When a baby is born premature he needs to realize early intervention to minimize the effects of prematurity. Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of early motor intervention compared to conventional treatment or compared to the control condition on the premature engine development. A systematic review was conducted in four electronic databases: Pubmed, Pero, Lilacs and Cochrane, from its inception until July 2015. We used the descriptors "premature", "early intervention" and its synonyms, in addition to the filter for randomized controlled trials. Results: Of the 970 randomized controlled trials identified, 13 were included. Six studies showed favorable results to the intervention group, while seven did not show statistically significant results despite showing improvement. Conclusion: The variability of the methodologies used a comparison difficult, since there were different methods of assessment, intervention and frequency of treatment. For this reason, studies such as greater methodological rigor are still necessary for it to be a better understanding of early intervention effect in preterm infants.

Intensity of physical exercise and its effect on functional capacity in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis / Diferentes intensidades de exercício físico e capacidade funcional na DPOC: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), in comparison with those of continuous exercise, on functional capacity and cardiovascular variables in patients with COPD, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: We searched PubMed, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE, as well as performing hand searches, for articles published up through January of 2017. We included studies comparing exercise regimens of different intensities, in terms of their effects on functional capacity and cardiovascular variables in patients with COPD. Results: Of the 78 articles identified, 6 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) did not differ significantly between HIIT and control interventions. That was true for relative VO2max (0.03 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: −3.05 to 3.10) and absolute VO2max (0.03 L/min, 95% CI: −0.02 to 0.08). Conclusions: The effects of HIIT appear to be comparable to those of continuous exercise in relation to functional and cardiovascular responses. However, our findings should be interpreted with caution because the studies evaluated present a high risk of bias, which could have a direct influence on the results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos do high-intensity interval training (HIIT, treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade) aos do exercício contínuo sobre a capacidade funcional e variáveis cardiovasculares em pacientes com DPOC por meio de revisão sistemática e meta-análise de estudos controlados randomizados. Métodos: A busca incluiu as bases PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials e EMBASE, além de busca manual, até janeiro de 2017. Foram incluídos estudos que compararam os efeitos de diferentes intensidades de exercício em pacientes com DPOC sobre a capacidade funcional e variáveis cardiovasculares. Resultados: Dos 78 artigos identificados, 6 foram incluídos na revisão sistemática e meta-análise. Em relação ao consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx), foi observado que não houve diferenças entre o HIIT e outra intervenção no VO2máx relativo (0,03 ml/kg/min; IC95%: −3,05 a 3,10) e VO2máx absoluto (0,03 l/min; IC95%: −0,02 a 0,08). Conclusões: O HIIT e o exercício contínuo atuam de maneira semelhante em relação a respostas funcionais e cardiovasculares. Entretanto, os resultados apresentados devem ser analisados com cautela, pois os estudos incluídos apresentaram alto risco de viés, podendo influenciar diretamente seus resultados.

