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Conventional ultrasonography (US), including greyscale imaging and colour Doppler US (CDUS), is pivotal for diagnosing scrotal pathologies, but it has limited specificity. Historically, solid focal testicular abnormalities often led to radical orchidectomy. This retrospective study evaluated the utilisation of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and strain elastography (SE) in investigating intratesticular focal abnormalities. A total of 124 cases were analysed. This study underscored the superior diagnostic capabilities of CEUS in detecting vascular enhancement in all malignant cases, even those with undetectable vascularity by CDUS. It also highlighted the potential of CEUS in identifying distinctive vascular patterns in benign vascular tumours. Definitive confirmation of benignity could be obtained when the absence of enhancement was demonstrated on CEUS. While SE alone offered no distinctive advantage in differentiating between benign and malignant pathologies, we demonstrated that incorporating a combination of CEUS and SE into the evaluation of focal testicular abnormalities could improve diagnostic performance metrics over conventional CDUS. Our findings underscore the role of advanced ultrasound techniques in enhancing the evaluation of focal testicular abnormalities in clinical practice and could aid a shift towards testis-sparing management strategies.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe outcome of infants with hemangioma(s) of the liver. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Infantile hepatic hemangiomas exhibit a diverse phenotype. We report our 30-year experience and describe optimal management based on precise radiological classification. METHODS: Retrospective review of 124 infants (66 female) 1986-2016. Categorical analysis with Chi2 and nonparametric comparison. Data expressed as median (range) and P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Lesions classified as focal (n = 70, 56%); multifocal (n = 47, 38%) or diffuse (n = 7, 6%) and of these 80(65%) were symptomatic (eg, cardiac failure n = 39, 31%; thrombocytopenia n = 12, 10%).Increased hepatic artery velocity was seen in 63 (56%). Median hepatic artery velocity was greatest in diffuse lesions [245 (175-376) cm/s vs focal 120 (34-242) cm/s vs multifocal 93 (36-313) cm/s; P = 0.0001]. Expectant management alone was followed in 55 (44%). Medical therapy was utilised in 57(46%) and sufficient for symptom control in 29/57 (51%). Propranolol therapy (from 2008) was sufficient for symptom control in 22/28 (79%). Surgery (hepatic artery ligation n = 26; resection n = 13; embolization n = 1) was required in 40 (32%). Median maximal lesion diameter was 3 (0.5-17.1) cm and greater in those requiring surgery (7âcm vs 4.9âcm; P = 0.04). The proportion requiring surgery decreased markedly in the propranolol era [pre-propranolol 25/48 (52%) vs post-propranolol 16/76 (21%) (P = 0.0003)]. Systematic follow-up with ultrasound to a median of 2.6 (0.02-16) years. CONCLUSIONS: A proportion of infantile hepatic hemangiomas remain asymptomatic permitting observation until resolution but the majority require complex multi-modal therapy. First-line pharmacotherapy with propranolol has reduced but not abolished the need for surgery.
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Embolização Terapêutica/métodos , Previsões , Hemangioma/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias/métodos , Propranolol/uso terapêutico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Adolescente , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hemangioma/classificação , Hemangioma/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Neoplasias Hepáticas/classificação , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to quantify contrast-enhanced ultrasound enhancement of focal fatty sparing (FFS) and focal fatty infiltration (FFI) and compare it with adjacent liver parenchyma. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study yielding 42 cases in the last 4 years. Inclusion criteria were a focal liver lesion, adequate video availability, and an established diagnosis of FFS or FFI based on clinical or imaging follow-up or a second modality. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examinations were performed with a standard low-mechanical index technique. Commercially available software calculated quantitative parameters for a focal liver lesion and a reference area of liver parenchyma, producing relative indices. RESULTS: In total, 42 patients were analyzed (19 male) with a median age of 18 (interquartile range, 42) years and a median lesion diameter of 30 (interquartile range, 16) mm. The cohort included 26 with FFS and 16 with FFI. Subjectively assessed, 27% of FFS and 25% of FFI were hypoenhancing in the arterial phase, and 73% of FFS and 75% of FFI were isoenhancing. In the venous and delayed phases, all lesions were isoenhancing. The peak enhancement (P = .001), wash-in area under the curve (P < .01), wash-in rate (P = .023), and wash-in perfusion index (P = .001) were significantly lower in FFS compared with adjacent parenchyma but not the mean transit time. In the FFI subgroup, no significant difference was detected. Comparing relative parameters, only the wash-in rate was significantly (P = .049) lower in FFS than FFI. The mean follow-up was 2.8 years. CONCLUSIONS: Focal fatty sparing shows significantly lower and slower enhancement than the liver parenchyma, whereas FFI enhances identically. Focal fatty sparing had a significantly slower enhancement than FFI.
