Regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics for cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation in the cryo global registry.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation is a well-established anatomical approach for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Although widely adopted, regional variations in standards of care have not been well characterized. METHODS: Patients with AF were enrolled in the Cryo Global Registry (NCT02752737) from May 2016 to Sept 2021 at 128 sites in 37 countries and treated with cryoballoon ablation according to local clinical practice. Baseline patient and procedural characteristics were summarized for 8 regions (Central Asia & Russia, East Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia). Serious procedure-related adverse events (SAEs) were evaluated in a subset of patients with ≥ 7 days of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 3,680 patients undergoing initial PVI for AF were included. Cryoballoon ablation was commonly performed in patients with paroxysmal AF. Mean age ranged from 47 ± 12 years in the Middle East to 64 ± 11 years in East Asia. Mean procedure time was ≤ 95 min in all regions. Average freeze duration ranged from 153 ± 41 s in Southeast Asia to 230 ± 29 s in Central Asia & Russia. Acute procedural success was ≥ 94.7% in all geographies. In 3,126 subjects with ≥ 7 days of follow-up, 122 procedure-related SAEs were reported in 111 patients (3.6%) and remained low in all regions. One procedure-related death was reported during data collection. CONCLUSIONS: Despite regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics, PVI using cryoballoon ablation was performed with high acute success and short procedural times around the world. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02752737.

Impact of first-line cryoablation for atrial fibrillation on healthcare utilization, arrhythmia disease burden and efficacy outcomes: real-world evidence from the Cryo Global Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is an effective first-line treatment for symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF), as recently demonstrated by three randomized trials. This sub-analysis of the Cryo Global Registry aims to examine current clinical practices of first-line CBA. METHODS: AF patients treated with first-line CBA were compared to CBA in antiarrhythmic drug (AAD)-refractory patients at 12 months. Efficacy was examined using time-to-first atrial arrhythmia recurrence following a 90-day blanking period. Healthcare utilization was evaluated by repeat ablations and hospitalizations. Disease burden was examined by assessing quality of life (QOL) and patients' reporting of symptoms. RESULTS: Of 1394 patients, 433 (31.1%) were treated with first-line CBA, which was more frequent in high-volume centers. Serious procedure-related adverse event rates were similar. Efficacy at 12 months was higher in the first-line group (87.8 vs. 81.6%, HRunadj 0.64 (95% CI 0.47-0.88); p < 0.01) regardless of the centers' CBA experience; when controlling for baseline characteristics, the difference was not significant (HRadj 0.87 (95% CI 0.56-1.37); p = 0.55). No difference was observed in repeat ablations and hospitalizations between cohorts. First-line patients experienced a larger mean reduction in symptoms and were prescribed AADs at a lower rate at 12-month follow-up (9.7 vs. 29.9%). QOL improved in both cohorts from baseline to 12 months with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: In this global real-world experience, first-line CBA in patients with symptomatic AF is effective, with a larger symptom reduction compared with CBA after AAD failure and without a difference in healthcare utilization at mid-term follow-up. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02752737.

Cryoballoon Ablation for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Concomitant Heart Failure and Either Reduced or Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: Results From the Cryo AF Global Registry.

Background Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist; yet, outcomes of ablation in patients with AF and concomitant HF are limited. This analysis assessed outcomes of cryoablation in patients with AF and HF. Methods and Results The Cryo AF Global Registry is a prospective, multicenter registry of patients with AF who were treated with cryoballoon ablation according to routine practice at 56 sites in 26 countries. Patients with baseline New York Heart Association class I to III (HF cohort) were compared with patients without HF. Freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence ≥30 seconds, safety, and health care utilization over 12-month follow-up were analyzed. A total of 1303 patients (318 HF) were included. Patients with HF commonly had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (81.6%), were more often women (45.6% versus 33.6%) with persistent AF (25.8% versus 14.3%), and had a larger left atrial diameter (4.4±0.9 versus 4.0±0.7 cm). Serious procedure-related complications occurred in 4.1% of patients with HF and 2.6% of patients without HF (P=0.188). Freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence was not different between cohorts with either paroxysmal AF (84.2% [95% CI, 78.6-88.4] versus 86.8% [95% CI, 84.2-89.0]) or persistent AF (69.6% [95% CI, 58.1-78.5] versus 71.8% [95% CI, 63.2-78.7]) (P=0.319). After ablation, a reduction in AF-related symptoms and antiarrhythmic drug use was observed in both cohorts (HF and no-HF), and freedom from repeat ablation was not different between cohorts. Persistent AF and HF predicted a post-ablation cardiovascular rehospitalization (P=0.032 and P=0.001, respectively). Conclusions Cryoablation to treat patients with AF is similarly effective at 12 months in patients with and without HF. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT02752737.

