Topical Antibiotic-Induced Otomycosis - a Systematic Review of Aetiology and Risk Factors.

Otomycosis is a chronic or subacute fungal infection of external ear accounting to 5 to 20% of external ear infection worldwide. Literature has suggested multiple local and environmental host factors associated with otomycosis, but their strength of association is not well established. We did this review to analyse otomycosis with respect to it's various common predisposing factors. Human studies reporting ototopical antibiotics with or without steroids as predisposing factors for otomycosis, or pooled data together with other predisposing factors were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the ISRCTN register, and Cochrane databases were searched for the data extraction. Critical appraisal was done using the standardized Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) Appraisal checklist. Random effects were used to calculate pooled estimate prevalence with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Age varied in different studies with a mean age variation from 7 to 43.19. Most of the studies were conducted in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Aspergillus was the most common species isolated. The use of ototopical antibiotics with or without steroid drops [47% (95% CI, 0.38 - 0.56)] were found to be the commonest predisposing factor for otomycosis, followed by the use of a variety of oils and wax solvents [38% (95% CI,0.26 - 0.51)] and trauma to the External Auditory Canal (EAC) as a result of compulsive cleaning or instrumentation[37% (95% CI, 0.21 - 0.54)]. We suggest the need for caution and vigilance from clinicians treating patients with ototopical drops for ear infections and use of other alternative treatment like 2% acetic acid for mild cases whenever feasible.

The Trans-facial Approach for Simultaneous Resection and Reconstruction of Retromolar Trigone Tumors: A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Early retromolar trigone (RMT) lesions are difficult to access and free tissue transfer is often an overkill for such small lesions. The aim was to devise a novel surgical approach that would aid the resection without raising a cheek flap and simultaneously provide a local reconstructive option for small lesions in the RMT. Methodology: This study was to demonstrate the outcomes of the "trans-facial" approach used to simultaneously access and reconstruct small RMT tumors through an islanded nasolabial flap. Patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of RMT requiring surgery were included from January 2021 to September 2022. Case selection was done based on the location of the disease and its size (cT1/T2). All needed bone and soft tissue resection via per oral trans-facial approach, along with an ipsilateral neck dissection. The technique is described along with their post-operative and pathologic outcomes. Results: Out of the eight patients included in this study, six underwent a bi-alveolar marginal resection and reconstructed using the trans-facial approach. No major complications were noted in the post-operative period. 50% were pT1 tumors and 75% were pN0 status. One patient had a close margin; while, the others had adequate resection margins. All patients were followed up for a median of 18 months with a locoregionally controlled status. Conclusion: The trans-facial approach can be a suitable option with a reasonable oncologic outcome to address small RMT lesions.

Swallowing in advanced oral cancers: A prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Advanced head and neck cancers are known to cause swallowing dysfunction due to anatomical and post-treatment changes. Literature is sparse on post-surgical and/or multi-modality therapy-associated swallowing function in advanced oral cancers. We conducted this study to longitudinally assess and compare the pre- and post-therapy swallowing dysfunction associated with locally advanced oral cancers. METHODS AND MATERIAL: A prospective observational longitudinal study was conducted at a tertiary cancer center from 2017 to 2018 including treatment-naive cT4a oral cancer patients (AJCC 7th edition). The assessment was done pre-surgery, post-surgery, and post-adjuvant setting as per the scales (Dysphagia score, Penetration aspiration scale, and Yale pharyngeal residue (vallecular and pyriform fossa). RESULTS: Of the 30 patients in the study, 47.4%, 47.4%, 52.6%, and 47.4% experienced deterioration of Dysphagia score, Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS), vallecula residue, and pyriform residue scores in the postoperative period. And 52.6%, 47.4%, 68.4%, and 57.9% had inferior dysphagia score, PAS, vallecula, and pyriform residue scores even 6 months after completion of adjuvant therapy. The dysphagia score correlated well with other objective assessment scores at different time points. CONCLUSION: Swallowing functions are significantly affected by surgery and adjuvant therapy and continue to be affected even 6 months after completion of treatment. Appropriate rehabilitation and intervention must be offered to patients to reduce this problem. Dysphagia scores can predict the swallowing status similar to other objective assessments.

