Hepatitis A and B screening and vaccination rates among patients with chronic liver disease.

Vaccinations against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are recommended for patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), yet implementation of these recommendations is lacking. This study reviewed HAV and HBV antibody testing and vaccination status of patients with CLD. In 2008, we began using pre-printed liver order sets, which included vaccination options. We compared Scott & White liver clinic CLD patient records from 2005 (238) with patient records from 2008 (792). Screening rates for immunity and vaccination rates of those lacking immunity were calculated. In 2005, 66% of CLD patients were screened for HAV immunity. In 2008, 56% of CLD patients were screened. The HAV vaccination completion rate was 37% in 2005, while in 2008, the rate was 46%. In 2005, 66% of CLD patients were screened for HBV immunity; in 2008, 56 % CLD patients were screened. The HBV vaccination completion rate was 26% in 2005 compared with 36% in 2008. Although there was a lower percentage of screening in 2008, the overall number of patients tripled between 2005 and 2008. There was a significant increase in the total number of patients screened and vaccinated in 2008. Some physicians may have vaccinated their patients without checking for immunity. In January 2008, we implemented pre-printed order sets with checkboxes to help remind providers to order labs to screen for immunity against HAV and HBV and to order vaccinations for those who lacked immunity. The use of these sets may have aided in the increase of vaccination completion rates.

Screening for hepatitis B in patients with lymphoma.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be reactivated during lymphoma chemotherapy, specifically with rituximab. In 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and, in 2010, the American Society of Clinical Oncology made recommendations that anyone who received cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy should be tested for serologic markers of HBV infection. In our study, we wanted to determine the screening rates for HBV infection at our institution and if simply adding a checkbox onto the rituximab order would improve HBV screening. We performed a retrospective chart review of two cohorts of lymphoma patients at Scott & White Health Clinic. Cohort 1 included patients from 1993 to 2008. Cohort 2 included patients who received rituximab after an institutionwide protocol (rituximab order checkbox) was initiated in 2011. A total of 452 patients treated for lymphoma were reviewed. Only 15 of the 404 Cohort 1 patients received HBV screening (3.7%; 95% confidence interval, 2.1%-6.1%). Screening rates were statistically higher if baseline liver laboratory values were elevated (P < 0.0001). HBV was also checked more frequently if patients' liver function tests became elevated while on chemotherapy, 85.7% (12/14). Of the 48 patients in Cohort 2, 33 patients (68.7%) received HBV screening. No patients in either cohort had a positive HBV surface antigen or developed reactivation of HBV during chemotherapy. The addition of a checkbox on the rituximab order form significantly increased our screening for HBV infection in lymphoma patients initiating chemotherapy.

Effects of the no interruption zone on distraction levels, withdrawal times, and adenoma detection rates of colonoscopy.

BACKGROUND: The creation of no interruption zones (NIZs) reduces medical errors by reducing distraction levels on hospital wards. To date, the effect of a NIZ during colonoscopy has not been evaluated. AIMS: Assess the effects of a NIZ during colonoscopy, on distraction levels, withdrawal times, and adenoma detection rates (ADRs). METHODS: This was a non-randomized prospective study of screening colonoscopies at a teaching hospital. The intervention, a NIZ, was created by limiting conversations to the care of the patient undergoing the procedure and posting a "do not disturb" sign during the withdrawal phase of colonoscopy. Distraction levels, withdrawal times, and ADRs were analyzed at baseline and after the NIZ. RESULTS: The implementation of the NIZ leads to a significant reduction of high-distraction-level environments (13.1 vs. 5.1 %; p < 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in withdrawal time with NIZs; (10.6 vs. 9.9 min, p = 0.0038). There was no significant difference in ADRs (38 % baseline vs. 36 % NIZs, respectively; p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Creation of a NIZ was associated with a significant decrease in high-distraction environments and shorter withdrawal times with no significant change in ADRs. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether lower distraction levels in an endoscopy suite translate to improved quality measures.

Birth cohort screening for chronic hepatitis during colonoscopy appointments.

OBJECTIVES: More than 70% of infections with hepatitis C viruses (HCV) occur among people born between 1945 and 1965 (baby boomers). The US Centers for Disease Control estimate that 70% of people with chronic hepatitis are not aware that they are infected with a virus. We performed a prospective trial to determine whether people born during this time period would accept testing for chronic viral infection (hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV) during routine colonoscopies. We also evaluated acceptance and efficacy of screening for immunity to hepatitis A (HAV) and B viruses. METHODS: During a 3-month period, 500 people, 50-65 years old, who received a colonoscopy were offered a test for viral hepatitis. Patients answered questions about vaccination, exposure, diagnoses, and risk factors related to viral hepatitis, and blood samples were collected. Patients who tested positive for antibodies to HCV or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were contacted for further testing and possible therapy. Patients without immunity to HAV or HBV were offered vaccinations. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy-six people (158 men) agreed to be tested. Four were found to have antibodies against HCV and one had detectable virus. None of the patients tested positive for HBsAg; 136 (36%) had at least one risk factor for chronic hepatitis and 31 (8%) had multiple risk factors. Three hundred and fifteen patients (84%) were not immune to HAV, HBV, or both viruses. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to screen patients for viral hepatitis during visits for routine colonoscopy. This approach can identify individuals with undiagnosed chronic HBV and HCV infections who could benefit from education, vaccination, or therapy.

