De-intensification of postoperative radiotherapy in head and neck cancer irrespective of human papillomavirus status-results of a prospective multicenter phase II trial (DIREKHT Trial).

Background: Current standard treatment concepts in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are based on former studies using 2D and 3D treatment plans. However, modern radiation techniques allow for a more precise and individual dose application. Therefore, in a clearly defined patient population, de-intensified risk-adapted radiation is investigated. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed HNSCC after surgery (with resection margins ≥1 mm and cM0) with the following tumor stages (TNM 7th Edition) were eligible for the study: oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx: pT1-3, pN0-pN2b; hypopharynx: pT1-2, pN1. The patients should have either a low risk of local recurrence [≤pT2, resection margin ≥5 mm, no peritumoral lymphangiosis (L0), and no perineural invasion] or contralateral lymph node metastasis (≤3 ipsilateral lymph node metastases, in case of well-lateralized oropharyngeal or oral cavity cancer contralateral cN0, otherwise pN0). Patients were assigned to three different treatment regimes with reduction of the treated volume, radiation dose, or both, according to tumor stage and results of surgery performed. The primary objective was to show an LRR of <10% after 2 years. Findings: A total of 150 patients were enrolled. Tumor localizations were as follows: n = 53 (35.3%), oral cavity; n = 94 (62.7%), oropharynx (82% HPV-positive); n = 2 (1.3%), hypopharynx; and n = 1 (0.7%), larynx. A total of 61 patients (41.0%) were stage IVA, 81 (54.0%) were stage III, and 8 (5.3%) were stage II. Median follow-up was 36 months. Cumulative incidence of 2y-LRR was 5.6% (95% CI: 1.7%-9.2%) in the whole study population and 14.1% (95% CI: 3.8%-23.2%) in patients with oral cavity cancer. Cumulative incidence of 2y-LRR in non-irradiated or dose-reduced regions was 3.5% (95% CI: 0.4%-6.5%). After 2 years, disease-free survival was 92% (95% CI: 87%-96%) and overall survival was 94% (95% CI: 90%-98%) for the complete study cohort. Acute III° toxicity was as follows: dysphagia, 30%; xerostomia, 7%; mucositis, 19%; and dermatitis, 4%. Dysphagia and xerostomia decrease over time. After 27 months, late dysphagia III° and xerostomia II° were 1% and 9%, respectively. Interpretation: The study met its primary objective. De-intensification of postoperative radiotherapy irrespective of HPV status in a predefined patient population is associated with a favorable toxicity profile without compromising LRR. In an unplanned subgroup analysis, a significantly increased risk of LRR was observed in patients with oral cavity cancer. In these patients, de-intensified radiotherapy should be applied with caution.

Brachytherapy in vaginal cancer for organ preservation: Clinical outcome and safety from a single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial and/or intracavitary brachytherapy is an integral part of the treatment of vaginal cancer Brachytherapy (BT) has shown to improve local control, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The aim of our study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of brachytherapy in patients with vaginal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2023, 27 patients with vaginal cancer in stage FIGO I-III were treated with brachytherapy with or without external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and simultaneous chemotherapy. Brachytherapy has been performed either as PDR-brachytherapy alone with a median cumulative dose up to 62.5 Gy (EQD2 = 63.9 Gy) or with PDR-BT boost with median dose of 30.9 Gy (EQD2 = 30.4 Gy). HDR-BT was administered solely as boost with a median dose of 25.5 Gy (EQD2 = 47.8 Gy). The median dose of EBRT was 48.7 Gy and 49.4 Gy for primary and for pelvic lymph nodes. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 39 months (2-120). 5/27 patients developed local recurrences and the 5-year cumulative local recurrence rate for whole patient population was 18.5%. 5-year OS and DFS was 90% and 68%. 5-year DFS for Stage I-II was 72% and for Stage III 65% (p = 0.933). Grade 3 late side effects of brachytherapy were documented in 3/22 patients (13.6%), one patient experienced Grade 4 toxicity (4.5%). CONCLUSION: Brachytherapy with or without EBRT and concomitant chemotherapy for vaginal cancer is a safe and effective treatment option with excellent local control and overall survival and acceptable toxicity.

Protocol-based CT-guided brachytherapy for patients with prostate cancer and previous rectal extirpation-a curative approach.