Segurança no uso da eletroestimulação neuromuscular em pacientes graves: revisão sistemática / Safety of neuromuscular electrical stimulation among critically ill patients: systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar as evidências sobre segurança da eletroestimulação neuromuscular quando utilizada em unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Revisão sistemática, sendo a busca realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed), PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL e EMBASE, além de busca manual de referências em estudos randomizados. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados que comparassem aplicação da eletroestimulação neuromuscular com grupo controle ou placebo em unidades de terapia intensiva, e que contivessem informações sobre segurança da técnica nos desfechos, sendo considerado como segurança dados de variáveis hemodinâmicas e informações sobre efeitos adversos. Resultados: Os artigos foram analisados por dois revisores independentes, e a análise dos dados foi descritiva. A busca inicial encontrou 1.533 artigos; destes, foram incluídos somente 4 ensaios clínicos randomizados. Dois estudos avaliaram segurança por meio das variáveis hemodinâmicas, e somente um deles mostrou aumento nas frequências cardíacas, respiratória e lactato, porém sem relevância clínica. Os outros dois estudos avaliaram a segurança por meio do relato de efeitos adversos; um expôs que 15% dos pacientes apresentaram sensação de picada, sem alteração clinicamente relevante; o outro relatou apenas que um paciente sofreu queimadura superficial por configuração incorreta dos parâmetros. Conclusão: A eletroestimulação neuromuscular é uma técnica segura para ser aplicada em pacientes graves, porém deve ser aplicada por profissional treinado e utilizando parâmetros corretos, baseados em evidências.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the evidence on the safety of neuromuscular electrical stimulation when used in the intensive care unit. Methods: A systematic review was conducted; a literature search was performed of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL and EMBASE databases, and a further manual search was performed among the references cited in randomized studies. Randomized clinical trials that compared neuromuscular electrical stimulation to a control or placebo group in the intensive care unit and reporting on the technique safety in the outcomes were included. Hemodynamic variables and information on adverse effects were considered safety parameters. Articles were independently analyzed by two reviewers, and the data analysis was descriptive. Results: The initial search located 1,533 articles, from which only four randomized clinical trials were included. Two studies assessed safety based on hemodynamic variables, and only one study reported an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate and blood lactate, without clinical relevance. The other two studies assessed safety based on reported adverse effects. In one, 15% of patients described a prickling sensation, without any clinically relevant abnormalities. In the other, one patient suffered a superficial burn due to improper parameter configuration. Conclusion: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is safe for critically ill patients; however, it should be applied by duly trained professionals and with proper evidence-based parameters.

Correlation between Very Short and Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability in Diabetic-Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects / Correlação entre a Variabilidade da Pressão Arterial de Muito Curto Prazo e Curto Prazo em Indivíduos Diabéticos-Hipertensos e Saudáveis

Abstract Background: Blood pressure (BP) variability can be evaluated by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (24h-ABPM), but its concordance with results from finger BP measurement (FBPM) has not been established yet. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare parameters of short-term (24h-ABPM) with very short-term BP variability (FBPM) in healthy (C) and diabetic-hypertensive (DH) subjects. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 51 DH subjects and 12 C subjects who underwent 24h-ABPM [extracting time-rate, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV)] and short-term beat-to-beat recording at rest and after standing-up maneuvers [FBPM, extracting BP and heart rate (HR) variability parameters in the frequency domain, autoregressive spectral analysis]. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to correlate BP and HR variability parameters obtained from both FBPM and 24h-ABPM (divided into daytime, nighttime, and total). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: There was a circadian variation of BP levels in C and DH groups; systolic BP and time-rate were higher in DH subjects in all periods evaluated. In C subjects, high positive correlations were shown between time-rate index (24h-ABPM) and LF component of short-term variability (FBPM, total, R = 0.591, p = 0.043); standard deviation (24h-ABPM) with LF component BPV (FBPM, total, R = 0.608, p = 0.036), coefficient of variation (24h-ABPM) with total BPV (FBPM, daytime, -0.585, p = 0.046) and alpha index (FBPM, daytime, -0.592, p = 0.043), time rate (24h-ABPM) and delta LF/HF (FBPM, total, R = 0.636, p = 0.026; daytime R = 0,857, p < 0.001). Records obtained from DH showed weak positive correlations. Conclusions: Indices obtained from 24h-ABPM (total, daytime) reflect BP and HR variability evaluated by FBPM in healthy individuals. This does not apply for DH subjects.