Initial rhythm control with cryoballoon ablation vs drug therapy: Impact on quality of life and symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) as a first-line rhythm control strategy is superior to antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) for preventing atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence; the impact of first-line CBA on quality of life (QoL) and symptoms has not been well characterized. METHODS: Patients aged 18 to 75 with symptomatic paroxysmal AF naïve to rhythm control therapy were randomized (1:1) to CBA (Arctic Front Advance, Medtronic) or AAD (Class I or III). Symptoms and QoL were assessed at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months using the EHRA classification and Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-Life (AFEQT) and SF-36v2 questionnaires. Symptomatic palpitations were evaluated via patient diary. RESULTS: Overall, 107 patients were randomized to CBA and 111 to AAD; crossovers occurred in 9%. Larger improvements in the AFEQT summary, subscale and treatment satisfaction scores were observed at 12 months with CBA vs AAD (all P <0.05). At 12 months, the mean adjusted difference in the AFEQT summary score was 9.9 points higher in the CBA group (95% CI: 5.5 -14.2, P <0.001). Clinically important improvements in the SF-36 physical and mental component scores were observed at 12 months in both groups, with no significant between group differences at this timepoint. In the CBA vs AAD group, larger improvements in EHRA class were observed at 6, 9 and 12 months (P <0.05) and the incidence rate of symptomatic palpitations was lower (4.6 vs 15.2 days/year post-blanking; IRR: 0.30, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with symptomatic AF, first-line CBA was superior to AAD for improving AF-specific QoL and symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01803438.

Experiencia latinoamericana en crioablación de fibrilación auricular paroxística y persistente con criobalón de segunda generación. Resultados en agudo y a 12 meses / Latin-American experience in cryoablation of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation using second generation cryo-balloon. Acute success and 12 months of follow-up

Resumen Objetivo: La ablación por catéteres es una técnica habitual para tratar la fibrilación auricular (FA). Son escasos los datos prospectivos y multicéntricos con resultados a mediano plazo de la crioablación de venas pulmonares en América Latina. El objetivo es evaluar la seguridad y la eficacia de la ablación por criobalón de segunda generación en pacientes con FA paroxística o persistente en América Latina. Método: Se evaluaron las características del procedimiento y los resultados en agudo y a 12 meses Se incluyeron pacientes con FA mayores de 18 años a quienes se realizara desconexión de venas pulmonares con criobalón de segunda generación. Se definió como fallo al tratamiento cualquier episodio de FA, aleteo auricular o taquicardia auricular de más de 30 segundos fuera del periodo de cegamiento de 90 días. Resultados: Se incluyeron 218 pacientes (57 ± 11 años, 66.5% hombres, CHA2DS2-VASc 1.2 ± 1.1). Presentaron FA paroxística el 83.9%, FA persistente el 12.8% y FA persistente de larga duración el 2.3%. Quince pacientes presentaban antecedentes de aleteo auricular. Habían fracasado a una droga antiarrítmica el 89.4%. El éxito en agudo se obtuvo en 211 pacientes (96.8%). El tiempo promedio del procedimiento fue de 73.2 ± 26.7 minutos, el tiempo de fluoroscopia fue de 21.4 ± 23.9 minutos y el tiempo total de ocupación del laboratorio fue de 114.6 ± 41.3 minutos. Durante los 12 meses de seguimiento, el tiempo libre de recurrencia de FA fue del 88.6% en FA paroxística y del 73.1% en FA persistente. Veintiún pacientes (9.6%) presentaron eventos adversos relacionados con el procedimiento. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que la desconexión de venas pulmonares con criobalón es un tratamiento seguro y efectivo para la FA en América Latina.

