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INTRODUCTION: Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a very rare pediatric renal tumor. Robust evidence to guide treatment is lacking and knowledge on targeted therapies and immunotherapy is mainly based on adult studies. Currently, the International Society of Pediatric Oncology-Renal Tumor Study Group (SIOP-RTSG) 2016 UMBRELLA protocol recommends sunitinib for metastatic or unresectable RCC. METHODS: This retrospective study describes the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-(L)1) monoclonal antibodies, and immunotherapeutic regimens in advanced-stage and relapsed pediatric RCC. RESULTS: Of the 31 identified patients (0-18 years) with histologically proven RCC, 3/31 presented with TNM stage I/II, 8/31 with TNM stage III, and 20/31 with TNM stage IV at diagnosis. The majority were diagnosed with translocation type RCC (MiT-RCC) (21/31) and the remaining patients mainly presented with papillary or clear-cell RCC. Treatment in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting, or upon relapse or progression, included mono- or combination therapy with a large variety of drugs, illustrating center specific choices in most patients. Sunitinib was often administered as first choice and predominantly resulted in stable disease (53%). Other frequently used drugs included axitinib, cabozantinib, sorafenib, and nivolumab; however, no treatment seemed more promising than sunitinib. Overall, 15/31 patients died of disease, 12/31 are alive with active disease, and only four patients had a complete response. The sample size and heterogeneity of this cohort only allowed descriptive statistical analysis. CONCLUSION: This study provides an overview of a unique series of clinical and treatment characteristics of pediatric patients with RCC treated with targeted therapies.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Humanos , Criança , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/mortalidade , Masculino , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/mortalidade , Feminino , Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Recém-Nascido , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Estadiamento de NeoplasiasRESUMO
Pediatric renal cell carcinomas (RCC) differ from their adult counterparts not only in histologic subtypes but also in clinical characteristics and outcome. However, the underlying biology is still largely unclear. For this reason, we performed whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing analyses on a cohort of 25 pediatric RCC patients with various histologic subtypes, including 10 MiT family translocation (MiT) and 10 papillary RCCs. In this cohort of pediatric RCC, we find only limited genomic overlap with adult RCC, even within the same histologic subtype. Recurrent somatic mutations in genes not previously reported in RCC were detected, such as in CCDC168, PLEKHA1, VWF, and MAP3K9. Our papillary pediatric RCCs, which represent the largest cohort to date with comprehensive molecular profiling in this age group, appeared as a distinct genomic subtype differing in terms of gene mutations and gene expression patterns not only from MiT-RCC but also from their adult counterparts.
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In children, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare. This study is the first report of pediatric patients with RCC registered by the International Society of Pediatric Oncology-Renal Tumor Study Group (SIOP-RTSG). Pediatric patients with histologically confirmed RCC, registered in SIOP 93-01, 2001 and UK-IMPORT databases, were included. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Between 1993 and 2019, 122 pediatric patients with RCC were registered. Available detailed data (n = 111) revealed 56 localized, 30 regionally advanced, 25 metastatic and no bilateral cases. Histological classification according to World Health Organization 2004, including immunohistochemical and molecular testing for transcription factor E3 (TFE3) and/or EB (TFEB) translocation, was available for 65/122 patients. In this group, the most common histological subtypes were translocation type RCC (MiT-RCC) (36/64, 56.3%), papillary type (19/64, 29.7%) and clear cell type (4/64, 6.3%). One histological subtype was not reported. In the remaining 57 patients, translocation testing could not be performed, or TFE-cytogenetics and/or immunohistochemistry results were missing. In this group, the most common RCC histological subtypes were papillary type (21/47, 44.7%) and clear cell type (11/47, 23.4%). Ten histological subtypes were not reported. Estimated 5-year (5y) EFS and 5y OS of the total group was 70.5% (95% CI = 61.7%-80.6%) and 84.5% (95% CI = 77.5%-92.2%), respectively. Estimated 5y OS for localized, regionally advanced, and metastatic disease was 96.8%, 92.3%, and 45.6%, respectively. In conclusion, the registered pediatric patients with RCC showed a reasonable outcome. Survival was substantially lower for patients with metastatic disease. This descriptive study stresses the importance of full, prospective registration including TFE-testing.
