[Platelet-rich Plasma Induces M2 Macrophage Polarization via Regulating AMPK Singling Pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in inducing the M2 macrophage polarization via regulating AMPK singling pathway. METHODS: The expressions of M1 marker CD11c and M2 marker CD206 in macrophages of blank control group, LPS group, LPS+PRP group, and LPS+PRP+Compound C group were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to observe the effects of PRP on the expression of AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins at different times (12 h, 18 h and 24 h) after LPS treatment. RNA interference technology was used to silence the expression of AMPK in macrophages, and the expression of TGF-ß protein was subsequently examined by Western blot. RESULTS: LPS significantly reduced the expression of CD206 and increased the expression of CD11c (P <0.05). After the addition of PRP, the expression of CD206 was significantly increased (P <0.05), while the expression of CD11c was significantly decreased (P <0.05). Compared with LPS group, PRP treatment significantly increased the expressions of p-AMPK and p-ULK1 proteins at 12 h, 18 h and 24 h, while significantly decreased the expression of p-mTOR protein (P <0.05). After the addition of AMPK inhibitor Compound C, the expression of CD206 was significantly reduced (P <0.05) and the expression of CD11c was significantly increased compared with LPS+PRP group (P <0.05). After silencing the expression of AMPK in macrophages, the promotion effect of PRP on TGF-ß was significantly reduced (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: PRP can stimulate the transformation of macrophages to M2 type via AMPK signalling pathway.

Mannan-binding lectin at supraphysiological concentrations inhibits differentiation of dendritic cells from human CD14+ monocytes.

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a circulating C-type lectin, is an important member of the defense collagen family. It exhibits a high potential for recognizing broad categories of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating complement cascade responses. DCs are well-known specialist antigen-presenting cells that significantly trigger specific T cell-mediated immune responses. In our previous study, it was observed that high concentrations of MBL significantly attenuate LPS-induced maturation of monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs). In the current study, it was postulated that MBL at similar supraphysiological concentrations would affect early differentiation of MoDCs in some way. CD14(+) monocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-4 in the presence or absence of physiological (1 µg/mL) and supraphysiological concentrations (20 µg/mL) of MBL protein, respectively. Phenotypic analysis indicated that the differentiated DCs incubated with high concentrations of MBL expressed MHC class II and costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD80 and CD40) more weakly than did control groups. The secretion of IL-10 and IL-6 increased markedly, whereas their mixed lymphocyte reaction-stimulating capacity decreased. Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription family were also found to be differentially regulated. Thus, beyond the role of MBL as an opsonin, our data reveal a possible inhibitory effect of MBL at high concentrations in monocyte-DC transition, which probably provides one way of regulating adaptive immune responses by strict regulation of DCs, making MBL a better prospect for controlling relevant pathological events such as autoimmune diseases.

Mannose-binding lectin inhibits monocyte proliferation through transforming growth factor-ß1 and p38 signaling pathways.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a plasma C-type lectin, plays an important role in innate immunity. However, the interaction, and the consequences of it, between MBL and the immune system remain ill defined. We have investigated the contributing mechanisms and effects of MBL on the proliferation of human monocytes. At lower concentrations (≤4 µg/ml) MBL was shown to partially enhance monocyte proliferation. By contrast, at higher concentrations (8-20 µg/ml) of MBL, cell proliferation was markedly attenuated. MBL-induced growth inhibition was associated with G0/G1 arrest, down-regulation of cyclin D1/D3, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2/Cdk4 and up-regulation of the Cdk inhibitory protein Cip1/p21. Additionally, MBL induced apoptosis, and did so through caspase-3 activation and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Moreover, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 levels increased in the supernatants of MBL-stimulated monocyte cultures. We also found that MBL-dependent inhibition of monocyte proliferation could be reversed by the TGF-ß receptor antagonist SB-431542, or by anti-TGF-ß1 antibody, or by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors specific for p38 (SB203580), but not ERK (U0126) or JNK (SP600125). Thus, at high concentrations, MBL can affect the immune system by inhibiting monocyte proliferation, which suggests that MBL may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.

The efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma combined with erbium fractional laser therapy for facial acne scars or acne.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combined with erbium fractional laser therapy for facial acne or acne scars. PRP combined with erbium fractional laser therapy was used for the treatment of 22 patients, including 16 patients who suffered from facial acne scars and 6 patients who suffered from acne scars concomitant with acne. Whole blood (40 ml) was collected from each patient, and following differential centrifugation, PRP was harvested. After using an erbium fractional laser, we applied PRP to the entire face of every patient. Digital photos were taken before and after the treatment for evaluation by dermatologists and the patients rated the efficacy on a 5-point scale. The erythema was moderate or mild, while its total duration was <3 days; after receiving the treatment three times, 90.9% of the patients showed an improvement of >50%, and 91% of the patients were satisfied; no acne inflammation was observed after treatment. PRP combined with erbium fractional laser therapy is an effective and safe approach for treating acne scars or acne, with minimal side-effects, and it simultaneously enhanced the recovery of laser-damaged skin.