Abstract Objective: Catheter ablation has become a usual technique to treat atrial fibrillation (AF). Medium-term results of prospective and multicenter data concerning pulmonary veins cryoablation in Latin America are limited. The objective is to assess the safety and efficacy of ablation by second generation cryoballoon in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) or persistent atrial fibrillation (PerAF) in Latin America. Method: We evaluate the characteristics of the procedure and the acute and 12-month results. Inclusion criteria include patients over 18 years old with AF who have a planned procedure of pulmonary veins isolation with second generation cryoballoon. Treatment failure was defined as any episode of AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia greater than 30 seconds outside the 90-day blinded period. Results: A total of 218 patients (57 ± 11 years, 66.5% men, CHA2DS2-VASc 1.2 ± 1.1) were included in the study. Of these, 83.9% evidenced PAF, 12.8% PerAF, and 2.3% long-standing PerAF. Fifteen with history of atrial flutter. Most patients had failed at least one antiarrhythmic drug (89.4%). The acute success of the procedure was obtained in 211 patients (96.8%). The average procedure time was 73.2 ± 26.7 min, the fluoroscopy time was 21.4 ± 23.9 min, and the total lab occupancy time was 114.6 ± 41.3 min. During the 12-month follow-up, freedom from AF recurrence was 88.6% in PAF, and 73.1% in PerAF. Twenty-one patients experienced device or procedure-related complications (9.6%). Conclusions: These results support pulmonary veins electrical isolation with cryoballoon as an effective treatment for AF in Latin America.

Predictores de recurrencia y resultados en la ablación de la fibrilación auricular paroxística / Predictors of Recurrence and Outcomes in Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

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Fibrilación auricular paroxística: crioablación versus ablación por radiofrecuencia / Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Cryoballoon versus Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

Introducción: En la ablación de la fibrilación auricular paroxística por radiofrecuencia o crioablación existe poca información acerca de la superioridad de una técnica sobre la otra. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados agudos y a largo plazo de las técnicas de ablación de la fibrilación auricular paroxística por catéter irrigado y mediante crioablación con balón de segunda generación. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, unicéntrico, en el que se evaluaron 159 pacientes consecutivos con fibrilación auricular paroxística, a los cuales se les realizó aislamiento de venas pulmonares mediante radiofrecuencia o crioablación. Se examinaron las características de los pacientes y del procedimiento, así como el éxito inmediato y en el seguimiento a 12 meses. Resultados: Sobre un total de 159 pacientes, 89 procedimientos se realizaron con crioablación y 70 mediante radiofrecuencia. El seguimiento promedio fue de 12 meses. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las características de la población. La tasa de éxito inmediato fue del 97,8% con crioablación versus 97,1% con radiofrecuencia (p = 0,8). La tasa libre de fibrilación auricular a los 12 meses luego de un único procedimiento fue del 77,5% mediante crioablación versus 71,4% con radiofrecuencia (p = 0,33). La crioablación con balón se asoció con menor duración del procedimiento respecto de la radiofrecuencia (60,19 ± 15 minutos frente a 75,8 ± 31 minutos, respectivamente; p < 0,00001), con menor tiempo en la aurícula izquierda (45 ± 14 minutos frente a 58 ± 26 minutos; p < 0,00001). Los tiempos de fluoroscopia fueron significativamente mayores para el grupo crioablación (18 ± 3,76 minutos vs. 13 ± 2,23 minutos para radiofrecuencia; p < 0,0001). La tasa de complicaciones crioablación vs. radiofrecuencia fue similar (p = 0,76). Conclusión: La crioablación con balón, en comparación con radiofrecuencia mediante catéter irrigado, se asoció con menor tiempo del procedimiento, similar tasa de complicaciones y tasa libre de fibrilación auricular a los 12 meses luego de un único procedimiento.