Resumo Fundamento: A variabilidade da pressão arterial (PA) pode ser avaliada por meio da monitorização ambulatorial da PA em 24 horas (MAPA-24h), mas sua concordância com os resultados da medição da PA digital (MPAD) ainda não foi estabelecida. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os parâmetros da variabilidade a curto prazo (MAPA-24h) com a variabilidade da PA a muito curto prazo (MPAD) em sujeitos saudáveis (C) e diabéticos-hipertensos (DH). Métodos: Estudo transversal com 51 sujeitos DH e 12 sujeitos C que se submeteram a MAPA-24h [extraindo time rate, desvio padrão (SD) e coeficiente de variação (CV)] e registro batimento-a-batimento em repouso e após manobra de manobra de ortostatismo ativo [MPAD, extraindo parâmetros de variabilidade da PA e da frequência cardíaca (FC) no domínio da frequência, análise espectral por modelagem autoregressiva]. O coeficiente de correlação de postos de Spearman foi utilizado para correlacionar os parâmetros de variabilidade de PA e FC obtidos tanto da MPAD quanto da MAPA-24h (dividida em dia, noite e total). A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0.05. Resultados: Houve uma variação circadiana dos níveis de PA nos grupos C e DH; A PA sistólica e a taxa de tempo foram maiores em indivíduos DH em todos os períodos avaliados. Em indivíduos C, foram apresentadas altas correlações positivas entre o índice de taxa de tempo (MAPA-24h) e o componente de baixa frequência (LF, do inglês low frequency) da variabilidade de curto prazo (MPAD, total, R = 0,591, p = 0,043); desvio padrão (MAPA-24h) com o componente de LF VPA (MPAD, total, R = 0,608, p = 0,036), coeficiente de variação (24h-ABPM) com VPA total (MPAD, dia, -0,585, p = 0,046) e índice alfa (MPAD, dia, -0,592, p = 0,043), taxa de tempo (MAPA-24h) e delta LF/HF (MPAD, total, R = 0,636, p = 0,026; dia R = 0,857, p < 0,001). Os registros obtidos dos pacientes DH apresentaram correlações positivas fracas. Conclusões: Os índices obtidos a partir da MAPA-24h (total, durante o dia) refletem a variabilidade da PA e da FC avaliada pela MPAD em indivíduos saudáveis, o que não se aplica a indivíduos DH.

Acute clinical manifestations in toxic smoke inhalation victims: systematic review of observational studies / Manifestações clínicas agudas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica: revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais / Manifestaciones clínicas agudas en víctimas de inhalación de humos: revisión sistemática de estudios observacionales

Abstract Introduction: Lung injuries from toxic smoke inhalation are the main causes of death in fire victims; however, information regarding the acute effects on the respiratory system after smoke inhalation and its constituents in closed environments are still scarce in literature. Objective: To investigate the acute clinical manifestations observed in victims of smoke inhalation during enclosed-space fires by means of systematic review. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science. There were no appliedrestrictions in terms of thepublication date. In addition, a manual search was performed on the references of published studies. Observational studies assessing the prevalence of acute clinical manifestations in victims of toxic smoke inhalation in closed environments were included. Results: Of the 4,603 articles identified, eight were included, comprising a total of 233 patients. The signs and symptoms were identified and ranked according to frequency. Dyspnea (58.80%, six studies), carbonaceous sputum (54.51%, four studies), hoarseness (39.91%, three studies), wheezing (34.33%, five studies) and sore throat (33.90%, two studies) were the most frequent acute clinical manifestations of smoke inhalation. Besides these, chest pain and pulmonary edema were observed, respectively in 13.30%, 5.15% of the studies. Conclusion: The results suggest that dyspnea, carbonaceous sputum, hoarseness, wheezing and sore throat were the most frequent acute clinical manifestations in victims of smoke inhalation. Further studies of a higher level of evidence and greater methodological rigor are required.