OBJECTIVE: There are numerous curative treatment possibilities for prostate cancer. In patients who have undergone rectal extirpation for rectal cancer treatment, curative options are limited due to anatomic changes and previous irradiation of the pelvis. In this analysis, we validate the feasibility of CT-guided transperineal interstitial brachytherapy for this specific scenario. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the treatment procedures and outcomes of 5 patients with metachronic nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Ultrasound-guided brachytherapy was not possible in any of the patients. Of these 5 patients, 3 were treated for prostate cancer using temporary brachytherapy with Ir-192 only, and 2 were treated with external-beam radiation therapy and temporary brachytherapy as a boost. CT-guided brachytherapy was performed in all patients. We analyzed the feasibility, efficacy, treatment-related toxicity, and quality of life (EORTC-30, IEFF, IPSS, and ICIQ questionnaires) of the treatments. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 35 months. Two out of five patients received boost irradiation (HDR 2â€¯× 9 Gy, PDR 30 Gy). Three out of five patients were treated with PDR brachytherapy in two sessions up to a total dose of 60 Gy. Dosimetric parameters were documented as median values as follows: V100 94.7% (94.5-98.4%), D2bladder 64.3% (50.9-78.3%), D10urethra 131.05% (123.2%-141.2%), and D30urethra 122.45% (116.2%-129.5%). At the time of analysis, no biochemical recurrence had been documented. Furthermore, neither early nor late side effects exceeding CTCAE grade 2 were documented. CONCLUSION: CT-guided transperineal brachytherapy of the prostate in patients with previous rectal surgery and radiation therapy is safe and represents a possible curative treatment option. Brachytherapy can be considered for patients with metachronic prostate cancer in this specific scenario, albeit preferably in experienced high-volume centers.

Principles of artificial intelligence in radiooncology.

PURPOSE: In the rapidly expanding field of artificial intelligence (AI) there is a wealth of literature detailing the myriad applications of AI, particularly in the realm of deep learning. However, a review that elucidates the technical principles of deep learning as relevant to radiation oncology in an easily understandable manner is still notably lacking. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive guide to the principles of deep learning that is specifically tailored toward radiation oncology. METHODS: In light of the extensive variety of AI methodologies, this review selectively concentrates on the specific domain of deep learning. It emphasizes the principal categories of deep learning models and delineates the methodologies for training these models effectively. RESULTS: This review initially delineates the distinctions between AI and deep learning as well as between supervised and unsupervised learning. Subsequently, it elucidates the fundamental principles of major deep learning models, encompassing multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), transformers, generative adversarial networks (GANs), diffusion-based generative models, and reinforcement learning. For each category, it presents representative networks alongside their specific applications in radiation oncology. Moreover, the review outlines critical factors essential for training deep learning models, such as data preprocessing, loss functions, optimizers, and other pivotal training parameters including learning rate and batch size. CONCLUSION: This review provides a comprehensive overview of deep learning principles tailored toward radiation oncology. It aims to enhance the understanding of AI-based research and software applications, thereby bridging the gap between complex technological concepts and clinical practice in radiation oncology.

Outcomes of I-125 Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis from a Specialized Tertiary Referral Center.

Low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy with I-125 seeds is one of the most common primary tumor treatments for low-risk and low-intermediate-risk prostate cancer. This report aimed to present an analysis of single-institution long-term results. We analyzed the treatment outcomes of 119 patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with LDR brachytherapy at our institution between 2014 and 2020. The analysis focused on biochemical recurrence rates (BRFS), overall survival (OS), cumulative local recurrence rate (CLRR), and the incidence of acute and late toxicities. Patient-reported quality of life measures were also evaluated to provide a holistic view on the treatment's impact. The median follow-up period was 46 months. CLRR was 3.3% (4/119), five-year BRFS was 87%, and the five-year OS rate was 95%. Dysuria was the most common acute urinary toxicity, reported in 26.0% of patients as grade 1 and 13.4% as grade 2. As a late side effect, 12.6% of patients experienced mild dysuria. Sexual dysfunction persisted in 6.7% of patients as grade 1, 7.5% as grade 2, and 10.0% as grade 3. LDR brachytherapy in patients with prostate cancer is an effective treatment, with favorable clinical outcomes and manageable toxicity. The low CLRR and high OS rates, as well as low incidence of severe side effects, support the continued use of LDR brachytherapy as a primary treatment modality for localized prostate cancer.