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Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Renais/mortalidade , Adolescente , Carcinoma de Células Renais/classificação , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Renais/classificação , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/metabolismo , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Translocação Genética , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Pediatric renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a rare type of kidney cancer, most commonly occurring in teenagers and young adolescents. Few relatively large series of pediatric RCC have been reported. Knowledge of clinical characteristics, outcome and treatment strategies are often based on the more frequently occurring adult types of RCC. However, published pediatric data suggest that clinical, molecular and histological characteristics of pediatric RCC differ from adult RCC. This paper summarizes reported series consisting of ≥10 RCC pediatric patients in order to create an up-to-date overview of the clinical and histopathological characteristics, treatment and outcome of pediatric RCC patients.
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BACKGROUND: Response (tumour volume reduction) to induction chemotherapy has been used to stratify secondary local and systemic treatment of Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group III (IRSG-III) embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RME) in consecutive CWS-trials. To evaluate its actual impact we studied response-related treatment and outcomes. PROCEDURE: Patients with IRSG-III RME <21 years and non-response (NR, <33% volume reduction) in five consecutive CWS-trials were analysed and compared with partial responders (PAR, ≥ 33% reduction). The NR was reviewed and sub-classified as Objective Response (OR, <0%-33% reduction) or Stable/Progressive Disease (SPD). RESULTS: Fifty-nine of 529 patients had NR (n = 34 OR, n = 25 SPD). Primary risk-factors including age, tumour size, and TN-classification did not differ between NR and PAR groups but NR had more patients with unfavourable sites comparatively (P = 0.04). There were no differences in primary risk-factors between OR and SPD. Significant factors associated with poor outcome in multivariate analysis were NR, TN-classification, age >10 years, tumour size >5 cm and therapy in older trials. After response assessment n = 24 NR continued to receive induction chemotherapy, n = 32 received other combinations and n = 3 no further chemotherapy. Forty-two non-responders were irradiated, and the tumours were completely resected in n = 20. After a median follow-up of 8 years, 34 NR are alive. Seventeen of 21 failures leading to disease-related deaths were locoregional. The five-year overall survival rate (OS) was 76 ± 4% for PAR, 79 ± 14% for OR, but only 40 ± 19% for SPD (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Response to induction chemotherapy appears to be an important surrogate marker of poor outcome in patients with SPD largely due to ineffective local control.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Rabdomiossarcoma Embrionário/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/mortalidade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rabdomiossarcoma Embrionário/mortalidade , Rabdomiossarcoma Embrionário/patologia , Taxa de Sobrevida , Carga Tumoral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
IRIDA (iron-refractory iron-deficiency anaemia) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder hallmarked by hypochromic microcytic anaemia, low transferrin saturation and high levels of the iron-regulated hormone hepcidin. The disease is caused by mutations in the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS6 (transmembrane protease serine 6) that prevent inactivation of HJV (haemojuvelin), an activator of hepcidin transcription. In the present paper, we describe a patient with IRIDA who carries a novel mutation (Y141C) in the SEA domain of the TMPRSS6 gene. Functional characterization of the TMPRSS6(Y141C) mutant protein in cultured cells showed that it localizes to similar subcellular compartments as wild-type TMPRSS6 and binds HJV, but fails to auto-catalytically activate itself. As a consequence, hepcidin mRNA expression is increased, causing the clinical symptoms observed in this IRIDA patient. The present study provides important mechanistic insight into how TMPRSS6 is activated.
