Dietary patterns in relation to glioma: a case-control study.

Although the association of individual foods and nutrients with glioma have been investigated, studies on the association of major dietary patterns and glioma are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the association between major dietary patterns and risk of glioma in a group of Iranian adults. In this hospital-based case-control design, we recruited 128 newly diagnosed glioma cases and 256 controls in Tehran from 2009 to 2011. A Willett-format-validated 126-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess participants' dietary intake. Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns. We identified 3 major dietary patterns using factor analysis: high protein, vegetarian and western dietary pattern. After several adjustments for potential confounders, adherence to the high protein dietary pattern was inversely associated with risk of glioma (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.95). Consumption of vegetarian dietary pattern was also associated with a reduced risk of glioma (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.34). Greater adherence to the western dietary pattern was associated with a greater chance of glioma (OR: 3.30; 95% CI: 1.52, 7.17). We found that high protein, vegetarian and western dietary pattern were significantly associated with glioma risk. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

A combined healthy lifestyle score in relation to glioma: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The evidence on the association between adherence to a healthy lifestyle and risk of glioma are scarce. This is particularly relevant to Middle Eastern countries where lifestyle factors including dietary intakes, physical activity and environmental contributors are different from other parts of the world. The aim of this case-control study was, therefore, investigating the association between adherence to a healthy lifestyle and odds of glioma among adults. METHODS: Totally, 128 newly diagnosed glioma cases and 256 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited in this hospital-based case-control study. Dietary intakes were examined by the use of a 126-item validated FFQ. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used for measuring physical activity of participants. To construct a healthy lifestyle score (HLS), data from dietary intakes, physical activity and BMI were used. Subjects in the low risk categories of the mentioned components received the score of 1, otherwise they received the score of 0. The final HLS was computed through summing up the scores of components. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and sex, we found that individuals with the highest HLS score were 55% less likely to have glioma compared with those with the lowest score (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.92). Additional controlling for other potential confounders made the association stronger (OR: 0.28; 95%CI: 0.12, 0.66). In terms of individual components of healthy lifestyle score, subjects with a healthy diet had 54% lower odds of glioma than those with a non-healthy diet (OR: 0.46; 95%CI: 0.26, 0.80). No significant associations were seen between physical activity level or BMI status and glioma. CONCLUSION: We found evidence indicating that adherence to a healthy lifestyle, in particular a healthy diet, was associated with a lower odds of glioma. Prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Adherence to the MIND diet in relation to glioma: a case-control study.

Objectives: Although some components of MIND diet have been shown to have favorable association with glioma, no information exist about the potential link between adherence to the whole MIND diet and risk of glioma. This study was conducted to examine the association between adherence to MIND diet and risk of glioma in a group of Iranian adults.Methods: In this hospital-based case-control study, 128 newly diagnosed glioma cases and 256 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Dietary intakes of study participants were assessed using a validated 126-item semi-quantitative FFQ. The MIND diet score was computed based on participants' dietary intakes obtained from FFQ. Conditional logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the MIND diet score and glioma.Results: After controlling for age, sex and energy intake, individuals with the greatest adherence to the MIND diet were less likely to have glioma compared with those with the lowest adherence; such that those in the top tertile were 47% less likely to have glioma than those in the bottom tertile (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.30-0.94). Further adjustment for other potential confounders strengthened the association (OR for the highest tertile vs. the lowest: OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.18-0.79). Additional controlling for BMI did not influence the association significantly (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.84).Discussion: In conclusion, we found that adherence to the MIND diet might be inversely associated with odds of glioma in this case-control study. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Refined grains consumption is associated with a greater odds of glioma.