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Meios de Contraste , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Adulto , Humanos , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
The aim of this study is to assess the additional benefit of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) over conventional ultrasonography (US) in identifying intra-testicular abnormalities among observers of different experiences. In this study, 91 focal testicular lesions (46 neoplastic, 45 non-neoplastic) imaged with gray-scale US/Doppler US and CEUS were classified using a 5-point scale. Three experienced and four inexperienced observers rated each lesion using gray-scale/color Doppler US alone and then with the addition of CEUS. Improved diagnostic specificity and accuracy with the addition of CEUS was observed for both experienced (specificity: 71.1% vs. 59.3%, pâ¯=â¯0.005; accuracy: 83.5% vs. 76.9%, pâ¯=â¯0.003) and inexperienced observers (specificity: 75.6% vs. 51.7%, pâ¯=â¯0.005; accuracy: 80.2% vs. 72.0%, p < 0.001). Significant inter-observer variability between the experienced and inexperienced observers when assessing conventional US alone was eliminated with the addition of CEUS. CEUS improves diagnostic accuracy of focal intra-testicular lesions for both experienced and inexperienced observers and reduces inter-observer variability in inexperienced operators.
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Meios de Contraste , Doenças Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Testiculares/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Testículo/irrigação sanguínea , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Testicular trauma is common, usually trivial and rarely requires hospital attendance, but if it does, then imaging becomes essential as scrotal assessment may be difficult due to pain and/or scrotal disruption. Ultrasound (US) assumes a crucial role as other cross-sectional modalities have a limited use in the acute presentation. Despite the acceptable accuracy of conventional US techniques, there are limitations which hinder a thorough evaluation, critically the assessment of tissue viability, crucial for clinical management and prognosis. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been shown to offer improved flow visualisation and tissue perfusion compared with conventional Doppler techniques. CEUS can accurately and confidently demonstrate the viability of testicular parenchyma, delineate fracture lines and haematomas and guide treatment for testis-sparing surgery or orchidectomy. The purpose of this review is to present the literature, familiarise physicians with the principles of CEUS and findings of scrotal trauma and illustrate the main abnormalities through characteristic and educative cases.
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Multiparametric ultrasound (MPUS), combining conventional techniques (greyscale and colour Doppler ultrasound), ultrasound strain elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), has been successfully used in the assessment of adult scrotal pathology. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can confidently establish testicular tissue vascularity even in the small-volume paediatric testis. Elastography provides further assessment of tissue stiffness, potentially adding useful diagnostic information. In children, ultrasonography is particularly advantageous, being safe, radiation-free and negating the need for sedation or general anaesthesia during the imaging evaluation. In this review article, we aim to familiarise readers with the MPUS scanning protocol used for paediatric scrotal examination and provide an overview of scrotal MPUS features, with particular focus to clinical indications where MPUS may be advantageous over conventional ultrasonography.
