Long-Axial Field-of-View PET Imaging in Patients with Lymphoma: Challenges and Opportunities.

[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET/computed tomography has been implemented in the management of patients with lymphoma, offering real-time metabolic information on lymphoma with the promise of more accurate staging, treatment response assessment, prognostication, and early detection of disease recurrence. The clinical management of lymphoproliferative disease has recently, rapidly evolved from initial chemotherapeutic to the use of immunotherapy, targeted agents, and to the use of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies. The implementation of these new systems and imaging protocols together with new tracer development creates, in the field of lymphoproliferative disease, both opportunities and challenges that will be detailed in this comprehensive literature review.

Dose Reduction in Pediatric Oncology Patients with Delayed Total-Body [18F]FDG PET/CT.

Our aim was to define a lower limit of reduced injected activity in delayed [18F]FDG total-body (TB) PET/CT in pediatric oncology patients. Methods: In this single-center prospective study, children were scanned for 20 min with TB PET/CT, 120 min after intravenous administration of a 4.07 ± 0.49 MBq/kg dose of [18F]FDG. Five randomly subsampled low-count reconstructions were generated using », ⅛, [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] of the counts in the full-dose list-mode reference standard acquisition (20 min), to simulate dose reduction. For the 2 lowest-count reconstructions, smoothing was applied. Background uptake was measured with volumes of interest placed on the ascending aorta, right liver lobe, and third lumbar vertebra body (L3). Tumor lesions were segmented using a 40% isocontour volume-of-interest approach. Signal-to-noise ratio, tumor-to-background ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were calculated. Three physicians identified malignant lesions independently and assessed the image quality using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: In total, 113 malignant lesions were identified in 18 patients, who met the inclusion criteria. Of these lesions, 87.6% were quantifiable. Liver SUVmean did not change significantly, whereas a lower signal-to-noise ratio was observed in all low-count reconstructions compared with the reference standard (P < 0.0001) because of higher noise rates. Tumor uptake (SUVmax), tumor-to-background ratio, and total lesion count were significantly lower in the reconstructions with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of the counts of the reference standard (P < 0.001). Contrast-to-noise ratio and clinical image quality were significantly lower in all low-count reconstructions than with the reference standard. Conclusion: Dose reduction for delayed [18F]FDG TB PET/CT imaging in children is possible without loss of image quality or lesion conspicuity. However, our results indicate that to maintain comparable tumor uptake and lesion conspicuity, PET centers should not reduce the injected [18F]FDG activity below 0.5 MBq/kg when using TB PET/CT in pediatric imaging at 120 min after injection.

Germline mutational variants of Turkish ovarian cancer patients suspected of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) by next-generation sequencing.

Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome is characterized by an increased risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) due to inherited genetic mutations. Understanding the genetic variants associated with HBOC is crucial for identifying individuals at high risk and implementing appropriate preventive measures. The study included 630 Turkish OC patients with confirmed diagnostic criteria of The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) concerning HBOC. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and targeted Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed. Bioinformatics analysis and variant interpretation were conducted to identify pathogenic variants (PVs). Our analysis revealed a spectrum of germline pathogenic variants associated with HBOC in Turkish OC patients. Notably, several pathogenic variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, and other DNA repair genes were identified. Specifically, we observed germline PVs in 130 individuals, accounting for 20.63% of the total cohort. 76 distinct PVs in genes, BRCA1 (40 PVs), BRCA2 (29 PVs), ATM (1 PV), CHEK2 (2 PVs), ERCC2 (1 PV), MUTYH (1 PV), RAD51C (1 PV), and TP53 (1PV) and also, two different PVs (i.e., c.135-2 A>G p.? in BRCA1 and c.6466_6469delTCTC in BRCA2) were detected in a 34-year-old OC patient. In conclusion, our study contributes to a better understanding of the genetic variants underlying HBOC in Turkish OC patients. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic architecture of HBOC in the Turkish population and shed light on the potential contribution of specific germline PVs to the increased risk of OC.

First-in-human immunoPET imaging of COVID-19 convalescent patients using dynamic total-body PET and a CD8-targeted minibody.

With most of the T cells residing in the tissue, not the blood, developing noninvasive methods for in vivo quantification of their biodistribution and kinetics is important for studying their role in immune response and memory. This study presents the first use of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) and kinetic modeling for in vivo measurement of CD8+ T cell biodistribution in humans. A 89Zr-labeled CD8-targeted minibody (89Zr-Df-Crefmirlimab) was used with total-body PET in healthy individuals (N = 3) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent patients (N = 5). Kinetic modeling results aligned with T cell-trafficking effects expected in lymphoid organs. Tissue-to-blood ratios from the first 7 hours of imaging were higher in bone marrow of COVID-19 convalescent patients compared to controls, with an increasing trend between 2 and 6 months after infection, consistent with modeled net influx rates and peripheral blood flow cytometry analysis. These results provide a promising platform for using dynamic PET to study the total-body immune response and memory.

