RESUMO
Fifty crossbred barrows with an average initial age of 31 d and BW of 9.94 kg were used in a 28-d experiment to evaluate the effect of a low-phytic acid (LPA) barley mutant (M) M955, a near-isogenic progeny of the normal barley (NB) cultivar Harrington with about 90% less phytate than NB, to increase the utilization of Fe, Zn, and Cu compared with diets containing NB. The response criteria were growth performance, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone characteristics, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion of Zn and Cu. The 2 barley cultivars (NB and M955) and the 5 trace mineral (TM) treatment concentrations of Fe and Zn (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the requirement as FeSO(4) and ZnSO(4)) and Cu (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160% of the requirement as CuSO(4)) made 10 treatments in a factorial arrangement. Available P was equalized at 0.33% in all diets by adding monosodium phosphate to the basal diet containing NB, and all diets contained 0.65% Ca. Diets were adequate in all other nutrients. Barley and soybean meal were the only sources of phytate in the practical diets that also contained spray-dried whey. The barrows were fed the diets to appetite in meal form twice daily in individual metabolism crates. There were no barley cultivar x TM treatment interactions, and there were no differences between the NB and M955 barley cultivars for any of the response criteria measured. However, for the TM treatments, there were linear increases (P < or = 0.05) in ADFI, ADG, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone breaking strength and ash weight, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion (mg/d) of Zn and Cu. In conclusion, the LPA barley had no effect on the response criteria in this experiment, apparently because of the small increase in the availability of the endogenous trace minerals in the practical diets containing M955 compared with NB. However, increasing the supplementation of Fe and Zn from 0 to 100% (160% for Cu) of the requirement resulted in linear increases in growth performance, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone strength and ash weight, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion of Zn and Cu. Therefore, these results indicate that the inorganic trace mineral supplementation of practical diets for young pigs should not be less than the National Research Council requirements for swine.
Assuntos
Cobre/farmacologia , Dieta/veterinária , Hordeum/química , Ferro/farmacologia , Suínos/fisiologia , Zinco/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Cobre/sangue , Cobre/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Hematócrito , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Ácido Fítico , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Zinco/sangue , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
A full hospital cost accounting model to track the total costs of surgery and anesthesia for inpatients, from the perspective of a hospital CFO, utilizing time-allocation methodology is presented. This model was tested in a prospective multicenter economic clinical trial in three settings.
Assuntos
Contabilidade/métodos , Anestesia/economia , Custos de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Custos Hospitalares/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Econômicos , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Anestésicos Inalatórios/economia , Anestésicos Intravenosos/economia , Intervalos de Confiança , Feminino , Hospitais Comunitários/economia , Humanos , Isoflurano/economia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Salas Cirúrgicas/economia , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Propofol/economia , Estudos Prospectivos , Sala de Recuperação/economia , Mecanismo de Reembolso , Tiopental/economia , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Histones are nuclear proteins which repress gene transcription and modify chromosome structure. They are remarkably conservative in structure throughout a wide evolutionary array of plants and animals; however, quantitative histone differences have been detected by cytological means in species having extra chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to: 1) isolate and characterize the histones of several Gossypium species and 2) relate differences to known differences in vigor, ploidy level, and genome constitution or size. Histones extracted from isolated nuclei of leaf tissues were characterized by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels into 14 subfractions of the five major histone classes. The subfractions were identified by various means including co-electrophoresis with known histone standards. Densitometric analysis revealed only slight quantitative differences in subfraction ratios between species. Histone-DNA ratios were significantly higher in the pentaploid species. This observed increase is considered a result of genome imbalance. These data support the premise that histones may function as generalized gene deactivators in plant species having multiple genomes.