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Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/diagnóstico por imagem , Escroto/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Abscesso/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Contraindicações de Medicamentos , Meios de Contraste/administração & dosagem , Meios de Contraste/efeitos adversos , Cistos/diagnóstico por imagem , Ecocardiografia Doppler em Cores , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/métodos , Epididimite/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Infarto/diagnóstico por imagem , Lipoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Fosfolipídeos/administração & dosagem , Fosfolipídeos/efeitos adversos , Escroto/lesões , Torção do Cordão Espermático/diagnóstico por imagem , Hexafluoreto de Enxofre/administração & dosagem , Hexafluoreto de Enxofre/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Testículo/irrigação sanguínea , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Testículo/lesõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma are rare liver tumors in which specific features on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) have been reported but are little known in children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the interobserver agreement in diagnosing and differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma in children using established adult contrast-enhanced US characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty children with a definite or probable diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia or hepatic adenoma on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/histology who underwent contrast-enhanced US studies were included. Typical and additional contrast-enhanced US features of focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma were included. The lesions were classified as definite/probable focal nodular hyperplasia, definite/probably hepatic adenoma or unclassified. The interobserver kappa of contrast-enhanced US characteristics was calculated. RESULTS: Focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma in children demonstrate contrast-enhanced US characteristics similar to those in adults. Among the nine lesions with confirmed histological diagnosis, correct diagnosis was made in 7 (77.8%) based on contrast-enhanced US criteria. Two lesions were unclassified by both observers due to a mixed arterial filling pattern. Interobserver kappa for contrast-enhanced US diagnosis was 0.64 (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: There is a good interobserver kappa for separating focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatic adenoma in children using established adult contrast-enhanced US features.
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Adenoma de Células Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Hiperplasia Nodular Focal do Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Meios de Contraste , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Fosfolipídeos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Hexafluoreto de EnxofreRESUMO
Focal liver lesions are uncommon in the paediatric population, majority are benign but need to be clearly identified as benign. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound has recently received approval for paediatric hepatic use and represents an inexpensive and safe alternative to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for focal liver lesion characterization. We report a case of an incidental focal liver lesion in a four-month-old infant, indeterminate on B-mode ultrasound but successfully characterized with contrast-enhanced ultrasound as a haemangioma, without recourse to other imaging techniques, and with minimal patient discomfort.
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Testicular macrocalcification is an uncommon finding when imaging the scrotum with ultrasonography (US). It is not normally a recognized risk factor for development of testicular malignancy, and patients are not usually offered follow-up US examinations or counseled for self-examination. This aspect is in distinction to patients with testicular microlithiasis (usually with an additional risk factor), who are offered follow-up on the assumption that microlithiasis is associated with malignancy. We report a series of 6 patients with predetermined testicular macrocalcification, with development of a malignancy on follow-up US. We encourage US follow-up examinations for patients with macrocalcification, potentially in a similar manner as for those with testicular microlithiasis.
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Litíase/complicações , Litíase/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Testiculares/complicações , Doenças Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Testiculares/complicações , Neoplasias Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/métodosRESUMO
The introduction of ultrasound contrast agents has rendered contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) a valuable complementary technique to address clinically significant problems. This pictorial review describes the use of CEUS guidance in abdominal intervention and illustrates such application for a range of clinical indications. Clinical application of CEUS discussed include commonly performed abdominal interventional procedures, such as biopsy, drainage, nephrostomy, biliary intervention, abdominal tumor ablation and its subsequent monitoring, and imaging of vascular complications following abdominal intervention. The purpose of this article is to further familiarize readers with the application of CEUS, particularly its specific strength over alternative imaging modalities, in abdominal intervention.
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Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Meios de Contraste/administração & dosagem , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodos , Abdome/cirurgia , Drenagem/métodos , Humanos , Biópsia Guiada por Imagem , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Abstract The characterization of focal splenic lesions by ultrasound can be quite challenging. The recent introduction of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has come to play a valuable role in the field of imaging splenic pathologies, offering the possibility of an ionizing radiation-free investigation. Because CEUS has been incorporated into everyday clinical practice, malignant diseases such as focal lymphomatous infiltration, metastatic deposits, benign cysts, traumatic fractures, and hemangiomas can now be accurately depicted and characterized without the need for further imaging. More specifically, splenic traumatic fractures do not require additional imaging by computed tomography (with ionizing radiation exposure) for follow-up, because splenic fractures and their complications are safely imaged with CEUS. In the new era of CEUS, more patients benefit from radiation-free investigation of splenic pathologies with high diagnostic accuracy.