Imaging Cancer in Neuroradiology.

Neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, management, and prognostication of brain tumors. Recently, the World Health Organization published the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS5), which places greater emphasis on tumor genetics and molecular markers to complement the existing histological and immunohistochemical approaches. Recent advances in computational power allowed modern neuro-oncological imaging to move from a strictly morphology-based discipline to advanced neuroimaging techniques with quantifiable tissue characteristics such as tumor cellularity, microstructural organization, hemodynamic, functional, and metabolic features, providing more precise tumor diagnosis and management. The aim of this review is to highlight the key imaging features of the recently published CNS5, outlining the current imaging standards and summarizing the latest advances in neuro-oncological imaging techniques and their role in complementing traditional brain tumor imaging and management.

A 49-Year-Old Woman With Exertional Dyspnea and Dizziness.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old woman with a history of right breast cancer status post radiation therapy presented to our ED with increasing chest pain, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and dizziness for several weeks. She denied syncope or near-syncope, and she had no personal or family history of cardiac disease. Her outpatient medications included tamoxifen and venlafaxine.

18F-FDG gallbladder uptake: observation from a total-body PET/CT scanner.

BACKGROUND: Total-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanners are characterized by higher signal collection efficiency and greater spatial resolution compared to conventional scanners, allowing for delayed imaging and improved image quality. These advantages may also lead to better detection of physiological processes that diagnostic imaging professionals should be aware of. The gallbladder (GB) is not usually visualized as an 18F-2-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)-avid structure in routine clinical PET/CT studies; however, with the total-body PET/CT, we have been increasingly visualizing GB activity without it being involved in an inflammatory or neoplastic process. The aim of this study was to report visualization rates and characteristics of GB 18F-FDG uptake observed in both healthy and oncological subjects scanned on a total-body PET/CT system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scans from 73 participants (48 healthy and 25 with newly diagnosed lymphoma) who underwent 18F-FDG total-body PET/CT were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were scanned at multiple timepoints up to 3 h post-injection. Gallbladder 18F-FDG activity was graded using liver uptake as a reference, and the pattern was qualified as present in the wall, lumen, or both. Participants' characteristics, such as age, sex, body-mass index, blood glucose, and other clinical parameters, were collected to assess for any significant correlation with GB 18F-FDG uptake. RESULTS: All 73 subjects showed GB uptake at one or more imaging timepoints. An increase in uptake intensity overtime was observed up until the 180-min scan, and the visualization rate of GB 18F-FDG uptake was 100% in the 120- and 180-min post-injection scans. GB wall uptake was detected in a significant number of patients (44/73, 60%), especially at early timepoint scans, whereas luminal activity was detected in 71/73 (97%) subjects, especially at later timepoint scans. No significant correlation was found between GB uptake intensity/pattern and subjects' characteristics. CONCLUSION: The consistent observation of GB 18F-FDG uptake recorded in this study in healthy participants and subjects with a new oncological diagnosis indicates that this is a normal physiologic finding rather than representing an exception.

Henna Application in the Prevention of Capecitabine-Induced Hand-Foot Syndrome in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Patients.

AIM: This study investigates the prophylactic effect of henna on the occurrence of hand-foot syndrome (HFS) in patients receiving capecitabine for breast and colorectal cancer. METHOD: This experimental study was carried out between May 2014 and May 2015. In this self-control experimental study, 52 patients with breast and colorectal cancer were included on the first day of capecitabine treatment and had a minimum follow-up of 3 cycles. One hand/foot of each patient constituted the study hand/foot, whereas the others constituted the control. Henna was administered to the study hand/foot on the first day of treatment and application renewed weekly. Development of grade 1-3 toxicity was set as the termination criterion for study. RESULTS: Painful skin changes such as rawness, intumescence and bulla formation, blocking the daily activities or self-care were observed in 26.9% of the patients in the 3rd or 4th cycles of treatment. Development time and severity of skin changes over time did not differ significantly between the study and the control hand/foot. CONCLUSION: Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to conclude on the prophylactic effect of henna in the management of the HFS.