Objective: Grain consumption has been associated with brain carcinogenesis in earlier studies, however, no data are available examining the association between refined grains consumption and risk of glioma. The current study was done to investigate the association between refined grains consumption and risk of glioma in Iranian adults.Methods: This hospital-based case-control study was performed on 128 pathologically confirmed cases with glioma and 256 age- and sex-matched controls in Tehran, Iran. Dietary intakes of participants including refined grains consumption were collected using a validated Block-format 123-item detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Refined grains were considered as the sum of white breads, pasta, rice, boiled and fried potato, sweets, and cookies.Results: A significant positive association was found between refined grains consumption and glioma (OR: 3.51, 95% CI: 1.97-6.26, Ptrend < 0.001). This association did not change after adjustment for energy intake (OR: 4.30, 95% CI: 2.27-8.15, Ptrend < 0.001). After controlling for potential confounders, those in the top tertile of refined grains consumption were significantly more likely to have glioma than those in the bottom tertile (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.38-6.17, Ptrend = 0.007). This significant association remained unchanged, even after further adjustment for other dietary variables (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.15-5.63, Ptrend = 0.02) and BMI (OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.12-5.53, Ptrend = 0.03).Conclusion: We found a significant positive association between refined grains consumption and odds of glioma. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Association between dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and glioma: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Although glycemic index (GI) and load (GL) have been linked with several health outcomes, no information is available linking dietary GI and GL with glioma. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary GI and GL and odds of glioma. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study was conducted between November 2009 and September 2011 in the hospital affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. We recruited 128 newly diagnosed cases of glioma and 256 age- and sex-matched controls. All cases were pathologically diagnosed with glioma patients, with no history of any type of other pathologically confirmed cancers and chemotherapy or radiotherapy (due to cancers). Dietary GI and GL were measured by using a validated, self-administered, dish-based, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. RESULT: A significant positive association was found between dietary GI and glioma (OR: 3.01; 95% CI: 1.75-5.17, P < 0.001); such that after considering for potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile of dietary GI had 3.51 times greater risk of glioma than those in the lowest tertile (OR: 3.51; 95% CI: 1.69-7.28, Ptrend = 0.001). Furthermore, we observed a significant positive association between dietary and glioma (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 1.97-6.11, Ptrend < 0.001). This association remained significant even after further controlling for potential confounders (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.02-5.69, Ptrend = 0.04). DISCUSSION: We observed a significant positive association between dietary GI and GL and risk of glioma in adults. However, prospective cohort studies are required to confirm this association.

A Case-Control Study on Dietary Acid Load in Relation to Glioma.

Limited data are available linking dietary factors to glioma. The current study was conducted to investigate the association between Dietary Acid Load (DAL) and odds of glioma in Iranian adults. This case-control study was done on 128 newly diagnosed patients with glioma and 256 healthy controls in Tehran, Iran. A validated detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intakes of participants. DAL was estimated using the protein to potassium ratio (Pro: K). Glioma was diagnosed based on pathological tests. A detailed questionnaire including several non-dietary confounders was also completed. Participants in the highest tertile of DAL score had a non-significant higher odds of glioma as compared to those in the lowest tertile (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 0.88-2.57), which remained after controlling for some potential confounders (OR: 1.66; 0.70-3.91). After further adjustment for dietary intakes of meats and processed meats, legumes and nuts, fruits, salt tea, and coffee, those in the top tertile of DAL score were significantly more likely to have glioma than those in the bottom tertile (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.06, 8.99; P = 0.03). This association was also reached following further adjustment for BMI (OR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.04, 8.91; P = 0.03). We found a significant positive association between dietary acid load, as estimated by Prot:K ratio, and odds of glioma among adults. Further studies, in particular prospective cohorts with long-term follow up, are required to confirm these findings.

Adherence to plant-based dietary patterns in relation to glioma: a case-control study.

Available evidence suggests a favorable association between adherence to a plant-based diet and disease prevention, but data on the link between such dietary intakes and cancer are scarce. We examined the association between the overall plant-based diet (PDI), healthy plant-based diet (hPDI), and unhealthy plant-based diet (uPDI) and risk of glioma. This case-control study was conducted on 128 newly diagnosed glioma patients, and 256 hospital-based controls. Cases were diagnosed by pathological test and controls were selected from hospitalized people in orthopedic and surgical wards. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated Block-format 123-items food frequency questionnaire. Scores of plant-based dietary patterns were calculated using the method suggested by Satija et al. After controlling for potential confounders, individuals with higher scores of PDI (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32-0.91, P-trend < 0.001) and hPDI (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.18-0.57, P-trend < 0.001) had significantly lower odds of glioma compared with those with the lowest scores. This association did not change in the fully adjusted model; such that subjects in the highest tertile of PDI and hPDI were 69% and 71% less likely to have glioma compared with those in the lowest tertile. In contrast, higher scores of uPDI was significantly associated with a greater odds of glioma (OR: 2.85, 95% CI: 1.26-6.47, P-trend = 0.02). Adherence to PDI and hPDI was associated with a lower odds of glioma, while greater adherence to uPDI was directly associated with the likelihood of glioma. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to examine our findings.