Resumo A caracterização de lesões focais esplênicas pela ultrassonografia pode ser bastante desafiadora. A introdução da ultrassonografia com contraste por microbolhas vem ganhando papel importante no campo da avaliação por imagem das doenças esplênicas, oferecendo um método livre de radiação ionizante. Após a implementação da ultrassonografia contrastada na prática médica, doenças malignas como linfomas e metástases, bem como benignas, como cistos, lesões traumáticas e hemangiomas, podem ser observadas e caracterizadas de maneira acurada, sem a necessidade de prosseguir a investigação com outros métodos de imagem. Mais especificamente, lesões traumáticas esplênicas podem ser acompanhadas por meio da ultrassonografia contrastada, evitando a radiação ionizante da tomografia computadorizada, uma vez que as fraturas esplênicas e suas potenciais complicações são seguramente demonstradas por esse método ultrassonográfico. Na nova era do uso dos contrastes para ultrassonografia, mais pacientes serão beneficiados por investigações livres de radiação para avaliação de afecções do baço, com alta acurácia diagnóstica.
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Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) represents a complementary technique to greyscale and colour Doppler ultrasonography which allows for real-time visualization and characterization of tissue perfusion. Its inherent advantages in the child makes ultrasonography an ideal imaging modality; repeatability and good tolerance along with the avoidance of CT, a source of ionizing radiation, renders ultrasonography imaging desirable. Although currently paediatric CEUS is principally used in an "off-label" manner, ultrasonography contrast agents have received regulatory approval for assessment of paediatric focal liver lesions (FLL) in the USA. The safety of ultrasound contrast-agents is well documented in adults, as safe as or even surpassing the safety profile of CT and MR contrast agents. Except for the established intracavitary use of CEUS in voiding urosonography, i.v. paediatric applications have been introduced with promising results in the abdominal trauma initial diagnosis and follow-up, characterization and differential diagnosis of FLL and characterization of lung, pleura, renal and splenic pathology. CEUS has also been used to detect complications after paediatric transplantation, evaluate inflammatory bowel disease activity and assess tumour response to antiangiogenic therapy. The purpose of this review was to present these novel i.v. paediatric applications of CEUS and discuss their value.
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Meios de Contraste , Microbolhas , Segurança do Paciente , Ultrassonografia Doppler em Cores/métodos , Traumatismos Abdominais/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Hepatopatias/diagnóstico , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pediatria/métodos , Papel (figurativo) , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Primary testicular lymphoma is rare and appears with nonspecific findings on grayscale and color Doppler sonography. We present 8 patients further examined with contrast-enhanced sonography, strain elastography, and histologic analysis after orchiectomy. Seven of 8 patients had a diagnosis of large B-cell lymphoma, and 1 of 8 had a diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma, with solitary lesions (2 of 8), multiple lesions (3 of 8), or entire testicular involvement (3 of 8). Lesions appeared hypoechoic (7 of 8) or isoechoic (1 of 8), all with increased vascularity on color Doppler sonography and a nonbranching linear pattern of intratumoral vessels (7 of 8). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) confirmed this pattern and showed increased enhancement in all lesions. On strain elastography, all lesions were hard, with an elasticity score of greater than 4. Multiparametric sonography of testicular lymphoma identifies increased vascularity on color Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound and increased lesion stiffness on strain elastography.