Circulating lncRNA H19 may be a useful marker of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Novel biomarkers are needed to predict the effectiveness of the treatment of presurgical neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer (BC). OBJECTIVE: This is an exploratory study to assess the impact of 3 cancer-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (H19, MALAT1 and GA5) in blood plasma of patients with BC in predicting the response to NAC. METHODS: The plasma levels of RNAs were relatively measured by quantitative PCR at baseline, and at the end of the fourth cycle of NAC in patients with locally advanced BC. RESULTS: Only H19 was associated with patients' characteristics, and with the response to NAC. Higher plasma expression of H19 was associated with younger age at diagnosis, triple negative tumors, and Ki-67 index. Patients with a pathological complete response (20%) had lower pre-therapeutic levels of H19 compared with the non-complete responders (relative levels 0.1 vs 0.2, respectively, P: 0.04). In addition, the patients with higher degree of downstaging of initial tumors had lower baseline levels of H19 among non-complete responders. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that H19, but not MALAT1 and GAS5, may be a useful marker of response to NAC in BC.

Loss of ARID1A expression is associated with poor prognosis in invasive micropapillary carcinomas of the breast: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study with long-term survival analysis.

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is a highly aggressive and a rare subtype of breast cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate differences between pure and mixed IMPCs of the breast in terms of clinicopathologic features, and also to analyze the significance of expressions of ARID1A and bcl-2 regarding prognosis. Sixty-nine of IMPCs consisting of 21 pure and 48 mixed type diagnosed at Pathology Department of Istanbul Medical Faculty between 2000 and 2011, who had complete follow-up data, were collected to analyze ARID1A and bcl-2 expressions immunohistochemically with prognosis. The median follow-up period was 94 months. No significant difference was found between pure and mixed type IMPC, as well as in luminal subgroups in terms of prognostic and clinicopatologic features. ARID1A and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her-2) status were found to be independent prognostic factors of both overall survival (OS) (HR=6.1, 95% CI 1.4-26.6, P=.02; HR=15.9, 95% CI 3.5-71.5, P<.0001, respectively) and disease free survival (DFS) (HR=4, 95% CI 1.1-14.9, P=.04; HR=7.2, 95% CI 2-25.4, P=.002, respectively) in multivariate analysis using Cox regression. The loss of ARID1A expression was significantly related with 10 year-OS (P=.001) and 10 year-DFS (P=.05). Statistically significant effect of ARID1A expression was also stated on DFS and OS in Luminal B group (P=.05 and P=.001 respectively). Pure and mixed type IMPCs are similar in terms of clinicopathologic and prognostic features. The loss of ARID1A expression and Her-2 positivity have significant adverse effect clinical outcomes of IMPC patients.

High expression of SALL4 and fascin, and loss of E-cadherin expression in undifferentiated/dedifferentiated carcinomas of the endometrium: An immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study.

Undifferentiated/dedifferentiated endometrial carcinomas (UCE/DCEs) of the endometrium are rare tumors with poor prognosis. There are few clinicopathologic studies with detailed immunohistochemical analysis regarding UCE/DCEs.We evaluated the diagnostic value of a selected tumor stem-cell marker and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, in addition to previously studied markers in identifying UCE/DCEs from other types of high-grade endometrial carcinomas.Eleven cases of UCE/DCEs with complete clinical follow-up that were diagnosed between 2006 and 2015 were included in the study. For immunohistochemical comparison, 11 clinically matched cases for each type of other high-grade endometrial carcinomas (high-grade endometrioid (F3-EC), serous [SC], and clear cell carcinoma [CCC]) were used as a control group. An immunohistochemical analysis including fascin, SALL4, E-cadherin, and ß-catenin, in addition to epithelial and neuroendocrine markers was performed in each case.The majority of UCE/DCEs displayed diffuse expression of fascin (81.9%) and loss of E-cadherin expression (54.5%). SALL4 expression was detected in 36.3% of the UCE/DCE cases. SALL4 expression was significantly more frequent in UCE/DCEs than all other high-grade carcinomas (P < 0.001). Loss of E-cadherin and fascin expression was significantly more frequent in UCE/DCEs than high-grade endometrioid and clear cell adenocarcinomas (P = 0.012, 0.014 and P = 0.01, 0.003, respectively).We suggest that loss of E-cadherin expression together with fascin and SALL4 immunopositivity in addition to morphologic features have an impact in differential diagnosis of UCE/DCEs from other high-grade endometrial carcinomas.

BRAF, NRAS, KIT, TERT, GNAQ/GNA11 mutation profile analysis of head and neck mucosal melanomas: a study of 42 cases.