Resumo Introdução: As lesões pulmonares decorrentes da inalação de fumaça tóxica são as principais causas de morte em vítimas de incêndio; no entanto, informações a respeito das repercussões agudas no sistema respiratório decorrentes da inalação de fumaça e seus constituintes em ambientes fechados ainda são escassas na literatura. Objetivo: Investigar as manifestações clínicas agudas observadas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica em ambientes fechados através de uma revisão sistemática. Métodos: Uma pesquisa sistemática foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science. Não houve restrições quanto ao ano de publicação. Além disso, realizou-se uma pesquisa em referências de estudos publicados. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais que avaliaram a prevalência das manifestações clínicas agudas em vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica em ambientes fechados. Resultados: Dos 4.603 artigos encontrados, oito foram incluídos, compreendendo um total de 233 pacientes. Os sinais e sintomas foram identificados e classificados de acordo com a frequência com que apareceram nos estudos incluídos. Dispneia (58,80%, seis estudos), escarro carbonáceo (54,51%, quatro estudos), disfonia (39,91%, três estudos), sibilância (34,33%, cinco estudos) e dor de garganta (33,90%, dois estudos) foram as manifestações clínicas agudas mais frequentes de inalação de fumaça. Além disso, dor torácica e edema pulmonar foram observados, respectivamente em 13,30% e 5,15% dos estudos. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que dispneia, escarro carbonáceo, disfonia, sibilância e dor de garganta foram as manifestações clínicas agudas mais frequentes nas vítimas de inalação de fumaça tóxica. São necessários novos estudos com alto nível de evidência e melhor rigor metodológico.

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones pulmonares producidas por la inhalación de humo son las principales causas de muerte entre las víctimas de fuego, sin embargo, informaciones con respeto de las repercusiones agudas en el sistema respiratorio derivadas de la inhalación de humo y sus constituyentes en ambientes cerrados siguen escasas en la literatura. Objetivo: Investigar las manifestaciones clínicas agudas observadas en víctimas de inhalación de humo en ambientes cerrados a través de una revisión sistemática. Métodos: Una pesquisa sistemática fue realizada en las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE (vía PubMed), Lilacs, Scopus y Web of Science. No hubo restricciones con relación al año de publicación. Además, se realizó una pesquisa en referencias de estudios publicados. Fueron incluidos estudios observacionales que evaluaron la prevalencia de las manifestaciones clínicas agudas en víctimas de inhalación de humo tóxico en ambientes cerrados. Resultados: De los 4.603 artículos encontrados, ocho fueron incluidos, comprendiendo un total de 233 pacientes. Los signos y síntomas fueron identificados y clasificados de acuerdo con la frecuencia con que aparecieron en los estudios incluidos. Disnea (58,80%, seis estudios), esputo carbonáceo (54,51%, cuatro estudios), disfonía (39,91%, tres estudios), sibilancia (34,33%, cinco estudios) y dolor de garganta (33,90%, de los estudios) han sido las manifestaciones clínicas agudas más frecuentes de la inhalación de humo. Además, dolor torácico y edema pulmonar han sido observados, respectivamente en 13,30% y 5,15% de los estudios. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la disnea, esputo carbonáceo, disfonía y dolor de garganta fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes en las víctimas de inhalación de humo tóxico. Son necesarios nuevos estudios con alto nivel de evidencia y mejor rigor metodológico.

Noninvasive Ventilation During Immediate Postoperative Period in Cardiac Surgery Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation compared to conventional physiotherapy or oxygen therapy in the mortality rate and prevention of pulmonary complications in patients during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis recorded in the International Prospective Register of Ongoing Systematic Reviews (number CRD42016036441). The research included the following databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, PEDro, LILACS and manual search of the references of studies published until March 2016. The review included randomized controlled trials with patients during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery, which compared the use of noninvasive ventilation, BiLevel modes, continuous positive airway pressure, intermittent positive pressure breathing and positive pressure ventilation with conventional physiotherapy or oxygen therapy, and assessed the mortality rate, occurrence of pulmonary complications (atelectasis, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, hypoxemia), reintubation rate, ventilation time, time spent in the intensive care unit (ICU), length of hospital stay and partial pressure of oxygen. RESULTS: Among the 479 selected articles, ten were included in the systematic review (n=1050 patients) and six in the meta-analysis. The use of noninvasive ventilation did not significantly reduce the risk for atelectasis (RR: 0.60; CI95% 0.28-1.28); pneumonia (RR: 0.20; CI95% 0.04-1.16), reintubation rate (RR: 0.51; CI95%: 0.15-1.66), and time spent in the ICU (-0.04 days; CI95%: -0.13; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic noninvasive ventilation did not significantly reduce the occurrence of pulmonary complications such as atelectasis, pneumonia, reintubation rate and time spent in the ICU. The use is still unproven and new randomized controlled trials should be carried out.