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Meios de Contraste , Neoplasias Hematológicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Neoplasias Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/métodos , Neoplasias Hematológicas/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fosfolipídeos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hexafluoreto de Enxofre , Neoplasias Testiculares/patologia , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Testículo/patologia , Ultrassonografia Doppler em Cores/métodosRESUMO
The characterization of focal splenic lesions by ultrasound can be quite challenging. The recent introduction of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has come to play a valuable role in the field of imaging splenic pathologies, offering the possibility of an ionizing radiation-free investigation. Because CEUS has been incorporated into everyday clinical practice, malignant diseases such as focal lymphomatous infiltration, metastatic deposits, benign cysts, traumatic fractures, and hemangiomas can now be accurately depicted and characterized without the need for further imaging. More specifically, splenic traumatic fractures do not require additional imaging by computed tomography (with ionizing radiation exposure) for follow-up, because splenic fractures and their complications are safely imaged with CEUS. In the new era of CEUS, more patients benefit from radiation-free investigation of splenic pathologies with high diagnostic accuracy.
A caracterização de lesões focais esplênicas pela ultrassonografia pode ser bastante desafiadora. A introdução da ultrassonografia com contraste por microbolhas vem ganhando papel importante no campo da avaliação por imagem das doenças esplênicas, oferecendo um método livre de radiação ionizante. Após a implementação da ultrassonografia contrastada na prática médica, doenças malignas como linfomas e metástases, bem como benignas, como cistos, lesões traumáticas e hemangiomas, podem ser observadas e caracterizadas de maneira acurada, sem a necessidade de prosseguir a investigação com outros métodos de imagem. Mais especificamente, lesões traumáticas esplênicas podem ser acompanhadas por meio da ultrassonografia contrastada, evitando a radiação ionizante da tomografia computadorizada, uma vez que as fraturas esplênicas e suas potenciais complicações são seguramente demonstradas por esse método ultrassonográfico. Na nova era do uso dos contrastes para ultrassonografia, mais pacientes serão beneficiados por investigações livres de radiação para avaliação de afecções do baço, com alta acurácia diagnóstica.
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Extra-testicular lesions are usually benign but present with nonspecific grey-scale sonography findings. This study assesses conventional sonographic characteristics in the differentiation of extra-testicular tumoural from inflammatory lesions and whether contrast-enhanced ultrasound has a role. A retrospective database analysis was performed. All patients were examined by experienced sonographers employing standard techniques combining grey-scale, colour Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Features recorded were: clinical symptoms, size, location, echogenicity, colour Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound enhancement. Vascularity on colour Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound was graded and compared. The lesions were classified as tumoural or inflammatory. The Chi-square test was used to analyse the sonographic patterns and kappa coefficient to measure the agreement between colour Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. A total of 30 lesions were reviewed (median diameter 12 mm, range 5-80 mm, median age 52 years, range 18-86 years), including 13/30 tumoural and 17/30 inflammatory lesions. Lesions were hypoechoic (n = 12), isoechoic (n = 6), hyperechoic (n = 2) or mixed (n = 10). Grey-scale characteristics of tumoural vs. inflammatory lesions differed significantly (P = 0.026). On colour Doppler sonography, lesions had no vessels (n = 16), 2-3 vessels (n = 10) and ≥4 vessels (n = 4). On contrast-enhanced ultrasound, lesions showed no vascularity (n = 17), perfusion similar to testis (n = 7) and higher (n = 6). All abscesses identified (n = 9) showed no vascularity on both colour Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. There was good agreement between these techniques in evaluating vascularity (κ = 0.719) and no significant difference between colour Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of tumoural vs. inflammatory lesions (P > 0.05). The grey-scale appearances of extra-testicular lesions are essential for characterisation. Colour Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings are not useful in that respect. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is excellent in establishing absence of vascularity.
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We report a case of a lobular capillary hemangioma in a 66-year-old man, who presented with left testicular pain, with an asymptomatic incidental right testicular lesion found on ultrasonography. The sonographic examination demonstrated a heterogeneous mainly iso-echoic intratesticular lesion with marked vascularity on the color Doppler examination. Further evaluation with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and strain elastography was performed; the multiparametric imaging suggested a benign tumor. The multidisciplinary team decision with patient consent was to perform a radical orchiectomy with subsequent histopathology confirming a benign lobular capillary hemangioma.