Targeting stroke risk and improving outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation in Latin America / Identificando o risco de acidente vascular cerebral e melhorando desfechos em pacientes com fibrilação atrial na América Latina

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: To examine stroke risk factors, including atrial fibrillation, management and prevention, and stroke outcomes across Latin America. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review conducted at Piedmont Heart Institute, United States. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for stroke AND "Latin America" AND epidemiology (between January 2009 and March 2015). Further studies in the SciELO, World Health Organization and Pan-American Health Organization databases were used to address specific points. RESULTS: Countries categorized as low or middle-income nations by the World Bank, which includes most of Latin America, account for two-thirds of all strokes. Globally, fewer than half of patients (median treatment level: 43.9%) with atrial fibrillation receive adequate anticoagulation to reduce stroke risk, which correlates with data from Latin America, where 46% of outpatients did not receive guideline-compliant anticoagulation, ranging from 41.8% in Brazil to 54.8% in Colombia. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation-related stroke carries a heavy burden. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anti-coagulants provide options for reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation-related stroke. However, cost-effectiveness comparisons with warfarin are warranted before observational health-economics study results can be applied clinically. Initiatives to remedy inequalities and improve access to care across Latin America should accompany risk factor modification and guideline-based prevention.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Examinar os fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral (derrame), incluindo fibrilação atrial, manejo e prevenção, e desfechos do derrame na América Latina. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Revisão narrativa da literatura, realizada no Instituto do Coração Piedmont, Estados Unidos. MÉTODOS: Os termos "derrame" E "América Latina" E epidemiologia (entre janeiro de 2009 e março de 2015) foram buscados nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Cochrane. Estudos adicionais nas bases de SciELO, Organização Mundial da Saúde e Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde foram utilizados para discutir pontos específicos. RESULTADOS: Os países classificados como de baixa ou média renda pelo Banco Mundial, que incluem a maior parte da América Latina, representam dois terços de todos os derrames. Mundialmente, menos da metade dos pacientes (nível de tratamento mediano: 43,9%) com fibrilação atrial recebe anticoagulação adequada para reduzir o risco de derrame, o que correlaciona com os dados da América Latina, onde 46% dos pacientes ambulatoriais não receberam anticoagulação conforme as diretrizes, variando de 41,8% no Brasil a 54,8% na Colômbia. CONCLUSÕES: Derrames associados à fibrilação atrial impõem um ônus significativo. Anticoagulantes orais antagônicos sem vitamina K oferecem opções de redução do risco de derrames associados a fibrilação atrial. No entanto, comparações do custo-benefício com varfarina são justificáveis antes da aplicação clínica de resultados dos estudos observacionais relativos à economia da saúde. Iniciativas para solucionar diferenças e melhorar o acesso aos cuidados médicos na América Latina devem acompanhar a modificação dos fatores de risco e a prevenção baseada em orientações.

Results of Cryoenergy and Radiofrequency-Based Catheter Ablation for Treating Ventricular Arrhythmias Arising From the Papillary Muscles of the Left Ventricle, Guided by Intracardiac Echocardiography and Image Integration.

BACKGROUND: Catheter radiofrequency ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from the left ventricle's papillary muscles has been associated with inconsistent results. The use of cryoenergy versus radiofrequency has not been compared yet. This study compares outcomes and complications of catheter ablation of VA from the papillary muscles of the left ventricle with either cryoenergy or radiofrequency. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (40±12 years old; 47% males; median ejection fraction 59±7.3%) with drug refractory premature ventricular contractions or ventricular tachycardia underwent catheter cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation. VAs were localized using 3-dimensional mapping, multidetector computed tomography, and intracardiac echocardiography, with arrhythmia foci being mapped at either the anterolateral papillary muscle or posteromedial papillary muscles of the left ventricle. Focal ablation was performed using an 8-mm cryoablation catheter or a 4-mm open-irrigated radiofrequency catheter, via transmitral approach. Acute success rate was 100% for cryoenergy (n=12) and 78% for radiofrequency (n=9; P=0.08). Catheter stability was achieved in all patients (100%) treated with cryoenergy, and only in 2 (25%) patients treated with radiofrequency (P=0.001). Incidence of multiple VA morphologies was observed in 7 patients treated with radiofrequency (77.7%), whereas none was observed in those treated with cryoenergy (P=0.001). VA recurrence at 6 months follow-up was 0% for cryoablation and 44% for radiofrequency (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Cryoablation was associated with higher success rates and lower recurrence rates than radiofrequency catheter ablation, better catheter stability, and lesser incidence of polymorphic arrhythmias.