Functional Capacity in Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / Capacidade Funcional na Cardiopatia Congênita: Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise

Abstract Background: Children and adolescents with congenital heart disease often have alterations in their exercise capacity that can be evaluated by various functional testing. Objective: To evaluate the functional capacity of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) with systematic review and meta-analyses. Methods: The review included observational studies, data from the first evaluation of randomized clinical trials or observational follow-up periods after clinical trials which evaluated functional capacity by cardiopulmonary exercise test, stress testing, six-minute walk test or step test, in children and adolescents with CHD, aged between six and 18 years, and comparisons with healthy controls in the same age group. The quantitative assessment was performed by meta-analysis, by comparing the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of children and adolescents with CHD and respective control groups. Results: Twenty-five of 2.683 studies identified in the search met the inclusion criteria. The VO2max measurement showed that patients with CHD have a decrease of 9.31 ml/Kg/min (95% CI. -12.48 to -6.13; I2, 94.3%, P for heterogeneity < 0.001) compared with the control group. The meta-analysis of the data of maximum heart rate (HR) reached during cardiopulmonary test and stress testing, retrieved from 18 studies, showed a HR value of -15.14 bpm (95% CI. -20.97 to -9.31; I2, 94.3%, P for heterogeneity < 0.001) compared with the control group. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with CHD have lower VO2max and HR compared to controls.

Resumo Fundamento: Crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia congênita frequentemente apresentam alterações na sua capacidade de exercício que pode ser avaliada através de vários testes funcionais. Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade funcional de crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatias congênitas (CC) através de revisão sistemática e metanálise. Métodos: A revisão incluiu estudos observacionais, dados da primeira avaliação de ensaios clínicos randomizados ou acompanhamento após ensaios clínicos que avaliaram a capacidade funcional através teste de exercício cardiopulmonar, teste ergométrico, teste de caminhada de seis minutos ou teste do degrau em crianças e adolescentes. Foram incluídos indivíduos com CC, idade entre seis e 18 anos e seus controles saudáveis. A avaliação quantitativa foi realizada por metanálise, comparando o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) entre crianças e adolescentes com CC e seus pares saudáveis. Resultados: Vinte e cinco dos 2.683 estudos identificados na pesquisa atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A medida do VO2máx mostrou que os pacientes com CC apresentaram uma diminuição de 9,31 ml/Kg/min (IC 95%: -12,48 a -6,13; I2, 94,3%, P para heterogeneidade < 0,001) em comparação ao grupo controle. A metanálise dos dados de frequência cardíaca máxima (FCM) alcançada durante o teste de exercício cardiopulmonar e teste ergométrico, avaliado por 18 estudos, mostrou um valor de -15,14 bpm (IC 95%: -20,97 a -9,31; I2; 94,3%, P para heterogeneidade < 0,001) em comparação ao grupo controle. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes com CC apresentam menor VO2máx e FCM em relação a controles saudáveis.

