RESUMO
Germinal center (GC)-derived memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for humoral immunity as they differentiate into protective antibody-secreting cells during re-infection. GC formation and cellular interactions within the GC have been studied in detail, yet the exact signals that allow for the selection and exit of MBCs are not understood. Here, we showed that IL-4 cytokine signaling in GC B cells directly downregulated the transcription factor BCL6 via negative autoregulation to release cells from the GC program and to promote MBC formation. This selection event required additional survival cues and could therefore result in either GC exit or death. We demonstrate that both increasing IL-4 bioavailability or limiting IL-4 signaling disrupted MBC selection stringency. In this way, IL-4 control of BCL6 expression serves as a tunable switch within the GC to tightly regulate MBC selection and affinity maturation.
Assuntos
Interleucina-4 , Fatores de Transcrição , Linfócitos B , Centro Germinativo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Células B de Memória , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-6/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-6/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
CD4 T cell effector function is required for optimal containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. IFNÉ£ produced by CD4 T cells is a key cytokine that contributes to protection. However, lung-infiltrating CD4 T cells have a limited ability to produce IFNÉ£, and IFNÉ£ plays a lesser protective role within the lung than at sites of Mtb dissemination. In a murine infection model, we observed that IFNÉ£ production by Mtb-specific CD4 T cells is rapidly extinguished within the granuloma but not within unaffected lung regions, suggesting localized immunosuppression. We identified a signature of TGFß signaling within granuloma-infiltrating T cells in both mice and rhesus macaques. Selective blockade of TGFß signaling in T cells resulted in an accumulation of terminally differentiated effector CD4 T cells, improved IFNÉ£ production within granulomas, and reduced bacterial burdens. These findings uncover a spatially localized immunosuppressive mechanism associated with Mtb infection and provide potential targets for host-directed therapy.
Assuntos
Granuloma/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Tuberculose/imunologia , Imunidade Adaptativa , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Morte Celular , Citocinas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Granuloma/microbiologia , Inflamação , Interferon gama , Pulmão/microbiologia , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Células Th1RESUMO
A comprehensive understanding of the development and evolution of human B cell responses induced by pathogen exposure will facilitate the design of next-generation vaccines. Here, we utilized a high-throughput single B cell cloning technology to longitudinally track the human B cell response to the yellow fever virus 17D (YFV-17D) vaccine. The early memory B cell (MBC) response was mediated by both classical immunoglobulin M (IgM) (IgM+CD27+) and switched immunoglobulin (swIg+) MBC populations; however, classical IgM MBCs waned rapidly, whereas swIg+ and atypical IgM+ and IgD+ MBCs were stable over time. Affinity maturation continued for 6 to 9 mo following vaccination, providing evidence for the persistence of germinal center activity long after the period of active viral replication in peripheral blood. Finally, a substantial fraction of the neutralizing antibody response was mediated by public clones that recognize a fusion loop-proximal antigenic site within domain II of the viral envelope glycoprotein. Overall, our findings provide a framework for understanding the dynamics and complexity of human B cell responses elicited by infection and vaccination.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/imunologia , Febre Amarela/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Febre Amarela/imunologia , Adulto , Humanos , Vacinação , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Replicação Viral , Febre Amarela/imunologia , Febre Amarela/virologia , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants and young children. Although it is widely agreed that an RSV vaccine should induce both mucosal and systemic antibody responses, little is known about the B cell response to RSV in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. Here, we analyze this response by isolating 806 RSV F-specific antibodies from paired adenoid and peripheral blood samples from 4 young children. Overall, the adenoid-derived antibodies show higher binding affinities and neutralization potencies compared to antibodies isolated from peripheral blood. Approximately 25% of the neutralizing antibodies isolated from adenoids originate from a unique population of IgM+ and/or IgD+ memory B cells that contain a high load of somatic mutations but lack expression of classical memory B cell markers. Altogether, the results provide insight into the local B cell response to RSV and have implications for the development of vaccines that stimulate potent mucosal responses.