Experiencia preliminar de crioablación con catéter balón en fibrilación auricular paroxística: serie de 100 casos / Preliminary Experience with Cryoballoon Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: 100-case series

Introducción: La evaluación de nuevas fuentes de energía para el tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular paroxística (FAP) es de gran interés clínico. La crioablación con catéter balón se presenta como una alternativa atractiva para los pacientes con FAP refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico. Objetivos: Describir la experiencia inicial llevada a cabo en nuestra institución desde noviembre de 2013 hasta mayo de 2015 con la utilización de la técnica de crioablación con catéter balón en pacientes con FAP y evaluar la seguridad, la eficacia y las características del procedimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de un solo centro en el que se examinaron los 100 primeros casos consecutivos realizados con criobalón Arctic Front® de 28 mm (Medtronic, Inc.) desde noviembre de 2013 hasta mayo de 2015. Se definió éxito inmediato al aislamiento de la totalidad de las venas pulmonares. La recurrencia de fibrilación auricular se evaluó en el grupo de 72 pacientes que tuvieron un seguimiento de más de 6 meses. Resultados: La duración del procedimiento fue de 78,03 ± 19,84 minutos con un tiempo de fluoroscopia de 20,79 ± 11,91 minutos y una dosis de radiación total de 202,93 ± 81 mGy La tasa de éxito inmediato fue del 100%. La tasa de complicaciones fue del 1% a raíz de una parálisis diafragmática transitoria. En el seguimiento de los pacientes con más de 6 meses del procedimiento, la tasa libre de fibrilación auricular fue del 81,95%. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia inicial con crioablación resultó segura y eficaz, con una tasa de éxito inmediato elevada y una tasa de complicaciones baja. El procedimiento resultó ser de corta duración y la tasa libre de fibrilación auricular en el seguimiento fue más que aceptable.

Background: The evaluation of novel energy sources for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is of great clinical interest. Cryoballoon ablation appears as an attractive alternative for patients with PAF refractory to pharmacological therapy Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the initial cryoballoon ablation experience performed at our institution from November 2013 to May 2015 in patients with PAF, evaluating the safety, efficacy and characteristics of the procedure. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study analyzing the first 100 consecutive cases performed with 28-mm Arctic Front™ cryoballoon (Medtronic, Inc.) from November 2013 to May 2015. Immediate success was defined as isolation of all pulmonary veins. Atrial fibrillation recurrence was assessed in 72 patients with more than 6 months follow-up. Results: The procedure lasted 78.03±19.84 min with fluoroscopy duration of 20.79±11.91 min and a total radiation dose of 202.93±81 mGy The rate of acute success was 100%. The complication rate was 1% due to transient diaphragmatic paralysis. The AF-free rate was 81.95% in patients with over 6-months follow-up. Conclusions: Our initial experience with cryoballoon ablation was safe and effective with a high rate of acute success and low rate of complications. The procedure was short and the AF-free rate was more than acceptable.

The first Latin American Catheter Ablation Registry.

AIMS: To assess the results of transcatheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in Latin America and establish the first Latin American transcatheter ablation registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: All ablation procedures performed between 1 January and 31 December 2012 were analysed retrospectively. Data were obtained on the characteristics and resources of participating centres (public or private institution, number of beds, cardiac surgery availability, type of room for the procedures, days per week assigned to electrophysiology procedures, type of fluoroscopy equipment, availability and type of electroanatomical mapping system, intracardiac echo, cryoablation, and number of electrophysiologists) and the results of 17 different ablation substrates: atrio-ventricular node reentrant tachycardia, typical atrial flutter, atypical atrial flutter, left free wall accessory pathway, right free wall accessory pathway, septal accessory pathway, right-sided focal atrial tachycardia, left-sided focal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular node, premature ventricular complex, idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, post-myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, ventricular tachycardia in congenital heart disease, and ventricular tachycardias in other structural heart diseases. Data of 15 099 procedures were received from 120 centres in 13 participating countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, and Venezuela). Accessory pathway was the group of arrhythmias most frequently ablated (31%), followed by atrio-ventricular node reentrant tachycardia (29%), typical atrial flutter (14%), and atrial fibrillation (11%). Overall success was 92% with the rate of global complications at 4% and mortality 0.05%. CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation in Latin America can be considered effective and safe.