Noninvasive ventilation during immediate postoperative period in cardiac surgery patients: systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: To verify the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation compared to conventional physiotherapy or oxygen therapy in the mortality rate and prevention of pulmonary complications in patients during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis recorded in the International Prospective Register of Ongoing Systematic Reviews (number CRD42016036441). The research included the following databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, PEDro, LILACS and manual search of the references of studies published until March 2016. The review included randomized controlled trials with patients during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery, which compared the use of noninvasive ventilation, BiLevel modes, continuous positive airway pressure, intermittent positive pressure breathing and positive pressure ventilation with conventional physiotherapy or oxygen therapy, and assessed the mortality rate, occurrence of pulmonary complications (atelectasis, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, hypoxemia), reintubation rate, ventilation time, time spent in the intensive care unit (ICU), length of hospital stay and partial pressure of oxygen. Results: Among the 479 selected articles, ten were included in the systematic review (n=1050 patients) and six in the meta-analysis. The use of noninvasive ventilation did not significantly reduce the risk for atelectasis (RR: 0.60; CI95% 0.28-1.28); pneumonia (RR: 0.20; CI95% 0.04-1.16), reintubation rate (RR: 0.51; CI95%: 0.15-1.66), and time spent in the ICU (-0.04 days; CI95%: -0.13; 0.05). Conclusion: Prophylactic noninvasive ventilation did not significantly reduce the occurrence of pulmonary complications such as atelectasis, pneumonia, reintubation rate and time spent in the ICU. The use is still unproven and new randomized controlled trials should be carried out.

Functional electrical stimulation improves muscle strength and endurance in patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has shown benefits in patients with chronic heart failure. Therefore, it is possible that FES can benefit patients similarly after cardiac surgery. OBJECTIVE: This randomized placebo-controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of FES on lower limb functional capacity, strength, endurance, and muscle mass after discharge from cardiac surgery. METHODS: Twenty patients were allocated (1:1) to the group receiving FES to the quadriceps (FESG) or FES placebo (FESPG). FES was applied at a frequency of 15Hz, with 0.5ms pulse width, 5s contraction time, and 10s resting time, twice a week for 40min over a period of eight weeks. Functional capacity was assessed using the six-minute walk test (6MWT), lower limb muscle strength using the one repetition maximum test (1RM), endurance using the sit-and-stand test (SST), and muscle using the perimeter of the thighs. RESULTS: Both groups increased the distance covered in the 6MWT (FESG: 49.6m, 95% CI 15.9-83.3; FESPG: 41.5m, 95% CI 7.8-75.2), but without a difference between groups. There were significant between-group differences for quadriceps muscle strength (7.2kg, 95% CI 0.2-14.2) and muscle endurance (2.2 repetitions, 95% CI 1.0-3.4) in favor of the FESG. CONCLUSION: FES improves lower limb muscle strength and endurance in patients after cardiac surgery. Larger trials are needed to confirm our findings.

Low-level laser therapy in the treatment of pressure ulcers: systematic review.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLT) in pressure ulcers (PU) in humans through a systematic review of randomized studies. The search includes the databases MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Lilacs, as well a manual search until May, 2016. This included randomized clinical trials of LLT compared with other interventions, different types of LLT, LLT placebo, or control in the treatment of PU. The outcomes evaluated were the ulcer area, healing rate, and overall healing rate. The risk of bias was evaluated using the tool of the Cochrane Collaboration, and the results were analyzed descriptively. From the 386 articles identified, only four studies were included, with two LLT used with single wavelength (1: 904 nm vs. control and 2: 940 nm vs. 808 nm vs. 658 nm vs. placebo) and two LLT used to probe cluster. One study compared to different single wavelengths showed a significant 71% reduction of the PU and an improved healing rate in which 47% of PU healed completely after 1 month of therapy with the use of LLT with a wavelength of 658 nm compared with other lengths. The other analyzed wavelengths were not significant in the assessed outcomes. Significant results were observed in the use of LLT with a 658 nm wavelength, and no evidence was found for use of wavelengths above that for the treatment of PU. Therefore, we also found no evidence in the laser used to probe the cluster.Registration number: CRD42016036648.