Altered expression of EGFR and miR-34a derived from serum and tumoral tissue was associated with glioblastoma multiform.

OBJECTIVE: Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most prevalent and invasive brain malignancy in adults. There are ongoing researches to introduce novel and non-invasive potential biomarkers for the early detection of GBM. METHODS: Here we compared the expression of EGFR, miR-34a, and miR-19a between tumoral and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCTs) of 50 GBM patients and also compared their expression levels in serum samples of GBM patients with serum samples of 50 control subjects. RESULTS: The expression level of the EGFR gene was elevated in GBM tissues in comparison to the corresponding ANCTs (P < 0.0001) and also was higher in the serum sample of patients compared with control serum (P < 0.0001). The miR-34a was significantly downregulated in serum samples as well as tissues obtained from GBM patients compared with the corresponding controls (expression ratio = 0.57 and 0.4, P = 0.02 and 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Dysregulation of the EGFR gene and miR-34a in serum samples of GBM patients compared with the control subjects promises the emergence of non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of GBM which need confirmative studies with a large sample size.

Dietary phytochemical index in relation to risk of glioma: a case-control study in Iranian adults.

BACKGROUND & AIM: No study is available that explores the association of dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with glioma. The objective of the current study was to assess this association in Iranian adults. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study included 128 newly-diagnosed cases of glioma and 256 age- and sex-matched controls. Data collection on dietary intakes was done using a 123-item validated food frequency questionnaire. Calculation of DPI was done as (dietary energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods (kcal)/total daily energy intake (kcal)) × 100. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between DPI and glioma. RESULTS: Individuals in the top tertile of DPI were more likely to be older and female. Before taking potential confounders into account, subjects in the top tertile of DPI tended to have a 40% reduced chance of glioma than those in the bottom tertile (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.35-1.02, P = 0.06). After controlling for age, sex, energy intake, several demographic variables and dietary intakes, the association between DPI and glioma became strengthened (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.19-0.97, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: High intakes of phytochemical-rich foods were associated with a lower risk of glioma in adults. High consumption of phytochemical-rich foods might be recommended to prevent glioma. However, further studies with a prospective design are needed to confirm our findings.

The relationship between rice consumption and glioma: a case-control study in adults.

Previous studies have shown the effect of refined grains on various cancers; however, data on the link between rice consumption and brain cancer are scarce. We aimed to investigate the relationship between rice consumption and glioma in Iranian adults. Current hospital-based case-control study was done in Tehran between 2009 and 2011. Cases were individuals with pathologically confirmed glioma in a maximally 1 month of the disease diagnosis (n = 128). Controls were individuals, aged between 20 and 75 years, who were hospitalized or were outpatients referred to other wards of the same hospital (n = 256). Cases and controls were frequently matched in terms of age and gender. Usual dietary intakes of participants, including rice consumption, during the preceding year were examined using a Block-format validated semi-quantitative 126-item food frequency questionnaire. Compared with participants in the lowest tertile of rice consumption (< 181 g/day), those in the highest tertile (≥ 279 g/day) had 2.47 times greater chance for having glioma (OR: 2.47, 95% CI 1.44-4.23). This relationship was also seen when potential confounders including demographic variables, energy and dietary intakes as well as body mass index were taking into account; such that individuals in the top tertile of rice consumption had 2.46 times greater odds of glioma compared with those in the bottom tertile (OR: 2.46, 95% CI 1.01-5.97). We found that rice consumption was positively associated with risk of glioma in adults. Further prospective studies are required to confirm this finding.