Three-dimensional esophagus reconstruction and monitoring during ablation of atrial fibrillation: combination of two imaging techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy of a novel three-dimensional (3D) imaging integration technique of the esophagus combining multislice computed tomography (CT) scan of the esophagus into the three-dimensional (3D) electroanatomic map just before pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. METHODS: We included 94 consecutive patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent ablation. All patients had a CT performed prior procedure that was integrated to the 3D reconstruction electromechanical map of the atrium and the esophagus (Verismo(TM), EnSite® NavX version 7.0 J, St. Jude Medical Inc.). During the procedure, a quadripolar electrophysiology catheter placed in the esophagus was used for mapping and to monitor esophagus position. Integrated (fusion) images were used to determinate the esophagus position compared to the left atrium posterior wall and its relationship with PV ostiums. We compared esophagus position by CT and fusion images. RESULTS: Procedural success was 97.9% with no fatal complications. Esophagus locations were as follows: left 57%, right 7%, oblique course 11% and central 25%. Agreements in esophageal position between CT and fusion imaging techniques were 83.3% and 64% for patients with a recent (≤48 h) and non-recent CT assessment (>48 h), respectively. Throughout the procedure, esophagus stability was 88.8% (lateral displacement<15 mm). Ablative strategy was modified in 51% of the cases due to awareness of esophagus location. CONCLUSION: Guidance of AF ablation with 3D fusion images was safe and effective. CT images of the esophagus, especially if acquired within 48 h before ablation, ensure appropriate intraprocedural localization of the esophagus.

Aislamiento de las venas pulmonares como tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular / Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation / Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Entre marzo de 2009 y diciembre de 2010 se realizaron en forma consecutiva 94 procedimientos de aislamiento de las venas pulmonares como tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular paroxística y persistente, que constituyen la experiencia inicial del Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires y cuya casuística actual asciende a aproximadamente 180 por año. Nuestra población estuvo constituida mayoritariamente por hombres, con una edad promedio de 55 años. El 71,9% de la población no tenía antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular. La forma de presentación fue paroxística en el 65,3% de los casos, con una historia de arritmia de 7 años en promedio y habiendo cumplido tratamiento con tres fármacos antiarrítmicos diferentes que no incluían betabloqueantes ni bloqueantes cálcicos. El número de episodios de fibrilación auricular fue en promedio de 6 por año. La tasa de éxito durante el procedimiento fue del 97,87%. La tasa de éxito primario a los 12 meses fue del 84,04%, del 88,32% para el grupo sin cardiopatía y del 64,8% para el grupo con cardiopatía. El seguimiento promedio fue de 18 ± 6 meses. En nuestra experiencia, el aislamiento de las venas pulmonares es una modalidad de tratamiento con una aceptable tasa de éxito primario en casos muy selectos.

Between March 2009 and December 2010, 94 consecutive procedures of pulmonary vein isolation were performed for treatment of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. These interventions constitute the initial experience of the Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, where 260 procedures are currently performed each year. Our population consisted mainly of men with an average age of 55.58 years; 71.9% had no history of cardiovascular disease. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurred in 65.3% of cases over an average of 7 years. All patients had received three different antiarrhythmic agents excluding beta blockers or calcium channel antagonists. The average number of episodes of atrial fibrillation was 6 per year. The success rate during the procedure was 97.87%. The primary success rate at 12 months was 84.04%, 88.32% for the group without heart disease and 64.8% for the group with heart disease. Mean follow-up was 18±6 months. In our experience, pulmonary vein isolation is a treatment strategy for very selective cases with an acceptable primary success rate.