Optimized raw data selection for artifact reduction of breathing controlled four-dimensional sequence scanning.

Background and purpose: Even with most breathing-controlled four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) algorithms image artifacts caused by single significant longer breathing still occur, resulting in negative consequences for radiotherapy. Our study presents first phantom examinations of a new optimized raw data selection and binning algorithm, aiming to improve image quality and geometric accuracy without additional dose exposure. Materials and methods: To validate the new approach, phantom measurements were performed to assess geometric accuracy (volume fidelity, root mean square error, Dice coefficient of volume overlap) for one- and three-dimensional tumor motion trajectories with and without considering motion hysteresis effects. Scans without significantly longer breathing cycles served as references. Results: Median volume deviations between optimized approach and reference of at maximum 1% were obtained considering all movements. In comparison, standard reconstruction yielded median deviations of 9%, 21% and 12% for one-dimensional, three-dimensional, and hysteresis motion, respectively. Measurements in one- and three-dimensional directions reached a median Dice coefficient of 0.970 ± 0.013 and 0.975 ± 0.012, respectively, but only 0.918 ± 0.075 for hysteresis motions averaged over all measurements for the optimized selection. However, for the standard reconstruction median Dice coefficients were 0.845 ± 0.200, 0.868 ± 0.205 and 0.915 ± 0.075 for one- and three-dimensional as well as hysteresis motions, respectively. Median root mean square errors for the optimized algorithm were 30 ± 16 HU2 and 120 ± 90 HU2 for three-dimensional and hysteresis motions, compared to 212 ± 145 HU2 and 130 ± 131 HU2 for the standard reconstruction. Conclusions: The algorithm was proven to reduce 4DCT-related artifacts due to missing projection data without further dose exposure. An improvement in radiotherapy treatment planning due to better image quality can be expected.

Treatment with (chemo)-radiation in old patients (≥76 years of age) with newly diagnosed non-metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck region: real-world data from a tertiary referral center.

Purpose: Treatment of patients with cancer of the head and neck region is in focus in a multitude of studies. Of these patients, one patient group, those aged 76 and more, is mostly underrepresented despite requiring thorough and well-reasoned treatment decisions to offer curative treatment. This study investigates real-world data on curative treatment of old (≥76 years) patients with newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region (HNSCC). Patients and methods: Between January 2010 and December 2021, we identified 71 patients older than 76 years with newly diagnosed HNSCC and cM0 at the Department of Radiation Oncology of the University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Using electronic medical records, we analyzed treatment patterns and outcomes in terms of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional control (LRC) rate. Additionally, we performed univariate risk analysis and Cox regression in order to identify predictive factors associated with the abovementioned treatment outcomes. Results: The median follow-up was 18 months. OS was 83%, 79%, and 72% after 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years, respectively. PFS was 69%, 54%, and 46% after 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years, respectively. A total of 34 (48%) patients were treated with standard therapy according to current guidelines. The reasons for deviation from standard therapy before or during treatment were as follows: unfitness for cisplatin-based chemotherapy (n = 37), reduction of chemotherapy (n = 3), and dose reduction/interruption of radiotherapy (n = 8). Carboplatin-based systemic therapy showed improved PFS compared to cisplatin or cetuximab (60 vs. 28 vs. 15 months, p = 0.037) but without impact on OS (83 vs. 52 vs. 38 months, p = 0.807). Oropharyngeal tumor localization (p = 0.026) and combined treatment (surgery and postoperative treatment) (p = 0.008) were significant predictors for a better OS. In multivariate analysis, oropharyngeal tumor localization (p = 0.011) and combined treatment (p = 0.041) showed significantly increased PFS. After 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years, the cumulative incidence of locoregional recurrences (LRRs) was 13%, 24%, and 27%, respectively, and was significantly decreased in patients with oropharyngeal tumor localization (p = 0.037). Conclusions: Adherence to treatment protocols for radiotherapy alone in old patients with HNSCC is good, whereas the application of concurrent chemotherapy often deviates from guidelines in terms of de-escalation. An important risk factor for decreased OS, PFS, and a higher rate of LRR appears to be non-oropharyngeal tumor location in old patients.