Dietary insulin index and insulin load in relation to glioma: findings from a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Although hyperinsulinemia is assumed to be involved in brain carcinogenesis, data on the link between dietary insulin index (DII) and dietary insulin load (DIL) and risk of glioma are lacking. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to investigate the relation between DII and DIL and risk of glioma in a case-control study among Iranian adults. METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study, 128 pathologically confirmed cases of glioma and 256 age and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Dietary intakes of study participants were assessed using a validated Block-format 123-item semi-quantitative FFQ. DII and DIL were computed using a published food insulin index (FII) data. RESULTS: A significant positive association was found between DIL and glioma (OR: 3.56; 95% CI: 1.85-6.58, P < 0.001); such that after controlling for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of DIL had 2.95 times greater odds of glioma than those in the lowest quartile (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.40-6.24, Ptrend = 0.006). Furthermore, we observed a significant positive association between DII and glioma (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.43-4.93, Ptrend = 0.001). This association remained significant even after considering energy intake (OR: 2.66; 95% CI: 1.43-4.95, Ptrend = 0.001). However, when further potential confounders were taken into account, this relationship became non-significant (OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 0.92-3.80, Ptrend = 0.03), despite a significant trend of increased odds ratios (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we found a significant positive association between DIL and odds of glioma. DII was not significantly associated with odds of glioma after controlling for confounders.

A case-control study on dietary calcium intake and risk of glioma.

Limited evidence exists regarding the association between dietary calcium intake and risk of glioma. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary calcium intake and risk of glioma in Iranian adults. In this hospital-based case-control study, we enrolled 128 newly-diagnosed cases of glioma and 256 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients with pathologically confirmed glioma (without any other cancers) were selected. Dietary intakes of study participants were collected through a validated 126-item food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary calcium intake was computed from dairy products in the questionnaire. Participants were categorized into quartiles of dietary calcium intake. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between dietary calcium intake and glioma. Higher dietary intake of calcium was associated with younger age, long duration of cell phone use, and frequent canned foods intake. After taking age, sex, and energy intake into account, participants with the greatest dietary calcium intake had 84% lower odds of glioma than those with the lowest intake [odds ratio (OR): 0.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.07-0.37]. Further adjustment for other potential confounders including nutrient intakes did not significantly alter the association (OR: 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08-0.64). Even after additional adjustment for BMI, we found a significant inverse association between dietary calcium intake and odds of glioma (OR: 0.23; 95% CI, 0.08-0.65). We found an inverse protective association between high dietary calcium intake and odds of glioma. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

The Association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Glioma in Adults.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relation between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and risk of glioma among Iranian adults. Design: A hospital-based case-control study. Setting: This case-control investigation was done in 2011. Usual dietary intakes of participants during the preceding year were examined using a food frequency questionnaire. Data on dietary TAC from foods was gathered from published databases that provided the antioxidant capacity for each food item, measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power. Participants: Cases were individuals with pathologically confirmed glioma that were diagnosed during the last month (n = 128). Controls were individuals, aged between 20 and 75 years, who were hospitalized or were outpatients referred to other wards of the same hospitals (n = 256). Results: Compared with participants in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of dietary TAC had a lower odds of glioma (OR: 0.28, 95%CI: 0.15-0.45). This association was strengthened when potential confounders were taken into account (OR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.05-0.35). Such inverse association was also seen for men (OR: 0.05, 95%CI: 0.01-0.19), but not for women. Furthermore, significant inverse associations were seen between dietary intakes of vitamin C (OR for Q4 vs. Q1: 0.14, 95%CI: 0.05-0.36; P-trend < 0.01), vitamin B6 (OR for Q4 vs. Q1: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.13-0.97; P-trend = 0.02) and ß-carotene (OR for Q3 vs. Q1: 0.43, 95%CI: 0.19-0.98; P-trend = 0.57) and glioma, after controlling for potential covariates. Conclusions: We found that dietary TAC as well as dietary intake of vitamin C, vitamin B6, and ß-carotene was inversely associated with odds of glioma in adults.

Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern in relation to glioma: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Although Mediterranean diet (MD) was associated with a lower risk of mortality and cancer, no data are available investigating the association between adherence to the MD and risk of glioma. METHODS: In this case-control study, we enrolled a total of 128 newly diagnosed patients with glioma, confirmed by pathological assessment, and 256 hospital-based controls from 2009 to 2011 in Tehran, Iran. A valid and reliable Block-format food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intakes. Adherence to the MD was examined using the scoring method suggested by Trichopoulou et al. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations of interest. RESULTS: After controlling for age, sex, and energy intake, participants in the highest tertile of MD score had not significantly lower odds of glioma than those in the lowest tertile (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.32-1.03, Ptrend = 0.06). However, after taking other potential confounders into account, individuals with the greatest adherence to the MD score were 74% less likely to have glioma than those with the lowest adherence (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.12-0.55, Ptrend < 0.001). Additional adjustments for dietary intakes and BMI did not significantly alter this association (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.78, Ptrend = 0.009; OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.78, Ptrend = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: We found that adherence to the MD was associated with a lower likelihood of having glioma. Prospective cohort studies are needed to further examine these findings.