Realidade virtual em pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral: revisão sistemática com metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Virtual reality in patients after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

A prática da realidade virtual na reabilitação de pacientes pós-AVC permite a realização de tarefas orientadas e funcionais, possibilitando fácil adaptação ao grau de função dos pacientes, favorecendo na reabilitação. O objetivo do trabalho foi revisar sistematicamente os efeitos da realidade virtual comparada à fisioterapia convencional ou grupo controle em relação ao equilíbrio, função motora e marcha em pacientes com sequelas crônicas de AVC. A busca incluiu as bases Medline, Pedro, Lilacs e Cochrane Central do início das bases até junho de 2014. Dos 549 ensaios clínicos randomizados identificados, 24 foram incluídos. A intervenção com realidade virtual melhorou: o equilíbrio avaliado com Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (2,55 pontos; IC 95%: 0,79 a 4,30; I²: 93%); função motora de mão avaliada com Box and Block Test (BBT) (5,89 blocos; IC 95%: 4,32 a 7,46; I²: 0%); função motora de membro superior avaliado com Escala de Fulg-Meyer (3,15 pontos; IC 95%: 2,02 a 4,28; I²: 33%); marcha com teste de caminhada de 10 metros (2,37 cm/s; IC 95%: -8,25 a 13,00; I²: 94%). A realidade virtual mostrou resultados positivos nos pacientes com sequelas de AVC, sendo uma possibilidade relevante dentre os recursos já existentes. (AU)

The practice of virtual reality in the rehabilitation post stroke patients allows oriented and functional tasks, enabling easy adaptation to patients' level of function, favoring rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to review systematically the effects of virtual reality compared to conventional physical therapy or control group regarding on balance, motor function and gait in patients with chronic sequelae of stroke. The search included the Medline, Pedro, Lilacs and Cochrane Central databases from the beginning of bases through June 2014. We identified 549 randomized clinical trials, but included only 24. The intervention improved with virtual reality: the balance assessed with the Berg Balance Scale (2.55 points; 95% CI: 0.79 to 4.30; I²: 93%); hand motor function assessed with Box and Block Test (BBT) (5.89 blocks; 95% CI: 4.32 to 7.46; I²: 0%); of upper limb motor function assessed with Fulg-Meyer Scale (3.15 points; 95% CI: 2.02 to 4.28; I²: 33%); march to walk 10 meters test (2.37 cm / s; 95% CI: -8.25 to 13.00; I²: 94%). The virtual reality showed positive results in patients with stroke sequelae, one possibility among relevant existing resources.(AU)

Synergism between abdominal and pelvic floor muscles in healthy women: a systematic review of observational studies / Sinergismo da musculatura abdomino-pélvica em mulheres hígidas: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Introduction: The training of the pelvic floor muscles is widely used for treating pelvic floor dysfunctions, like urinary incontinence. During the training, abdominal contractions are avoided; however several studies support the use of the synergy between these muscle groups. Objective: Carrying out a systematic review of studies that seek to identify the presence of synergy between the muscles of the abdomen and the pelvic floor and its functionality in women without pelvic floor dysfunction. Methodology: To conduct the review, we have followed the recommendations proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration for systematic reviews. The literature search included the databases SCIELO, PEDro, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and EMBASE, and manual research, the starting date of the databases until August 2013. We included cross observational studies with healthy women who were assessed to find the presence of synergy between the abdominal muscles and the pelvic floor. Results: We included 10 articles and they all showed the existence of synergy between the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles in healthy women in the supine, sitting and standing positions. Conclusion: Thus, we can conclude that there is synergy between the muscles of the abdomen and the pelvic floor in healthy women. Better understanding the behavior of these muscles and synergy may favor the development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of disorders of the female pelvic floor muscles.

Resumo Introdução: O treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico é amplamente utilizado no tratamento de disfunções do assoalho pélvico, como a incontinência urinária, e durante sua execução evita-se a contração abdominal, entretanto vários estudos defendem a utilização do sinergismo entre estes grupos musculares. Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente os estudos que buscam identificar a presença de sinergismo entre os músculos do abdômen e do assoalho pélvico e sua funcionalidade em mulheres sem disfunções do assoalho pélvico. Metodologia: Para a realização da revisão, foram seguidas as recomendações propostas pela Colaboração Cochrane para revisões sistemáticas. A busca na literatura incluiu as bases SCIELO, PEDro, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL e EMBASE, além de busca manual, do início das bases até agosto de 2013. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais transversais com mulheres saudáveis que foram avaliadas quanto à presença de sinergismo entre os músculos abdominais e do assoalho pélvico. Resultados: Foram incluídos 10 artigos e todos demonstraram a existência de sinergismo entre os músculos abdominais e músculos do assoalho pélvico em mulheres saudáveis nas posturas supina, sentada e em ortostase. Conclusão: Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que há sinergismo entre os músculos do abdômen e do assoalho pélvico em mulheres saudáveis. Conhecer melhor o comportamento dessas musculaturas e do sinergismo pode favorecer a elaboração de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento das disfunções dos músculos do assoalho pélvico feminino.

