Marinirhabdus citrea sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a seaweed.

A gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped (1.3-1.9×0.3-0.5 µm) and non-motile marine bacterium, designated MEBiC09412T, was isolated from seaweed collected at Yeonggwang County, South Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that strain MEBiC09412T shared high sequence similarity with Marinirhabdus gelatinilytica NH83T (95.4 %). Growth was observed at 17-38 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0.5-6.0 % (w/v; optimum 2.5 %) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (27.4 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (9.6 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (14.6 %), iso-C16 : 0 (6.2 %), iso-C17 : 0 3OH (13.2 %) and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 7.4 %). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 43.1 mol%, while the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. Several phenotypic characteristics such as indole production, the oxidizing patterns of several carbohydrtaes (of glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, mannose etc.) and organic acids, and the enzyme activities of α-chymotrypsin and α-glucosidase differentiated strain MEBiC09412T from M. gelatinilytica NH83T. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic data, strain MEBiC09412T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Marinirhabduswith the suggested name Marinirhabdus citrea sp. nov. The type strain is MEBiC09412T (=KCCM 43216T=JCM 31588T).

Oleiagrimonas citrea sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment and emended description of the genus Oleiagrimonas Fang et al. 2015 and Oleiagrimonas soli.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped (1.4-3.6×0.4-0.6 µm) and motile marine bacterium, designated as MEBiC09124T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment of Suncheon Bay, South Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC09124T showed high similarity to Oleiagrimonas soli 3.5XT (96.7 %). Growth was observed at 18-38 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5) and with 0-6 % (w/v) (optimum 2.5 %) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (comprising 10-methyl C16 : 0 and/or iso-C17 : 1ω9c). The DNA G+C content was 66.1 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. Biochemical characteristics such as production of acetoin and enzyme activities of trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase differentiated strain MEBiC09124T from O. soli 3.5XT. On the basis of data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain MEBiC09124T (=KCCM 43131T=JCM 30904T) is classified as the type strain of a novel species in the genus Oleiagrimonas, for which the name Oleiagrimonas citrea sp. nov. is proposed. Emended descriptions of the genus Oleiagrimonas and Oleiagrimonas soli are also given.

Pseudofulvibacter gastropodicola sp. nov., isolated from a marine conch and emended descriptions of the genus Pseudofulvibacter Yoon et al. 2013 and Pseudofulvibacter geojedonensis.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile marine bacterium, designated MEBiC08749T, was isolated from a marine conch collected at Samcheok Port in the East Sea, Korea (also known as the Sea of Japan). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC08749T shared highest similarity with Pseudofulvibacter geojedonensis YCS-9T (94.9 %). Growth was observed at 5-31 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5) and with 0-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.5 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 9 (comprising 10-methyl C16 : 0 and/or iso-C17 : 1ω9c). The DNA G+C content was 30 mol%. The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). Phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids and two unidentified aminolipids were detected as major polar lipids. Several phenotypic characteristics, such as production of acetoin, activity of cystine arylamidase, utilization of some carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids, differentiated strain MEBiC08749T from P. geojedonensis KCTC 23884T. On the basis of data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain MEBiC08749T should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Pseudofulvibacter, for which the name Pseudofulvibacter gastropodicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MEBiC08749T ( = KCCM 43046T = JCM 30369T). Emended descriptions of the genus PseudofulvibacterYoon et al. 2013 and of Pseudofulvibacter geojedonensis are also given.

Alcanivorax gelatiniphagus sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediments enriched with crude oil.

A Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped marine bacterium, designated MEBiC08158(T), was isolated from sediments collected from Taean County, Korea, near the Hebei Spirit tanker oil spill accident. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC08158(T) was closely related to Alcanivorax marinus R8-12(T) (99.5% similarity) but was distinguishable from other members of the genus Alcanivorax (93.7-97.1%). The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain MEBiC08158(T) and A. marinus R8-12(T) was 58.4%. Growth of strain MEBiC08158(T) was observed at 15-43 °C (optimum 37-40 °C), at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0) and with 0.5-16% NaCl (optimum 1.5-3.0%). The dominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C12 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c, C12 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Several phenotypic characteristics differentiate strain MEBiC08158(T) from phylogenetically close members of the genus Alcanivorax. Therefore, strain MEBiC08158(T) should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Alcanivorax, for which the name Alcanivorax gelatiniphagus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MEBiC08158(T) ( = KCCM 42990(T) = JCM 18425(T)).