Legume and Nuts Consumption in Relation to Glioma: A Case- Control Study.

Data on the link between legume and nuts consumption and risk of glioma are controversial. The current study aimed to investigate the relation between legume and nuts consumption and glioma in a case-control study in Iranian adults. In this hospital-based case-control study, we enrolled 128 pathologically confirmed new cases of glioma and 256 age and sex-matched controls. Dietary intakes of study participants were assessed using the validated Block-format 123-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Data on potential confounders were also collected through the use of a pre-tested questionnaire. Mean age of cases and controls were 43.4 and 42.8 years, respectively. Individuals with the greatest legume and nuts consumption were less likely to have glioma compared with those with the lowest consumption (0.52; 95% CI: 0.30-0.88). This inverse association was not changed after controlling for age, sex and energy intake (0.46; 95% CI: 0.26-0.81). The association remained statistically significant even after taking other potential confounders, including dietary intakes into account (0.32; 95% CI: 0.14-0.72). Additional adjustments for BMI did not alter the association; such that individuals in the top category of legume and nuts consumption were 66% less likely to have glioma compared with those in the bottom category (0.34; 95% CI: 0.15-0.76). We found an inverse association between legume and nuts consumption and odds of glioma, even after controlling for a wide range of confounders.

The association between the dietary inflammatory index and glioma: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Dietary inflammatory potential has been associated with several cancers. However, the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and glioma is not clear. The aim of this study was to examine DII in relation to glioma. METHODS: In a hospital-based case-control study, we selected 128 newly-diagnosed cases of glioma and 256 controls. Cases were medically confirmed glioma patients, with no history of other cancers. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess diet. DII scores were calculated based on the quantity of dietary components with inflammatory or anti-inflammatory potential. We used conditional logistic regression models to examine the association between the DII and glioma. RESULT: Study participants were on average 43 years old and predominantly male (58%). After controlling for age, sex and energy intake, individuals in the highest quartile of DII had 87% (95% CI: 1.00-3.47) increased risk of glioma compared to those in the lowest quartile. Additional adjustment for environmental confounders strengthened the relationship; participants with the greatest DII scores had approximately 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.06, 3.83) increased odds of glioma than those with the lowest intake scores. The association was not substantially altered by further adjustment for BMI (2.76; 1.15-6.60). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, diets with high anti-inflammatory and low inflammatory nutrient contents are recommended to prevent glioma.

A case-control study on dietary quality indices and glioma.

No study is available that has assessed the association of dietary diversity score (DDS) and alternative healthy eating index (AHEI) with glioma. The present study aimed to assess this association in Iranian adults. Overall, 128 pathologically confirmed cases of glioma were enrolled from hospitals and 256 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited from other wards of the hospital between 2009 and 2011. Dietary assessment was done using a validated block-format 123-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Dietary indices including DDS and AHEI-2010 were constructed according to standard methods. After controlling for potential confounders, a significant inverse association was found between DDS and risk of glioma (OR 0·42, 95 % CI 0·19, 0·94). Such finding was also seen when further adjustment was made for BMI; such that participants in the highest quartile of DDS were 56 % less likely to have glioma compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR 0·44, 95 % CI, 0·20, 0·97). In addition, a significant inverse association was found between adherence to AHEI and glioma; such that in the fully adjusted model, participants in the fourth quartile of AHEI had 74 % lower risk of glioma compared with those in the first quartile (OR 0·26, 95 % CI 0·12, 0·56). In conclusion, we found that greater adherence to the healthy, as measured by AHEI, and diverse, as measured by DDS, diets was associated with decreased odds of glioma.