Evaluation of gastric bypass patients 1 year after surgery: changes in quality of life and obesity-related conditions.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has recently been cited as the number one killer in the USA. This problem is both a national and regional epidemic. The health care costs of obesity and obesity-related illnesses are ever increasing, and gastric bypass surgery is becoming a popular treatment strategy. Recently, reports describe not only surgical outcomes, but also quality of life outcomes. The bigger issue of obesity-related illness resolution is still evolving. Our institution has performed well over 500 gastric bypasses since 2002. We evaluated over 100 patients prior to and 1 year after gastric bypass surgery. METHODS: A prospective study was designed in order to systematically examine quality of life in gastric bypass patients and couple the results with both objective and subjective assessment of bariatric surgery outcomes. One hundred nineteen patients undergoing gastric bypass at our institution from January 2005 to December of 2005 were enrolled in the study. In addition to routine preprocedural and postprocedural follow-up, completion of quality of life forms and anthropometric measurements were performed. Using these data, we then correlated the change in quality of life scores with social factors, weight loss success, and status of obesity-related conditions. We also examined the impact of alcohol intake and other demographic factors on both quality of life and obesity related conditions. RESULTS: A total of 119 patients were enrolled in the study during the calendar year 2005. Follow-up at approximately 1 year (average 12.86 months) postsurgery was obtained in 75 patients. A significant reduction in weight (144.4+/-34.4 vs. 91.5+/-28.8; p<0.0001), body mass index (52.4+/-12.2 vs. 32.3+/-8.6; p<0.0001), mean systolic blood pressure (140.4+/-14.7 vs. 130.0+/-21.7; p<0.001), and lipids (194.3+/-33.8 vs. 165.7+/-32.1; p<0.0001) was noted. Quality of life scores 1 year after gastric bypass surgery were also significantly improved (35.9+/-19.5 vs. 82.2+/-23.5; p<0.0001). There was also a significant reduction in the reported usage of medications for obesity related conditions. Various measures of success (change in BMI, change in quality of life scores, and follow up health ranking) were compared across demographic and social factors and no significant associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric bypass is associated with a reduction in weight, BMI, mean systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and the usage of medications for obesity-related conditions. A significant improvement in quality of life was also noted 1 year after surgery.

Characterization of a recurrent germ line mutation of the E-cadherin gene: implications for genetic testing and clinical management.

PURPOSE: To identify germ line CDH1 mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) families and develop guidelines for management of at risk individuals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We ascertained 31 HDGC previously unreported families, including 10 isolated early-onset diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) cases. Screening for CDH1 germ line mutations was done by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and automated DNA sequencing. RESULTS: We identified eight inactivating and one missense CDH1 germ line mutation. The missense mutation conferred in vitro loss of protein function. Two families had the previously described 1003C>T nonsense mutation. Haplotype analysis revealed this to be a recurrent and not a founder mutation. Thirty-six percent (5 of 14) of the families with a documented DGC diagnosed before the age of 50 and other cases of gastric cancer carried CDH1 germ line mutations. Two of 10 isolated cases of DGC in individuals ages <35 years harbored CDH1 germ line mutations. One mutation positive family was ascertained through a family history of lobular breast cancer (LBC) and another through an individual with both DGC and LBC. Occult DGC was identified in five of six prophylactic gastrectomies done on asymptomatic, endoscopically negative 1003C>T mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to families with a strong history of early-onset DGC, CDH1 mutation screening should be offered to isolated cases of DGC in individuals ages <35 years and for families with multiple cases of LBC, with any history of DGC or unspecified GI malignancies. Prophylactic gastrectomy is potentially a lifesaving procedure and clinical breast screening is recommended for asymptomatic mutation carriers.

Frequency and clinical outcome of capsule retention during capsule endoscopy for GI bleeding of obscure origin.

BACKGROUND: Capsule endoscopy is now commonly performed for GI bleeding of obscure origin. Regional transit abnormality refers to slowed capsule movement during capsule endoscopy. The frequency and clinical outcome of capsule retention and regional transit abnormalities are unknown. METHODS: Initial capsule endoscopies performed at a single institution in 52 patients with GI bleeding of obscure origin were reviewed retrospectively. For patients with capsule retention or regional transit abnormality, preprocedural characteristics, and post-procedural outcomes were recorded. OBSERVATIONS: Capsule retention occurred in 7 patients, all of whom remained asymptomatic. Regional transit abnormality was noted in 3 patients. Sources of bleeding were localized in all cases. Seven patients underwent surgery. Stricture induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was the major cause of retention. In all patients, anemia resolved during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Capsule retention and regional transit abnormality occurred in almost 20% of patients who had capsule endoscopy for GI bleeding of obscure origin. These capsule movement abnormalities led to the diagnosis of bleeding sources and thereby influenced patient management. A history of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use may be associated with an increased risk of capsule retention.

TGF-beta and p53 staining in CT-guided and endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspirates of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Our purpose was to determine if fine-needle aspirates of pancreatic adenocarcinoma would produce material amenable to tumor marker staining and to correlate the expression of TGF-beta and p53 with patient and tumor data. One hundred twenty specimens were analyzed. TGF-beta was positive in 26% of cases and had no correlation with patient's age, sex, survival, stage, grade, or size. p53 was positive in 22% of the cases and correlated only with grade 1 tumors. Expression of TGF-beta and p53 can be tested on preserved cytologic specimens. This is the largest study to date correlating TGF-beta and p53 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and patient demographics, prognosis, and tumor attributes. This is also the first study that did not select for surgical candidates. TGF-beta expression does not appear to have prognostic significance in pancreatic cancer. p53 was more common in well-differentiated tumors and may be an early mutation lost in more poorly differentiated tumors.