On the implant stability in adaptive multi-catheter breast brachytherapy: Establishment of a decision-tree for treatment re-planning.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To assess implant stability and identify causes of implant variations during high-dose-rate multi-catheter breast brachytherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Planning-CTs were compared to control-CTs acquired halfway through the treatment for 100 patients. For assessing geometric stability, Fréchet-distance and button-to-button distance changes of all catheters as well as variations of Euclidean distances and convex hulls of all dwell positions were determined. The CTs were inspected to identify the causes of geometric changes. Dosimetric effects were evaluated by target volume transfers and re-contouring of organs at risk. The dose non-uniformity ratio (DNR), 100% and 150% isodose volumes (V100 and V150), coverage index (CI), and organ doses were calculated. Correlations between the examined geometric and dosimetric parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Fréchet-distance and dwell position deviations >2.5 mm as well as button-to-button distance changes >5 mm were detected for 5%, 2%, and 6.3% of catheters, but for 32, 17, and 37 patients, respectively. Variations occurred enhanced in the lateral breast and close to the ribs, e.g. due to different arm positions. Only small dosimetric effects with median DNR, V100, and CI variations of -0.01 ± 0.02, (-0.5 ± 1.3)ccm, and (-1.4 ± 1.8)% were observed in general. Skin dose exceeded recommended levels for 12 of 100 patients. Various correlations between geometric and dosimetric implant stability were found, based on which decision-tree regarding treatment re-planning was established. CONCLUSION: Multi-catheter breast brachytherapy shows a high implant stability in general, but considering skin dose changes is important. To increase implant stability for individual patients, we plan to investigate patient immobilization aids during treatments.

Low-dose radiotherapy of osteoarthritis: from biological findings to clinical effects-challenges for future studies.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common and socioeconomically relevant diseases, with rising incidence and prevalence especially with regard to an ageing population in the Western world. Over the decades, the scientific perception of OA has shifted from a simple degeneration of cartilage and bone to a multifactorial disease involving various cell types and immunomodulatory factors. Despite a wide range of conventional treatment modalities available, a significant proportion of patients remain treatment refractory. Low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) has been used for decades in the treatment of patients with inflammatory and/or degenerative diseases and has proven a viable option even in cohorts of patients with a rather poor prognosis. While its justification mainly derives from a vast body of empirical evidence, prospective randomized trials have until now failed to prove the effectiveness of LDRT. Nevertheless, over the decades, adaptions of LDRT treatment modalities have evolved using lower dosages with establishment of different treatment schedules for which definitive clinical proof is still pending. Preclinical research has revealed that the immune system is modulated by LDRT and very recently osteoimmunological mechanisms have been described. Future studies and investigations further elucidating the underlying mechanisms are an essential key to clarify the optimal patient stratification and treatment procedure, considering the patients' inflammatory status, age, and sex. The present review aims not only to present clinical and preclinical knowledge about the mechanistic and beneficial effects of LDRT, but also to emphasize topics that will need to be addressed in future studies. Further, a concise overview of the current status of the underlying radiobiological knowledge of LDRT for clinicians is given, while seeking to stimulate further translational research.

Unified risk analysis in radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: The increasing complexity of new treatment methods as well as the Information Technology (IT) infrastructure within radiotherapy require new methods for risk analysis. This work presents a methodology on how to model the treatment process of radiotherapy in different levels. This subdivision makes it possible to perform workflow-specific risk analysis and to assess the impact of IT risks on the overall treatment workflow. METHODS: A Unified Modeling Language (UML) activity diagram is used to model the workflows. The subdivision of the workflows into different levels is done with the help of swim lanes. The model created in this way is exported in an xml-compatible format and stored in a database with the help of a Python program. RESULTS: Based on an existing risk analysis, the workflows CT Appointment, Glioblastoma Multiforme, and Deep Inspiration Breath Hold (DIBH) were modeled in detail. Part of the analysis are automatically generated workflow-specific risk matrices including risks of medical devices incorporated into a specific workflow. In addition, SQL queries allow to quickly retrieve e.g., the details of the medical device network installed in a department. CONCLUSION: Activity diagrams of UML can be used to model workflows in radiotherapy. Through this, a connection between the different levels of the entire workflow can be established and workflow-specific risk analysis is possible.

Reduction of Elective Radiotherapy Treatment Volume in Definitive Treatment of Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer-Comparison of a Prospective Trial with a Revised Simulated Contouring Approach.