El aislamiento de las venas pulmonares como tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular refractaria / Pulmonary vein isolation in patients with refractory atrial fibrillation

Introducción: La fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia sostenida más común. En pacientes seleccionados, se realiza ablaci¢n por cat‚ter a nivel de las venas pulmonares, en donde se genera actividad ect¢pica que la produce. Se presenta la experiencia en el tratamiento de la FA mediante el aislamiento de venas pulmonares en 152 casos consecutivos. Materiales y m‚todos: La población estuvo constituida por 152 pacientes (122 hombres), edad promedio de 55.58 años. El 81.9 por ciento de la población no presentaba cardiopatía estructural. La forma de presentación fue paroxística en el 65.95 por ciento de los casos, con una historia de arritmia de 7 años en promedio, habiendo cumplido tratamiento con 3 fármacos antiarrítmicos diferentes. Se realizó mapeo no fluoroscópico y ablación de la porción antral de cada vena pulmonar, en forma secuencial. Resultados: La tasa de éxito durante el procedimiento fue el 97.87 por ciento. Se presentaron 12 complicaciones, 4 de ellas derrame pericárdico; ninguno requirió cirugía correctiva. El seguimiento promedio fue de 18+6 meses. En 24 horas pacientes se presentó recurrencia de la FA después del tercer mes de seguimiento; es decir, la tasa de éxito global primario a 12 meses fue 84.04 por ciento para el grupo en cardiopatía y del 64.8 para el grupo con cardiopatía. Conclusión: El aislamiento de las venas pulmonares es una modalidad de tratamiento con una aceptable tasa de éxito primario en casos seleccionados.

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. In selected patients, catheterablation was performed at the sites of the pulmonary veins where ectopic activity triggers AF. Our experience with AFtreatment by pulmonary vein isolation in 152 consecutive cases is presented and discussed.Methods. Our population consisted mainly of men (122 of 152 patients), with an average age of 55.6 years. Paroxysmal AFwas present in 65.9% of the cases and 81.9% of the population had a structurally normal heart. AF had been present foran average of 7 years. All of the patients fulfilled a treatment period protocol in which three different antiarrhythmic drugswere used first. Nonfluoroscopic mapping and antral pulmonary vein isolation were performed sequentiallyResults. The procedural success rate was 97.9%. There were 12 complications, including 4 pericardial effusions but nonerequired surgical repair. The mean follow-up period was 18±6 months. AF recurred in 24 patients after the third monthof follow-up. There was an 84.04% success rate at 12 months: 88.3% for the group with a normal heart and 64.1% for thegroup with a cardiomyopathy.Conclusion. Isolation of the pulmonary veins can be achieved in appropriately selected cases with AF and has anacceptable rate of success.

El aislamiento de las venas pulmonares como tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular refractaria en un centro de Argentina

Entre marzo de 2009 y marzo de 2011 se realizaron en forma consecutiva 152 intervenciones de aislamiento de venas pulmonares para el tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular (FA) paroxística y persistente, como parte de la experiencia del Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), cuyo número de procedimientos es de aproximadamente 360 por año. Nuestra población estuvo constituida mayoritariamente por hombres con una edad promedio de 55,58 años; 81,9% de la población no presentaba antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular. La forma de presentación fue paroxística en 65,95% de los casos, con una historia de arritmia de siete años en promedio y habiendo cumplido tratamiento con tres fármacos antiarrítmicos diferentes que no incluían betabloqueantes ni bloqueantes cálcicos. El número de episodios de FA fue en promedio de seis por año. La tasa de éxito durante el procedimiento fue de 97,87%. La tasa de éxito global primario a 12 meses fue 84,04%; 88,32% para el grupo sin cardiopatía y 64,8% para el grupo con cardiopatía. El seguimiento promedio fue de 18 ± 6 meses. En nuestra experiencia, el aislamiento de las venas pulmonares es una modalidad de tratamiento con una aceptable tasa de éxito primaria en casos muy selectos.

Between March 2009 and March 2011 we carried out 152 cases of pulmonary veins isolation (PVI), as treatment of the paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Our population was constituted mainly by men with an average age of 55,58 years old. The 81,9% of the population presented normal heart. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was present in 65,95% of the cases. Atrial fibrillation was present by an average of 7 years. All of them, had fulfilled a treatment with three different antiarrhythmic drugs none of them being beta blockers or calcium channel blockers. The number of episodes of AF was in average 6 per year. The rate of success during the procedure was 97,87%. The primary 12 months success rate was 88,32% for the group with normal heart and 64,08% for the group with cardiomyopathy. In our experience the isolation of the pulmonary veins is an attainable treatment in very select cases with an acceptable rate of success.