Management of osteosarcoma of the head and neck.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is no clear consensus guideline that specifies the optimum course of treatment for adult head and neck osteosarcoma (HNO) because of its rarity. The review's goal is to examine the most recent research on the presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of head and neck osteosarcoma. RECENT FINDINGS: Due to overlapping symptoms with various benign disorders of the lower jaw and midface bone, these patients present with a noticeable delay. The greatest results for these malignancies can be achieved with surgery with sufficient margins. However, it may not be able to achieve sufficient margins in tumours of the midface and skull base, and the significance of adjuvant radiation/chemotherapy needs to be investigated. The use of adjuvant radiation in instances with an advanced stage, poor prognostic indicators, and inadequate resection is supported by evidence. Nonetheless, there are divergent opinions regarding the advantages of chemotherapy in adjuvant and neoadjuvant conditions, and further multicentric randomized control trials are required to provide robust evidence. SUMMARY: Multimodality treatments seem to yield better results for advanced HNO with adverse features and incomplete resections.

Determining the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adjuvant therapy for oral cancer - A matched-pair analysis.

Background: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has hard-pressed the health care systems beyond their capabilities, causing a lack of appropriate cancer treatment delivery. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of pandemic-related restrictions on adjuvant therapy delivery for oral cancer patients during these demanding times. Materials and Methods: Oral cancer patients who were operated on between February and July 2020 and scheduled to receive prescribed adjuvant therapy during the COVID-19-related restrictions (Group I) were included in the study. The data were matched for the length of hospital stay and type of prescribed adjuvant therapy, with a set of patients who were similarly managed 6 months preceding the restrictions (Group II). Demographic and treatment-specific details, including inconveniences faced in procuring prescribed treatment, were obtained. Factors associated with delay in receiving adjuvant therapy were compared using regression models. Results: A total of 116 oral cancer patients were considered for analysis, comprising 69% (n = 80) adjuvant radiotherapy alone and 31% (n = 36) concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The mean hospital stay was 13 days. In Group I, 29.3% (n = 17) of patients were not able to receive any form of their prescribed adjuvant therapy at all, which was 2.43 times higher than Group II (P = 0.038). None of the disease-related factors significantly predicted delay in receiving adjuvant therapy. Of the delay, 76.47% (n = 13) was present during the initial part of the restrictions, with the most common reason being unavailability of appointments (47.1%, n = 8), followed by inability to reach treatment centers (23.5%, n = 4) and redeem reimbursements (23.5%, n = 4). The number of patients who were delayed the start of radiotherapy beyond 8 weeks after surgery was double in Group I (n = 29) than in Group II (n = 15; P = 0.012). Conclusions: This study highlights a small part of the rippling effect the COVID-19 restrictions have on oral cancer management and pragmatic actions may be needed by policymakers to deal with such challenges.

Narrow band imaging observed oral mucosa microvasculature as a tool to detect early oral cancer: an Indian experience.

BACKGROUND: Narrow band imaging (NBI) is a novel method with the potential to improve the diagnostic capability of white-light. METHODS: A prospective observational study of 50 consecutive patients, with suspicious malignant/premalignant lesions. White-light images were assessed as suspicious for malignancy/negative for malignancy, whereas NBI images were classified based on the IPCL patterns. All lesions underwent biopsy and accuracy was compared with the histopathology (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Representative images of the IPCL patterns from Types I-IV RESULTS: 25 lesions (49%) were positive for malignancy, 2 (3.9%) lesions showed severe dysplasia, and 24(47%) were considered negative on histopathology. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of white light and NBI in detecting invasive carcinoma was 74.07%, 79.17%, 80.00%, 73.08% and 76.47%, and 92.67%, 90.16%, 92.56%, 91.67% and 92.16% respectively. The NBI group had a significantly better sensitivity and specificity to white light. The interobserver concordance was κ = 0.881. CONCLUSION: NBI is a highly effective tool to detect invasive carcinomas amongst suspicious lesions of the oral cavity.