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Anemia Ferropriva/enzimologia , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Mutação , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Anemia Ferropriva/etiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/genética , Anemia Ferropriva/urina , Animais , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/genética , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/urina , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ativação Enzimática , Feminino , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteína da Hemocromatose , Hepcidinas , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Linhagem , Filogenia , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Serina Endopeptidases/químicaRESUMO
Renal cell carcinomas in young patients constitute a morphologically and genetically heterogeneous group. Twenty percent belong to the newly recognized Xp11.2 translocation-associated family and rare tumors arise from nephroblastoma. Aberrant Wnt signaling through beta-catenin mutation has been implicated in nephroblastoma pathogenesis and has been found to synergize with WT1 mutations. To characterize Wnt signaling activity in renal cell carcinomas in young patients, we gathered 34 tumors (three clear cell, ten Xp11.2 translocation associated, five papillary, two chromophobe, two collecting duct, one neuroblastoma associated, eight unclassified renal cell carcinomas, and three carcinomas combined with nephroblastoma) from patients less than 22 years. Expression of beta-catenin, its homologue gamma-catenin, and of WT1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 30 tumors, and sequence analysis of CTNNB1, CTNNG1, and WT1 genes was performed in 25 tumors. Cytoplasmic beta-catenin accumulation was demonstrated in two papillary carcinomas, one neuroblastoma-associated carcinoma, and two carcinomas arising from nephroblastoma. The pattern of gamma-catenin expression paralleled that of beta-catenin but its signal intensity was lower in 22, equal in 7, and stronger only in 1 tumor, respectively. Four tumors showed nuclear WT1 expression. One Xp11.2 translocation-associated carcinoma presented a rare intronic CTNNB1 single nucleotide polymorphism and cytoplasmic beta-catenin accumulation. There were no further CTNNB1 or CTNNG1 sequence alterations. A WT1 mutation was found in the nephroblastoma component of a carcinoma arising from nephroblastoma. These findings suggest Wnt signaling pathway activation only in a minority of renal cell carcinomas in young patients. CTNNB1 mutations are rare events. Cytoplasmic beta-catenin accumulation in an Xp11.2-associated carcinoma suggests potential interaction of Wnt signaling components with microphthalmia transcription factor family also in Xp11.2 translocation carcinomas. WT1 mutation in the nephroblastoma component of a mixed-type renal cell carcinoma provides direct evidence for clonal independence of nephroblastoma and carcinoma components in this exceptional tumor.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renais/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Sequência de Bases , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Proteínas Wnt/genética , beta Catenina/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismo , gama Catenina/genética , gama Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Childhood renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) differ histologically and biologically from their adult counterparts. The characteristics of RCC-affected children and their tumors, the influence of treatment, and outcome have so far not been studied in a nonselected, population-based cohort. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of RCC patients less than 16 years old reported to the German Childhood Cancer Registry and to the Kiel Paediatric Tumor Registry from 1980 to 2005. RESULTS: Forty-nine RCC in children (24 boys, 25 girls) with a median age of 10.6 years were identified. In about every third child possibly RCC-related underlying disorders (tuberous sclerosis, neuroblastoma, teratoma with chemotherapy, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, chronic renal failure) or related diseases in their family were found. The pathologic subtypes were papillary in 16 (33%), translocation type in 11 (22%), unclassified in 8 (16%), and rarely clear-cell (n = 3) or others. Thirty-four (69%) patients had localized RCC, 8 (16%) patients regional lymph node metastases, and 4 (8%) patients distant metastases. Event-free survival and overall survival rates at 5 years were 96% for localized RCC, 69% and 75% for regional lymph node-positive, 25% and 33% for distant metastatic RCC, respectively. Two of 4 patients with distant metastases received immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy and surgery, both are alive, 1 of them disease-free for 6.9 years. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric RCCs are predominantly localized diseases. Children with RCC frequently suffer underlying disorders. Survival rates in localized and regional lymph node-positive cases are favorable. Because of the rarity of RCC in childhood, an international study is necessary.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/terapia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Carcinoma de Células Renais/complicações , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Alemanha , Humanos , Lactente , Neoplasias Renais/complicações , Masculino , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
DNA ligase IV (LigIV) deficiency was identified as the molecular basis for a severe form of combined immunodeficiency in two microcephalic siblings with cellular radiosensitivity. In one patient the diagnosis was made directly after birth, allowing analysis of the role of LigIV in the development of specific immune cells. Absolute numbers of B cells were reduced 100-fold and alphabeta T cells 10-fold, whereas gammadelta T cells were normal. Spectratyping of all three cell populations showed a diverse repertoire, but sequencing of IgH V(D)J junctions revealed shorter CDR3 regions due to more extensive nucleotide deletions among D and J elements and fewer N nucleotide insertions. Clonal restriction of IgG-expressing, but not IgM-expressing, B cells and the lack of primary and secondary lymph node follicles indicated impaired class switch recombination. Observations in the older sibling showed that this rudimentary immune system was able to mount specific responses to infection. However, partial Ab responses and extensive amplification of gammadelta T cells could not prevent a life-threatening course of viral and bacterial infections, the development of an EBV-induced lymphoma, and immune dysregulation reflected by severe autoimmune cytopenia. Impaired generation of immune diversity under conditions of limited LigIV activity can cause a human SCID variant with a characteristic immunological phenotype.