Definitive radiochemotherapy of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) achieves high locoregional tumor control rates; but is frequently associated with long-term toxicity. A future direction could be a de-escalation strategy focusing on treated volume rather than radiotherapy dose. This analysis evaluates radiotherapy dose and volume parameters of patients treated with a standard contouring approach in a clinical trial context compared with a revised volume-reduced contouring approach. In this case, 30 consecutive patients from the CheckRad-CD8 trial treated at a single study center were included in this analysis. Treatment toxicity and quality of life were assessed at the end of radiotherapy. Standard treatment plans (ST) following state of the art contouring guidelines that were used for patient treatment and volume reduced treatment plans (VRT) according to a revised simulated approach were calculated for each patient. Planning target volumes (PTV) and mean doses to 38 organs-at-risk structures were compared. At the end of radiotherapy patients reported high rates of mucositis; dysphagia and xerostomia. In addition; patient reported quality of life as assessed by the EORTC QLQ-HN35 questionnaire deteriorated. Comparing the two contouring approaches; the elective PTV_56 Gy and the high risk PTV_63 Gy (shrinking field) were significantly smaller in the VRT group. Significant reduction of mean dose to structures of the oral cavity; the larynx as well as part of the swallowing muscles and the submandibular glands was achieved in the simulated VRT-plan. Treatment de-intensification by reduction of the irradiated volume could potentially reduce treatment volume and mean doses to organs at risk. The proposed contouring approach should be studied further in the context of a clinical trial.

Questionnaire-based detection of immune-related adverse events in cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become standard treatment in different tumor entities. However, safe treatment with ICI targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis requires early detection of immune-related adverse events (irAE). There exist different questionnaires of drug manufacturers for the detection of irAE that have not been validated so far. METHODS: The prospective non-interventional ST-ICI trial studied treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 ICI alone or combined with radiotherapy. In the current analysis, the detection rate of self-reported irAE with a patient questionnaire containing 41 different questions was compared to clinician-reported irAE. RESULTS: Between April 2017 and August 2019, a total of 104 patients were prospectively enrolled. NSCLC (44%) and HNSCC (42%) were the most frequent tumor entities. A total of 784 questionnaires were collected. A total of 29 irAE were reported by clinicians. The most frequent irAE was hypothyroidism (9%), followed by skin reactions (5%), hepatitis (4%), diarrhea (3%), and pneumonitis (3%). Questions that became significantly more often positive at time points of clinician-reported irAE were "weight change", "difficulty to grip things", "bloody or mucous stool" and "insomnia". Self-reported organ-specific questions detected at least 50% of clinician-reported irAE of gastrointestinal, lung, endocrine, and skin irAE. It was not possible to detect hepatic irAE with the questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Questionnaires can help to detect gastrointestinal, lung, endocrine, or skin irAE, but not hepatic irAE. Questions on "weight change" and "insomnia" may help to increase the detection rate of irAE, besides organ-specific questions. These results are a valuable contribution to the future development of a specific and practicable questionnaire for early self-reported detection of irAE during ICI therapy in cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03453892 . Registered on 05 March 2018.

Prospective development and validation of a liquid immune profile-based signature (LIPS) to predict response of patients with recurrent/metastatic cancer to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: The predictive power of novel biological markers for treatment response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is still not satisfactory for the majority of patients with cancer. One should identify valid predictive markers in the peripheral blood, as this is easily available before and during treatment. The current interim analysis of patients of the ST-ICI cohort therefore focuses on the development and validation of a liquid immune profile-based signature (LIPS) to predict response of patients with metastatic cancer to ICI targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis. METHODS: A total of 104 patients were prospectively enrolled. 54 immune cell subsets were prospectively analyzed in patients' peripheral blood by multicolor flow cytometry before treatment with ICI (pre-ICI; n=89), and after the first application of ICI (n=65). Pre-ICI, patients were randomly allocated to a training (n=56) and a validation cohort (n=33). Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox model were used to create a predictive immune signature, which was also checked after the first ICI, to consider the dynamics of changes in the immune status. RESULTS: Whole blood samples were provided by 89 patients pre-ICI and by 65 patients after the first ICI. We identified a LIPS which is based on five immune cell subtypes: CD14high monocytes, CD8+/PD-1+ T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, neutrophils, and CD3+/CD56+/CD16+ natural killer (NK)T cells. The signature achieved a high accuracy (C-index 0.74 vs 0.71) for predicting overall survival (OS) benefit in both the training and the validation cohort. In both cohorts, the low-risk group had significantly longer OS than the high-risk group (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.56, p=0.00025; HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.91, p=0.024, respectively). Regarding the whole cohort, LIPS also predicted progression-free survival (PFS). The identified LIPS was not affected by clinicopathological features with the exception of brain metastases. NKT cells and neutrophils of the LIPS can be used as dynamic predictive biomarkers for OS and PFS after first administration of the ICI. CONCLUSION: Our study identified a predictive LIPS for survival of patients with cancer treated with PD-1/PD-L1 ICI, which is based on immune cell subsets in the peripheral whole blood. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03453892.