Efeitos Agudos da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional e do Treinamento Muscular Inspiratório em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca: Ensaio Clínico Randomizado Cruzado / Acute Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation and Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca é uma doença multissistêmica que inclui disfunção autonômica. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos agudos da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional (EEF) e do Treinamento Muscular Inspiratório (TMI) sobre o controle autonômico, a função endotelial e os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias em pacientes portadores de IC. Métodos: Estudo randomizado cruzado que incluiu 12 pacientes submetidos a três intervenções randomizadas: EEF, TMI, e EEF + TMI, com intervalo de 1 semana entre as sessões. O TMI foi realizado durante 15 minutos, com 30% da pressão inspiratória máxima. A EEF foi realizada nos músculos vasto lateral e vasto medial, a uma frequência de 20Hz durante 30 minutos. O controle autonômico foi medido através de monitorização de pressão batimento por batimento (Finapres); a função endotelial, através da técnica de dilatação mediada por fluxo (DMF); e os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias foram medidos antes e depois de cada sessão. Resultados: O controle autonômico após EEF diminuiu em termos de BF/AF (p=0,01) e BFn.u (p=0,03), e aumentou em termos de RR médio (p=0,005). Observou-se um aumento do RR médio após o TMI (p=0,005) e após EEF+TMI (p=0,02). Não houve diferenças na DMF e na concentração de lactato sérico. Quanto às citocinas, a EEF promoveu uma redução nos níveis de TNF-α (pré versus pós 24 horas, p = 0,05). O TMI resultou em níveis aumentados de IL-10 (pré versus 24 horas pós, p=0,05) e em níveis diminuídos de TNF-α (1 hora pós versus 24 horas pós, p = 0,03). Não houve diferenças quando as duas intervenções foram associadas. Conclusão: EEF, TMI, e EEF + TMI alteraram o controle autonômico, mas não a função endotelial. A EEF e o TMI isoladamente alteraram os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias. Ensaios Clínicos: NCT01325597

Background: Heart Failure is a multisystem disorder, which includes autonomic dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) and Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) on autonomic control, endothelial function and inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with HF. Methods: Randomized crossover trial including 12 patients undergoing three randomized interventions: FES, IMT, and FES+IMT, with a 1-week interval between sessions. IMT was performed for 15 minutes with 30% of the maximal inspiratory pressure. FES was performed in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles, at 20Hz for 30 minutes. The autonomic control was measured using beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring (Finapres); the endothelial function, using the flow-mediated dilation technique (FMD); and inflammatory cytokine levels were assessed before and after the sessions. Results: Autonomic control after FES decreased regarding LF/HF (p=0.01) and LFn.u (p=0.03), and increased regarding mean RR (p=0.005). Increased mean RR was observed after IMT (p=0.005) and after FES+IMT (p=0.02). No differences were found in FMD and blood lactate concentration. As regards the cytokines, FES led to a decrease in TNF-α levels (pre vs. 24 hours post, p = 0.05). IMT resulted in increased IL-10 levels (pre vs. 24 hours post, p=0.05) and decreased TNF-α levels (1 hour post vs. 24 hours post, p = 0.03). No difference was observed when the two interventions were associated. Conclusion: FES, IMT, and FES+IMT changed the autonomic control without changing the endothelial function. FES and IMT separately changed inflammatory cytokine levels. Clinical Trials: NCT01325597