Optimum surgical margins in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: Is the current definition adequate?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of progressively increasing margin distances on locoregional recurrence-free survival (LFRS) and determine an optimum margin distance for tongue cancers. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with squamous carcinoma of oral tongue, surgically treated between January 2012 and December 2013. The patients were divided based on ROC derived optimal distance and differences in LRFS per millimeter: margin distances with no significant difference in LRFS starting from 0 mm onwards (Group-I), from upper limit of Group-I to ROC cut-off (Group-II), and all values above it (Group-III). Group-II and III were matched for clinicopathologic factors and type of adjuvant therapy received. RESULTS: 451 patients had a median LRFS of 29.4 months that included 32.1% of Stage I/II and 51.7% of Stage III/IV. Group-I consisted of 0--2.0 mm (2.0-2.1 mm (p-0.029)), Group-II form 2.1 to 7.5 (7.5-7.6 mm (p-0.042)) and Group-III were ≥ 7.6 mm. In the matched group, each millimeter increase in margin provided a 3.67 months survival advantage from 2.1 mm to 7.5 mm while a substantial advantage of 15 months was seen from 7.5 to 7.6 mm. No significant advantage was gained in LRFS when the margin was increased by a millimeter from the cut-off value (p-0.602). Among the patients that were not prescribed any adjuvant therapy, a significantly better LRFS was observed in Group III than Group II (HR-3.01, p-value = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, adequacy of surgical margins should be re-considered for oral tongue cancers.

Sarcomatoid variant of squamous carcinoma in recurrent and second primary tumors of the oral cavity.

BACKGROUND: Sarcomatoid variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is aggressive tumors that frequently recur and metastasize. Our aim was to determine the survival outcomes and factors that predict its incidence in recurrent and second primary tumors (SPT). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of SPT and recurrent OSCC cases with sarcomatoid differentiation. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with SPT and recurrent sarcomatoid OSCC. Recursive partitioning was performed to classify the sample based on the clinicopathological factors of the index tumor. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients were included in the study with a median survival, calculated from the date of diagnosis of recurrence or SPT, of 6 months (recurrence-2 months, SPT-8 months). The 3-year OS for the recurrence group was 19.9% and for SPT group was 29%. Perineural invasion in the index tumor was significantly associated with sarcomatoid differentiation in the recurrent tumor. At one end of the spectrum of the recursive partitioning were the SPTs that had small index tumor sizes and DOI/thickness less than 14.5 cm (lowest risk), and at the other end were recurrent diseases that had index tumors of advanced T stage (highest risk). CONCLUSION: Sarcomatoid variant in the recurrent/SPT OSCC infers a poor prognosis. Recurrent disease that had an index tumor with advanced T stage carries the worst outcomes. Perineural invasion in the index tumor can help predict the presence of sarcomatoid carcinoma in the recurrent or SPT.

Role of Intraoperative Cytology in Head and Neck Lesions: A Prospective Study.

To study the technique of intra-operative imprint cytology for intraoprative diagnosis and management in cases of Head and Neck malignant lesions and to compare its result with postoperative histopathology. Prospective study conducted over 2 yrs period at the Department of ENT of a tertiary care centre in central India. A total of 60 patients who were operated for Head and Neck malignant lesions were studies with regards to intraoperative diagnosis, marginal status and lymphnodal status and compared with postoperative histopathology. Mean age-group was 47.70 (± 13.7) years. There was male preponderance. Bucco-aveolar complex lesions constituted the majority followed by Tongue and thyroid lesions. Intraoperative cytology technique showed a sensitivity of 92.98%, 80.60% and 92.30% as regards the intraoperative diagnosis, marginal clearance and nodal metastases respectively; while the specificity was 100%, 90.09% and 83.33% respectively. At the end of the study we conclude that intra-operative cytology is a good technique for intra-operative evaluation in Head and Neck lesions, where facilities for frozen section are not available. It can be used as a simple, non-expensive and rapid alternative to frozen section. A larger and longer study can validate its routine use in surgical setups where high-end pathology setup is not available.