Prospective Evaluation of All-lesion Versus Single-lesion Radiotherapy in Combination With PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Local ablative treatments improve survival in patients with oligometastatic disease in addition to chemotherapy. The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors prolonged patients' survival in different tumor entities. This raises the question if patients still benefit from intensified local treatments in combination with a more efficient systemic treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. METHODS: The prospective non-interventional ST-ICI trial investigates treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 (Programmed cell death protein 1/Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1) immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy in different tumor entities. Patients who started radiotherapy and immunotherapy concomitantly were included in this interim analysis. In this cohort patients with all-lesion radiotherapy (all tumor lesions irradiated, al-RT) were compared to patients with radiotherapy to only a single of their tumor lesions (single-lesion radiotherapy, sl-RT). Endpoints of the interim analysis were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP). RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were registered between April 2017 and August 2019. Fifty patients started immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and radiotherapy concomitantly and were included. Most frequent tumor entities were non-small cell lung cancer (62%) followed by head and neck squamous cell cancer (26%). Most frequent location of radiotherapy was lung (34%) and central nervous system (20%). Median duration of follow-up was 8.6 months beginning with first administration of the immune-checkpoint-inhibitor. Median PFS was 9.2 months (95% CI, 5.8 - 12.6) in the al-RT group and 3.0 months (95% CI, 2.5 - 3.5) in the sl-RT group (p<0.001). Median OS was 11.6 months (95% CI, 8.1 - 15.1) in the al-RT group and 4.2 months (95% CI, 3.0 - 5.4) in the sl-RT group (p=0.007). Median TTP was not reached in the al-RT group compared to 4.6 months (95% CI, 1.1-8.0) in the sl-RT group (p=0.028). Univariate Cox regression analyses computed tumor entity, histology, central nervous system metastases, immunotherapy drug and al-RT as predictors of OS (with an effect p-value of ≤ 0.1). In the multivariable analysis only tumor entity and al-RT remained prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSION: Patients with PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy benefit from local radiotherapy to all known lesions compared to single-lesion radiotherapy regarding PFS and OS.

Prospective evaluation of the prognostic value of immune-related adverse events in patients with non-melanoma solid tumour treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors alone and in combination with radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Prospective data about the prognostic value of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in non-melanoma solid tumours are rare. The prognostic value of irAEs in patients treated with combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy is currently unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The prospective non-interventional ST-ICI trial investigates treatment response of tumour patients to anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors alone and in combination with radiotherapy and possible predictive markers. Patients undergoing immunotherapy or immunoradiotherapy were surveyed for irAEs. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included of whom 29 patients (28%) developed irAEs. Additional radiotherapy was performed in 50 patients (48%). Main tumour entities within the entire cohort were non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (44%) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (42%). The rate of irAEs did not differ in patients with and without radiotherapy (p = 0.668). Patients who developed irAEs had longer overall survival (OS) (median: 22.8 months versus 9.0 months without irAEs, p = 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS) (median: 7.8 months versus 3.2 months without irAEs, p = 0.002). In the subgroup with combined radiotherapy, patients with irAEs also had longer OS (median: 22.8 months versus 7.1 months without irAEs, p = 0.005) and PFS (median: 8.8 months versus 3.0 months without irAEs, p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis only PD-L1 on tumour cells (p = 0.049) and irAEs (p = 0.001) remained independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSION: The development of irAEs represents a favourable prognostic parameter in patients undergoing immunotherapy and immunoradiotherapy for solid tumours.