Amphritea spongicola sp. nov., isolated from a marine sponge, and emended description of the genus Amphritea.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped (1.2-2.1 µm × 0.8-0.9 µm), flagellated and motile marine bacterium, designated MEBiC05461T, was isolated from a marine sponge inhabiting Micronesia. Strain MEBiC05461T was oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Growth was observed at 8.0-35.6 °C (optimum 30.0 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 1.5-6.0 % (w/v, optimum 2.0-2.5 %) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC05461T showed high similarity to members of the genus Amphritea (96.4-96.6 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16:0 (23.9 %), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c; 39.7 %) and summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c; 22.0 %). The DNA G+C content was 48.5 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8.Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified glycolipid, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified glycophospholipid and two unidentified lipids were detected as the major polar lipids. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain MEBiC05461T should be classified as a representative of a novel species in the genus Amphritea, and the name proposed is Amphritea spongicola sp. nov. The type strain is MEBiC05461T ( = KCCM 42943T = JCM 16668T). Emendations of the genus Amphritea and species Amphritea atlanticaGärtner et al. 2008 and Amphritea balenaeMiyazaki et al. 2008 are were also given.

Kiloniella spongiae sp. nov., isolated from a marine sponge and emended description of the genus Kiloniella Wiese et al. 2009 and Kiloniella laminariae.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile marine bacterium, designated MEBiC09566(T) was isolated from a sponge collected at Uljin County in the coastal area of the East Sea (36° 55' N, 129° 25' E), Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC09566(T) showed the highest similarity with the Kiloniella laminariae LD81(T) (96.7%). Growth was observed at 11-31 °C (optimum 25 °C), at pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-6% (optimum 2.5%) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (comprised of C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c) and summed feature 3 (comprised of C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). The DNA G+C content is 44.6 mol%. The major respiratory quinone is Q-9. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified lipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids and one unidentified aminolipid were detected as major polar lipids. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic data, it is concluded that strain MEBiC09566(T) should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Kiloniella and the name proposed is Kiloniella spongiae sp. nov. The type strain is MEBiC09566(T) ( = KCCM 43040(T) = JCM 19930(T)). Emended descriptions of the genus Kiloniella Wiese et al. 2009 and Kiloniella laminariae are also given.

Neptunomonas acidivorans sp. nov., isolated from sediment, and emended description of the genus Neptunomonas.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped (1.2-1.6 µm×0.6-0.8 µm), flagellated and motile marine bacterium, designated MEBiC06243(T), was isolated from a sediment collected at Daebu Island in the Yellow Sea (37° 20' N 126° 41' E), Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC06243(T) showed high similarity with Neptunomonas naphthovorans NAG-2N-126(T) (96.3%). Growth was observed at 10-39 °C (optimum 29 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7) and with 0-7% (optimum 2.5%) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C(10:0) 3-OH (6.1%), C(12:0) (5.8%), C(16:0) (30.5%), C(18:1)ω7c (21.6%) and summed feature 3 (comprising C(15:0) 2-OH and/or C(16:1)ω7c; 30.7%). The DNA G+C content was 41.4 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and three unidentified aminolipids were detected as major polar lipids. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic data, strain MEBiC06243(T) should be classified as a novel species of the genus Neptunomonas proposed as Neptunomonas acidivorans sp. nov. The type strain is MEBiC06243(T) ( =KCCM 42975(T) =JCM 18291(T)). An emended description of the genus Neptunomonas is also given.