Head and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMuM), which occurs mostly in the sinonasal and oral cavity, constitutes less than 1% of all malignant melanomas. Treatment options fail to improve the prognosis of this aggressive tumour that has low overall survival rates. Thus, development of new targeted therapies is essential. Unfortunately, limited data exist regarding their molecular profile. BRAF, NRAS, KIT, TERT and GNAQ/GNA11 oncogene mutations were investigated in 42 HNMuMs (28 sinonasal, 13 oral, 1 nasopharyngeal). Mutation rates were as follows: BRAF (4.8%), NRAS (4.8%), KIT (9.5%), TERT (7.5%), GNAQ/GNA11 (0%). Among 11 cases that harboured mutations (26%), 10 (91%) were located in sinonasal and one (9%) in the oral cavity. The literature was reviewed with comparison of frequencies based on the gathered data. NRAS and TERT promoter mutation rates were significantly higher in sinonasal than in oral location (p<0.05). Our results indicated that BRAF, NRAS, KIT, TERT and GNAQ/GNA11 gene mutations occur at low frequencies in HNMuMs, and subgroups (oral versus sinonasal) differ in their molecular profile. Low rates of aforementioned mutations and activation of oncogenes by pathways other than sun exposure support the distinctive nature of HNMuMs with regard to their cutaneous counterparts.

Effect of the childhood trauma on the adjustment to cancer in the patients with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of patients coping poorly is important for compliance with treatment and control of distress. This study aims to investigate the effect of the childhood trauma experience on the type of reaction and adjustment that the person exhibits to the cancer among the patients with breast cancer. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 310 patients with breast cancer. The effect of the childhood trauma and the psychological condition on the adjustment to cancer was investigated by assessing the adjustment to cancer, the experiences of childhood trauma and psychological status of the subjects using mental adjustment to cancer scale (MAC), childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ28), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). RESULTS: Majority of the subjects (77.4%) showed positive adjustment to cancer. Fighting spirit (63.9%) was the most commonly seen mechanism of adjustment to cancer. Of the subjects, 54.5% suffered at least one of the childhood trauma types. Among the patients, 47.1% had depression and 58.4% had anxiety. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, emotional neglect and depression, respectively, have an effect on both positive and negative adjustment to cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that childhood trauma, especially emotional neglect, affects coping and adjustment among the patients with breast cancer. It is necessary to determine the childhood experiences to ensure the development of psychosocial interventions that will increase the adjustment and quality of life after the diagnosis of the cancer.

A Selected Immunohistochemical Panel Aids in Differential Diagnosis and Prognostic Stratification of Subtypes of High-grade Endometrial Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study at a Single Institution.

This study aimed to investigate whether a selected immunohistochemical panel (estrogen receptor, p53, ARID1A, PPP2R1A, HNF-1ß) could contribute to the diagnostic process of high-grade endometrial carcinomas (HG-ECs). We also aimed to analyze the correlation of these immunohistochemical results with several morphologic variables and survival data. After revising the diagnosis of 78 HG-ECs, immunohistochemical analysis was performed for each case. After immunohistochemical analysis, a specific diagnosis of prototypic HG-EC was established in most of the cases that were uncertain due to morphologic ambiguity. In the univariate analysis, older patient age, type II morphology, undifferentiated carcinoma and carcinosarcoma type of histology, altered p53 immunostaining, strong membranous staining of PPP2R1A, presence of lymphovascular invasion in serous carcinoma, and microcystic, elongated, and fragmented-type infiltration pattern in endometrioid carcinoma were significantly related to poor prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, only older patient age and carcinosarcoma or undifferentiated/dedifferentiated carcinoma type histology were found to be significantly poor prognostic factors (P=0.011), whereas advanced FIGO stage and type II histology were found to be correlated with poor prognosis, but did not reach statistical significance. We suggest that immunohistochemistry should be used in the differential diagnosis of HG-ECs, especially those with ambiguous morphology. Markers used in this study made a valuable contribution to the diagnostic process as well as prediction of prognosis.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy and aberrant lymphatic drainage in recurrent breast cancer: Findings likely to change treatment decisions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is not clear whether sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) can be applied to patients with a second breast cancer or recurrence occurring at previously treated breast. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of SLNB procedure in patients with recurrent breast cancer. METHODS: Patients with non-metastatic recurrent N0 breast cancer at ipsilateral breast were included. Patients were grouped according to their initial breast, axilla, and overall surgery. Presence of drainage and its pattern as well as SLNB success rate and overall axillary involvement rates were assessed. Findings were compared. RESULTS: Out of 75 patients, mean age was 52.5 years and disease-free interval was 82 (9-312) months. Lymphatic drainage was successful in 42 (56%) patients. Drainage positivity was more frequent in patients who were previously treated with SLNB (82.6%) than in patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) (44.2%; P = 0,002). Aberrant lymphatic drainage was detected in 64.3% of drainage positive patients. Success rate of reoperative SLNB was 92.9%. Adjuvant treatment plan was altered in 12 (16%) patients. In 15 patients, negative SLNB prevented axillary dissection. CONCLUSIONS: Reoperative SLNB seems to be technically feasible in N0 recurrent breast cancer patients. It may further avoid unnecessary ALND and lead changes in adjuvant treatment plans. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:796-802. © 2016 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effect of intraperitoneal cetuximab administration on colonic anastomosis and early postoperative adhesion formation in a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal cetuximab administration on the healing of anastomosis and development of early adhesion formation in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four female rats were used. A colon segment was resected and end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The rats were randomized into three groups after the performance of colonic anastomosis and received 10 mL of intraperitoneal solution including study drugs after closure of abdominal cavity: normal saline was administered to the normal saline group (n=8), cetuximab (400 mg/m(2)) was administered to the postoperative 1 group (n=8) 1 day after surgery, and cetuximab (400 mg/m(2)) was administered to the peroperative group (n=8) during surgery. RESULTS: The mean adhesion grade was 2.63±0.92, and 0.50±0.76 and 0.63±0.74 for control and test groups, respectively. Cetuximab reduced adhesion formation in test groups (p<0.05). When all groups were compared, it was found that vascular endothelial growth factor levels decreased significantly only in the abdomen (p<0.05). Hydroxyproline levels and anastomosis bursting pressure were examined, and a statistical difference was found between groups (hydroxyproline p<0.05, bursting pressure p<0.05). However, when postoperative 1 day group was compared with the control group, it was found that there was no difference between groups according to these parameters (p>0.05), but when peroperative group was compared with the control group a significant decrease was observed in both parameters. Histopathological healing score was also evaluated. No statistical difference between groups was found. CONCLUSION: Twenty-four hours later from the operation, intraperitoneal cetuximab therapy may be a safe and feasible treatment for metastatic colorectal patients.