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Hemangioma Capilar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Meios de Contraste , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Hemangioma Capilar/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Testiculares/patologia , Ultrassonografia Doppler em CoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pseudoaneurysm (PA) formation following blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma is a recognized complication in solid organ injury, usually diagnosed by contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) imaging. Delayed rupture is a potentially life-threatening event, although its frequency is not known in pediatric trauma. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a novel radiation-free alternative to CECT with the potential to identify PA. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive cases of significant liver and splenic injuries admitted to single institution (tertiary and quaternary referrals) over more than a 12year period was performed. From 2011, CEUS was performed routinely postinjury (5-10days) using SonoVue™ as contrast. Initially, CECT and CEUS were performed in tandem to ensure accurate correlation. RESULTS: From January 2002-December 2014, 101 (73M) children [median age was 14.2 (1.3-18)years] with liver and splenic injuries were admitted. Injuries included: liver [n=57, grade 3 (1-5)], splenic [n=35, grade 3 (1-5)], and combined liver/spleen [n=8, (1-4)]. Median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 13 (2-72). The predominant mechanisms of injury were blunt trauma n=73 (72%) and penetrating trauma n=28 (28%). Seventeen children (17%) developed PA. Six children became symptomatic (35%), and five went on to have embolization [at 7 (3-11)days]. These were detected by CECT (n=4) and CEUS (n=2). Eleven children remained asymptomatic [detected by CECT (n=8) and CEUS (n=3) at median 5 (4-8)days]. One underwent embolization owing to evidence of interval bleeding. Sensitivity of CEUS at detection of PA was 83%, with specificity of 92% (PPV=71%, NPV=96%). There was no association between grade of injury and presence of PA in either liver or splenic trauma (P=0.4), nor was there an association between size of PA and symptoms (P=0.68). Children sustaining splenic PA were significantly younger than those with hepatic PA (P=0.03). Follow-up imaging confirmed resolution of PA in 16 cases. One child was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PA is higher than previously reported in the pediatric literature (<5%). Postinjury imaging appears mandatory, and CEUS appears to be highly sensitive and specific for diagnosis and follow-up.
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Falso Aneurisma/diagnóstico por imagem , Falso Aneurisma/terapia , Fígado/lesões , Baço/lesões , Adolescente , Falso Aneurisma/complicações , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Meios de Contraste , Embolização Terapêutica , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hemorragia/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Masculino , Radiografia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ultrassonografia , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/complicações , Ferimentos Penetrantes/complicaçõesRESUMO
We investigated the appearances of intratesticular hematomas on multiparametric sonography combining grayscale, color Doppler, and contrast-enhanced sonography and strain elastography. Over a 3-year period, 17 hematomas in 8 patients were analyzed. Blunt trauma (n = 7) and surgery (n = 1) were preceding events. Grayscale sonography showed well-defined oval or round predominantly hypoechoic and heterogeneous, peripherally (n = 13) or centrally (n = 4) located lesions. Three showed contrast enhancement of septations, and 4 showed peripheral lesion rim enhancement. On strain elastography, the mean strain ratio was 1.19 (range, 0.41-2.36), and elasticity score were 3 or lower (n = 13) and 5 (n = 4). Multiparametric sonography shows nonenhancement with contrast and predominantly "soft" elastographic properties and aids in the interpretation of the benign nature of intratesticular hematomas.
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Meios de Contraste , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Hematoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Aumento da Imagem , Doenças Testiculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Doppler em Cores , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A phaeochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumour arising from the chromaffin cells. We describe a case of a child with Von Hippel-Lindau disease, with an adrenal phaeochromocytoma who presented with severe dilated cardiomyopathy driven by secondary hypertension. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings are described and compared with both magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography imaging.
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Cortical necrosis is an uncommon cause of renal impairment and is rarely a consequence of blunt abdominal trauma. We present a case of unilateral traumatic acute cortical necrosis in a child demonstrated on contrast-enhanced US with confirmation on MRI. Contrast-enhanced US provides a rapid, accurate evaluation of renal parenchyma abnormalities in blunt abdominal trauma in children without exposure to ionising radiation or the risk of sedation.