Carboxylicivirga gen. nov. in the family Marinilabiliaceae with two novel species, Carboxylicivirga mesophila sp. nov. and Carboxylicivirga taeanensis sp. nov., and reclassification of Cytophaga fermentans as Saccharicrinis fermentans gen. nov., comb. nov.

Two facultatively anaerobic mesophilic bacteria, strains MEBiC 07026(T) and MEBiC 08903(T), were isolated from two different tidal flat sediments and both strains showed approximately 92.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two new isolates was 97.5 % but levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between the two were 31.3-31.8 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two isolates and [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) were affiliated with the family Marinilabiliaceae in the class Bacteroidia. The dominant fatty acids of strains MEBiC 07026(T), MEBiC 08903(T) and [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) were branched-type or hydroxylated C15 : 0, but [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) contained a higher proportion of anteiso-branched fatty acids. The two new isolates contained a markedly higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids than other members of the family Marinilabiliaceae. The major respiratory quinone of the strains was MK-7. Strains MEBiC07026(T) and MEBiC08903(T) utilized a wide range of carboxylic acids whereas [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) utilized carbohydrates rather than carboxylic acids. The DNA G+C content of the novel strains was about 44 mol% but that of [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) revealed from the genome sequence was 37.6 mol%. Based on evidence from this polyphasic taxonomic study, a novel genus, Carboxylicivirga gen. nov., is proposed in the family Marinilabiliaceae with two novel species, Carboxylicivirga mesophila sp. nov. with type strain MEBiC 07026(T) ( = KCCM 42978(T) = JCM 18290(T)) and Carboxylicivirga taeanensis sp. nov. with type strain MEBiC 08903(T) ( = KCCM 43024(T) = JCM 19490(T)). Additionally, [Cytophaga] fermentans DSM 9555(T) ( = ATCC 19072(T)) is reclassified as Saccharicrinis fermentans gen. nov., comb. nov.

Brumimicrobium mesophilum sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment, and emended descriptions of the genus Brumimicrobium and Brumimicrobium glaciale.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and orange-coloured marine bacterium, YH207(T), was isolated from a tidal flat at Yeongheung-do on the coast of the Yellow Sea, Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YH207(T) was affiliated with the family Cryomorphaceae and showed highest similarity to Brumimicrobium glaciale IC156(T) (95.4 %). Growth was observed at 11-36 °C, at pH 6.5-10.0 and with 0.4-7.0 % NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids when grown at 20 °C were iso-C15 : 0 (44.2 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (34.3 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (8.7 %) and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 2.3 %). The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified lipids, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid, four unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified glycolipids were identified as major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 34.3 mol%. On the basis of the data from our polyphasic taxonomic study, strain YH207(T) should be classified in a novel species in the genus Brumimicrobium, for which the name Brumimicrobium mesophilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YH207(T) ( = KCCM 42331(T)  = JCM 14063(T)). Emended descriptions of the genus Brumimicrobium and Brumimicrobium glaciale Bowman et al. 2003 are also given.

Paramoritella sediminis sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment, and emended descriptions of the genus Paramoritella Hosoya et al. 2009 and Paramoritella alkaliphila.

A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped (2.04-1.27 × 0.95-1.25 µm) and motile marine bacterium, designated MEBiC06500(T) was isolated from sediment collected at Daebu Island in the Yellow Sea (37° 20' N 126° 41' E), Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC06500(T) showed high similarity with Paramoritella alkaliphila A3F-7(T) (96.5%). Growth was observed at 10.5-30.2 °C (optimum 23.5 °C), at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum 8.0) and with 0-5% (optimum 1.5%) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0, C18:1ω7c and summed feature 3 (iso-C15:0 2-OH and/or C16:1ω7c). The DNA G+C content was 56.0 mol%. The respiratory quinone is Q-8. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified lipids, one unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified aminolipids were detected as major polar lipids. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic data, strain MEBiC06500(T) should be classified as a representative of a novel species in the genus Paramoritella, and the proposed name is Paramoritella sediminis sp. nov. The type strain is MEBiC06500(T) (=KCCM 42977(T)=JCM 18292(T)). Emended descriptions of the genus Paramoritella Hosoya et al. 2009 and Paramoritella alkaliphila are also given.