Concomitant etoposide and cisplatin provided improved survival compared with docetaxel and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy.

Presently, there is no consensus regarding which chemotherapy regimen is best to administer with radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). Herein, our aim was to compare the outcome of patients treated with either etoposide-cisplatin (EP) or docetaxel-cisplatin (DP) in this curative setting.Patients treated with either EP or DP and concurrent radiotherapy from 2004 to2012 were identified and their detailed medical records and follow-up information were obtained for analysis in this retrospective study. Survival rates were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression models with adjustments for confounding parameters provided by propensity score methods.A total of 105 patients were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for LA-NSCLC (stage IIB-IIIA-IIIB). The median ages were 54 years (range, 32-70 years) and 55 years (range, 37-73 years) in the EP (n = 50) and DP (n = 55) groups, respectively. The median follow-up time was 27 months (range, 1-132 months) in the EP group and 19 months (range, 1-96 months) in DP group. There was no significant difference in baseline clinicopathologic features including age, sex, performance status, histologic subtype, and clinical TNM stages between groups. In the univariate analysis, the median overall survival of patients treated with EP was higher than that of patients treated with DP (41 vs. 20 months, P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis further revealed a survival advantage with EP compared with DP (hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.83; P = 0.009). The toxicity profile of the 2treatment groups was similar except that pulmonary toxicity was higher in the DP group (grade 3-4: 0% vs. 6%, P = 0.024).Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with EP may provide more favorable outcomes than DP and with an acceptable safety profile.

Current adjuvant treatment modalities for gastric cancer: From history to the future.

The discrepancy between the surgical technique and the type of adjuvant chemotherapy used in clinical trials and patient outcomes in terms of overall survival rates has led to the generation of different adjuvant treatment protocols in distinct parts of the world. The adjuvant treatment recommendation is generally chemoradiotherapy in the United States, perioperative chemotherapy in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe, and chemotherapy in Asia. These options mainly rely on the United States Intergroup-0116, United Kingdom British Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy, and the Asian Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial of S-1 for Gastric Cancer and Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin Adjuvant Study in Stomach Cancer trials. However, the benefits were evident for only certain patients, which were not very homogeneous regarding the type of surgery, chemotherapy regimens, and stage of disease. Whether the dissimilarities in survival are attributable to surgical technique or intrinsic biological differences is a subject of debate. Regardless of the extent of surgery, multimodal therapy may offer modest survival advantage at least for diseases with lymph node involvement. Moreover, in the era of individualized treatment for most of the other cancer types, identification of special subgroups comprising those who will derive more or no benefit from adjuvant therapy merits further investigation. The aim of this review is to reveal the historical evolution and future reflections of adjuvant treatment modalities for resected gastric cancer patients.