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DNA Ligases/deficiência , DNA Ligases/genética , Mutação , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/enzimologia , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/genética , Formação de Anticorpos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Sequência de Bases , Pré-Escolar , DNA/genética , DNA Ligase Dependente de ATP , Feminino , Rearranjo Gênico do Linfócito B , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Microcefalia/genética , Fenótipo , Tolerância a Radiação/genética , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
Using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays, we analyzed mRNA gene expression patterns of 12 primary pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) and 11 Ewing's sarcomas (EWS), which belong to the small round blue cell tumors (SRBCTs). Diagnostic classification of these cancers is frequently complicated by the highly similar appearance in routine histology, and additional molecular markers could significantly improve tumor classification. A combination of three independent statistical approaches (t-test, SAM, k-nearest neighborhood analysis) resulted in 101 highly significant probe sets that clearly discriminate between EWS and RMS. We identified novel marker transcripts that have not been previously associated with either RMS or EWS yet, including CITED2, glypican 3 (GPC3), and cyclin D1 (CCND1). Expression levels for selected candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Furthermore, to identify biologically meaningful trends, functional annotations were assigned to 946 genes differentially expressed between EWS and RMS (t-test). Genes involved in protein biosynthesis (n = 28) and complex assembly (n = 9), lipid metabolism (n = 23), energy generation (n = 22), and mRNA processing (n = 11) were expressed significantly higher in EWS. Thus, functional annotation of tumor-specific genes reveals detailed insights into tumor biology and differentiation-specific expression patterns and gives important clues related to the possible cellular origin of these pediatric tumors. Supplementary material for this article is available at the International Journal of Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0020-7136/suppmat/index.html.
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Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Rabdomiossarcoma/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Criança , Ciclina D1/biossíntese , Primers do DNA/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/biossíntese , Progressão da Doença , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Marcadores Genéticos , Glipicanas , Proteoglicanas de Heparan Sulfato/biossíntese , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Modelos Estatísticos , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , RNA Complementar/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/biossíntese , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Transativadores/biossínteseRESUMO
Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue (CCSST), also known as malignant melanoma of soft parts, represents a rare lesion of the musculoskeletal system usually affecting adolescents and young adults. CCSST is typified by a chromosomal t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation resulting in a fusion between the Ewing sarcoma gene (EWSR1) and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1), of which the activity in nontransformed cells is regulated by cyclic AMP. Our aim was to identify critical differentially expressed genes in CCSST tumor cells in comparison with other solid tumors affecting children and young adults to better understand signaling pathways regulating specific features of the development and progression of this tumor entity. We applied Affymetrix Human Genome U95Av2 oligonucleotide microarrays representing approximately 12,000 genes to generate the expression profiles of the CCSST cell lines GG-62, DTC-1, KAO, MST2, MST3, and Su-CC-S1 in comparison with 8 neuroblastoma, 7 Ewing tumor, and 6 osteosarcoma cell lines. Subsequent hierarchical clustering of microarray data clearly separated all four of the tumor types from each other and identified differentially expressed transcripts, which are characteristically up-regulated in CCSST. Statistical analysis revealed a group of 331 probe sets, representing approximately 300 significant (P < 0.001) differentially regulated genes, which clearly discriminated between the CCSST and other tumor samples. Besides genes that were already known to be highly expressed in CCSST, like S100A11 (S100 protein) or MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), this group shows an obvious portion of genes that are involved in cyclic AMP response or regulation, in pigmentation processes, or in neuronal structure and signaling. Comparison with other expression profile analyses on neuroectodermal childhood tumors confirms the high robustness of this strategy to characterize tumor entities based on their gene expression. We found the avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homologue 3 (ERBB3) to be one of the most dramatically up-regulated genes in CCSST. Quantitative real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis verified the mRNA abundance and confirmed the absence of the inhibitory transcript variant of this gene. The protein product of the member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family ERBB3 could be shown to be highly present in all of the CCSST cell lines investigated, as well as in 18 of 20 primary tumor biopsies. In conclusion, our data demonstrate new aspects of the phenotype and the biological behavior of CCSST and reveal ERBB3 to be a useful diagnostic marker.