Description of Kordiimonas aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from seawater, and emended descriptions of the genus Kordiimonas Kwon et al. 2005 emend. Xu et al. 2011 and of its existing species.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped (0.6-0.9 × 0.7-1.2 µm), motile marine bacterium, designated MEBiC06554(T), was isolated from seawater collected from the East Sea, Korea (also known as the Sea of Japan). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC06554(T) was affiliated to the order Kordiimonadales and showed high similarity to Kordiimonas gwangyangensis GW14-5(T) (95.4 %), but formed a distinct phyletic line. Growth was observed at 10.5-35.0 °C (optimum 20 °C), at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-13 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3.0-3.5 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0) (14.9 %), iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c (44.6 %), iso-C(17 : 0) (6.3 %) and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c; 13.9 %). The DNA G+C content was 50.3 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. Phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified glycolipids, six unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminophospholipid were detected as major polar lipids. On the basis of the data from our polyphasic taxonomic study, strain MEBiC06554(T) should be classified within a novel species of the genus Kordiimonas, as Kordiimonas aquimaris sp. nov. The type strain is MEBiC06554(T) (= KCCM 42940(T) = JCM 16665(T)). Emended descriptions of the genus Kordiimonas and of its species Kordiimonas gwangyangensis and Kordiimonas lacus are also proposed.

Sphingomonas polyaromaticivorans sp. nov., a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium from an oil port water sample.

A bacterial strain (B2-7(T)) capable of degrading a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (2-4 rings) was isolated from a water sample taken from Botan Oil Port in Xiamen, China. The isolate was Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped, aerobic, non-motile and formed yellow-pigmented colonies on LB medium. Cells of strain B2-7(T) were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Optimal growth of strain B2-7(T) was observed at pH 7.0, at 26 °C and in 0.5 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain B2-7(T) grouped with members of the genus Sphingomonas and it showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.40 % to Sphingomonas yunnanensis YIM 003(T). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid. Q-10 and sym-homospermidine were the predominant ubiquinone and polyamine components, respectively. The major fatty acids were C(18:1)ω7c (67.2 %), C(14:0) 2-OH (10.0 %) and C(16:0) (9.6 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 61.8 mol%. Based on phenotypic properties, and phylogenetic and genomic data, strain B2-7(T) represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Sphingomonas polyaromaticivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B2-7(T) ( = KCCM 42951(T) = JCM 16711(T)).

Marinoscillum gen. nov., a member of the family 'Flexibacteraceae', with Marinoscillum pacificum sp. nov. from a marine sponge and Marinoscillum furvescens nom. rev., comb. nov.

A novel strain, designated MRN461(T), was isolated from a marine sponge in Micronesia. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate showed 95.6 % similarity with that of 'Microscilla furvescens' IFO (now NBRC) 15994. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate and 'Microscilla furvescens' IFO 15994 formed a distinct phyletic line within the family 'Flexibacteraceae'. Cells of strain MRN461(T) were Gram-negative, long filamentous rods, motile by gliding. Growth was observed at 15-40 degrees C (optimum, 33 degrees C), at pH 5.0-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.5) and in the presence of 0.5-7.0 % sea salts (optimum, 2.5 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c; 34.8 %), C(16 : 1)omega5c (21.6 %) and iso-C(16 : 1) (19.8 %). The DNA G+C content was 41.5 mol%. On the basis of evidence from our polyphasic taxonomic study, strain MRN461(T) is classified within a novel genus and species in the family 'Flexibacteraceae', for which the name Marinoscillum pacificum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marinoscillum pacificum is strain MRN461(T) (=KCCM 42325(T) =JCM 14064(T)). The misclassified species '[Microscilla] furvescens' is transferred to the new genus as Marinoscillum furvescens (ex Lewin 1969) nom. rev., comb. nov., with LMG 13023(T) (=DSM 4134(T) =ATCC 23129(T) =NBRC 15994(T)) as the type strain.