Prueba de adenosina en el síncope de origen desconocido: ¿queda algún espacio para su indicación? / Is There Any Room for Adenosine Test in Syncope of Unknown Origin?

Introducción Algunos pacientes con síncope inexplicado desarrollan distintos grados de bloqueo AV paroxístico con la infusión en bolo de 18 mg de adenosina. Este hallazgo tuvo un valor predictivo positivo bajo en ensayos recientes, aunque su utilización no estuvo normatizada. Objetivo Presentar la experiencia en nuestra institución en el seguimiento de pacientes con un primer episodio de síncope de origen desconocido (SOD) maligno, a quienes se les realizó sistemáticamente una prueba de adenosina. Material y métodos Se incluyeron en forma prospectiva y consecutiva pacientes que presentaban síncope inexplicado con traumatismo grave, sin antecedentes sincopales previos, sin sospecha de etiología vagal, sin cardiopatía orgánica, con estudios neurológicos y cardiológicos normales (incluido tilt test sensibilizado), a los que se les realizó una prueba de adenosina. La prueba se efectuó al final del estudio electrofisiológico. Se infundieron en bolo 18 mg de adenosina por la vena femoral bajo monitorización electrocardiográfica continua; se definió prueba positiva al desarrollo de bloqueo AV completo con pausa mayor de 6 segundos. Resultados Entre 1999 y 2009 se les realizó una prueba de adenosina a 29 pacientes (edad promedio 63 ± 12 años, 17 mujeres). La prueba fue positiva en 17, con una pausa promedio de 10.185± 3.430 mseg. La edad promedio de este grupo fue de 64 ± 13 años, 13 eran mujeres. En los 12 pacientes restantes (59 ± 11 años), la prueba fue negativa, con una pausa promedio de 2.570 ± 1.067 mseg. Todos recibieron recomendaciones higiénico-dietéticas para la prevención del síncope neuromediado y en 9 pacientes con prueba de adenosina positiva se implantó un marcapasos definitivo. El seguimiento fue de 51 ± 37 meses. Sólo 2 pacientes tuvieron recurrencia del síncope, ambos con prueba de adenosina positiva y sin implante de marcapasos. Conclusiones Los pacientes con síncope de origen desconocido y riesgo inicial alto representan en el seguimiento una población de riesgo clínico bajo, con una tasa de recurrencia muy baja, independientemente de la estrategia terapéutica implementada.

Background Few patients with unexplained syncope develop different degrees of paroxysmal AV block after the infusion of 18 mg of adenosine. Recent trials have reported that the positive predictive value of this finding is low; yet the use of the test has not been standardized. Objective To present our experience with follow-up of patients with a first episode of malignant syncope of unknown origin (SUO) who underwent adenosine test. Material and Methods We included patients with unexplained syncope and severe trauma in a consecutive and prospective fashion. None of the patients had a previous history of syncope, and vasovagal syncope was not suspected. Structural heart diseases were ruled out. Neurological and cardiovascular tests were normal (including sensitized TT). All the participants underwent adenosine test after the electrophisiologic study. A bolus of 18 mg of adenosine was administered via the femoral vein under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. A positive test was defined by the development of complete AV block with pauses longer than 6 seconds. Results Between 1999 and 2009, adenosine test was performed in 29 patients (mean age 63±12 years, 17 were women). The test was positive in 7 patients, and the mean duration of pauses was 10.185±3.430 ms. Mean age in this group was 64±13 years, 13 were women. The test was negative in the remaining 12 patients (59±11 years, mean pauses 2.570±1.067 ms. All patients were received information about hygienic and dietetic measures to prevent neurocardiogenic syncope, and a definite pacemaker was implanted in 9 patients with positive adenosine test. Follow-up was 51±37 months. Syncope recurrence occurred in only 2 patients with positive adenosine test who did not undergo pacemaker implantation. Conclusions Patients with syncope of unknown origin and initial high risk represent a population of low clinical risk during followup, with low recurrence rate regardless of the therapeutic strategy used.