Egg Consumption in Relation to Glioma: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Data on the link between egg consumption and brain tumors are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between egg consumption and odds of glioma in Iranian adults. METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study, 128 newly-diagnosed cases of glioma and 256 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled from hospitals. Patients with pathologically confirmed glioma (without any other cancers) were considered eligible. We collected data on dietary intakes, including egg consumption, using a 126-item validated FFQ. Egg consumption was computed from all foods containing this food as their ingredients. Participants were categorized into tertiles of egg consumption. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between egg consumption and glioma. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex and energy intake, individuals in the middle tertile of egg consumption were 58% (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.24, 0.73) less likely to have glioma compared with those in the lowest tertile. Further adjustment for other potential confounders strengthened the association; such that participants with the greatest consumption of egg intake were 62% (0.38; 0.18, 0.76) less likely to have glioma compared with those with the lowest consumption. Additional controlling for dietary intakes did not change the association significantly (0.39; 0.18, 0.85). CONCLUSION: We found an inverse association between egg consumption at the amount of almost 2 eggs/week and odds of glioma. Further studies are required to examine this association.

Patterns of nutrients intakes in relation to glioma: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Nutrient pattern analysis is an easy way to compare nutrient intakes across different nations due to the universality of nutrients nature. The current study aimed to investigate the relation between patterns of nutrients intake and glioma in a case-control study in Iranian adults. METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study, we enrolled 128 pathologically confirmed new cases of glioma and 256 age and sex-matched controls. Dietary intakes of study participants were assessed using the validated Block-format 123-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Data on potential confounders were also collected through the use of pre-tested questionnaire. RESULTS: Four nutrient patterns were identified through the use of factor analysis. Participants were categorized based on tertiles of nutrient patterns' scores. Adherence to the first nutrient pattern was not significantly associated with the odds of glioma (0.93; 0.40-2.15). Participants with greater adherence to the second nutrient pattern were less likely to have glioma in crude model (0.48; 0.28-0.83). The inverse association remained significant after controlling for age, sex and energy intake (0.42; 0.24-0.78). Further controlling for other potential confounders, including BMI, resulted in the disappearance of the association (0.52; 0.25-1.10). Greater adherence to the third nutrient pattern was directly associated with the odds of glioma (1.92; 1.10-3.35). Even after controlling for sex, age and energy intake, the association was statistically significant (2.83; 1.28-4.21). However, when other confounders were taken into account, the association became non-significant (2.28; 0.89-5.82). The fourth nutrient pattern was not associated with the odds of glioma (0.71; 0.35-1.42). CONCLUSION: We failed to find any significant independent association between nutrient patterns and odds of glioma. Further studies needed to confirm these findings.

Adherence to low carbohydrate diet in relation to glioma: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies that investigated the association between adherence to low carbohydrate diet and odds of glioma are sparse. This is particularly relevant in developing countries where dietary carbohydrate intake is very high. OBJECTIVE: This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the association between adherence to low carbohydrate dietary pattern and odds of glioma among Iranian adults. METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study, 128 newly diagnosed glioma cases were recruited and 256 age- and sex-matched subjects were enrolled as controls. Dietary intakes were examined by the use of a 126-item validated FFQ. Low carbohydrate diet (LCD) score was computed for each participant based on deciles of percentages of energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Individuals in the lowest decile of carbohydrate consumption received 10 points. Participants in second decile received 9 points and so on down to participants in the highest decile received 1 points. For fat and protein intakes, the points assigned to deciles were reversed; such that those in the highest decile received 10 points and those in the lowest decile received 1 point. We then summed all points of the three macronutrients to achieve the overall diet score, which ranged from 3 (highest carbohydrate intake and lowest fat and protein intakes) to 30 (lowest carbohydrate intake and highest fat and protein intakes). The higher the score, the greater adherence to the LCD dietary pattern. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and sex, we found that individuals in top tertile of LCD score were 60% less likely to have glioma compared with those in the bottom tertile (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.67). Additional controlling for other potential confounders made the association slightly attenuated (OR: 0.49; 95%CI: 0.26, 0.93). Further adjustment for dietary nutrient intakes strengthened the association (OR: 0.32; 95%CI: 0.12, 0.81). After additional controlling for BMI, we found that adherence to LCD was protectively associated with reduced odds of glioma (OR: 0.32; 95%CI: 0.12, 0.81). DISCUSSION: We found an inverse association between adherence to LCD and odds of glioma among Iranian population. Prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.