Resistance to single-agent chemotherapy in low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) and actinomycin D (ActD) have been used as first-line chemotherapy agents in the treatment of low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Although low-risk GTN is considered a curable disease, its reported primary remission rates of 49 to 93% reflect the difficulties of treatment and different factors influencing it. Hence, this study aimed to determine the remission rates and related factors of single-agent chemotherapy resistance in low-risk GTN patients. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with diagnosed low-risk GTN who received either MTX once a week (IM, 30mg/m2) or ActD once every two weeks (pulsed IV, 1.25mg/m2). Then, the patients were followed-up until complete remission or single-agent treatment failure to assess resistance rate and related factors. Results: Eighty-four patients were included in the study (18 patients were receiving MTX and 66 patients were receiving ActD). 85.7% of all participants achieved complete remission after first-line chemotherapy (72.2% in MTX vs 89.4% in ActD). There was a significant association for higher tumor size (P=0.046), the occurrence of metastasis (P=0.019), and pretreatment ß-HCG levels (P=0.005) with resistance to treatment. Conclusion: This study demonstrated higher tumor size, the occurrence of metastasis, and pretreatment ß-HCG levels have been associated with increased resistance to first-line chemotherapy agents.

Rare presentation of retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma mimicking a myoma in a 46-year-old woman: A case report.

Retroperitoneal sarcoma is relatively uncommon. We share our experience in encountering retroperitoneal sarcoma with vascular and urethral adhesion in a 46-year-old woman. Given the rarity of these tumors, evaluation and management should ideally be performed in a center equipped with multidisciplinary expertise in treating sarcomas.

Immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and its correlation with microsatellite status in endometrial and ovarian clear cell carcinomas: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Clear cell carcinoma is an uncommon histologic subtype of ovarian and endometrial carcinoma with poor response to Platinium-based chemotherapy agents at high stages. Blockage of Programmed cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1), can be used in targeted immunotherapy. This study investigated Mismatch Repair Deficiency (MMR-D) status, PD-L1 expression, and the correlation between PD-L1 expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) status in ovarian and endometrial clear cell carcinomas. METHODS: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) (n = 28) and endometrial clear cell carcinoma (ECCC) (n = 28) samples were evaluated for PD-L1 (in tumoral and peri-tumoral inflammatory cells), MSH6 and PMS2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) study. PD-L1 expression > 1% in tumor cells and > 5% in peritumoral inflammatory cells were considered positive. RESULTS: The prevalence of PD-L1 expression was higher in ECCC (20/28, 71.43%) compared to OCCC tumor cells (16/28, 57.15%) (p > 0.05), while expression in peritumoral inflammatory cells was significantly higher in ECCC (25/28, 89.29%) compared to OCCC (11/28, 39.28%) (p < 0.05). MMR-D was observed in 5 cases, four OCCCs and one ECCC, among which, four (80%) showed PD-L1 expression in peritumoral inflammatory and tumor cells. The only OCCC case with extensive PD-L1 expression in tumor cells (> 50%) exhibited MSH6/MSH2 loss. No significant correlation was noted between PD-L1 expression and the pathologic stage or survival. CONCLUSION: PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with clear cell morphology, especially in the endometrium, independent of MMR protein status.

Prognostic significance of positive peritoneal cytology in endometrial cancer patients.

Although peritoneal cytology has been shown to be an independant predictor of survival in endometrial cancer, the present international federation of gynaecology and obstetrics (FIGO) staging system does not involve it for risk stratification. This work aimed to assess the prognostic importance of PPC (positive peritoneal cytology) in endometrial cancer patients. The medical profiles of uterine carcinoma patients were reviewed who were referred to Khatam-al- Anbia and Bahman hospital within 2010-2019. The factors possibly affecting peritoneal fluid cytology in all patients were analysed. There was a considerable association between survival and the number of lymph nodes involvement (95% CI = 2.5 - 12.51, OR = 5.59, p < .001), stage 3 (95% CI = 2.95-22.10, OR = 7.12, p < .001), stage IV (95% CI = 2.14 - 30.09, OR = 8.04, p < .001), Grade (95% CI = 4.4-47.7, OR = 14.54, p < .001). Positive peritoneal cytology was revealed in our study, as an independent prognostic factor in patients with endometrial cancer. Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Peritoneal cytology is one of the independent risk factors for poor survival for endometrial cancer, but international federation of gynaecology and obstetrics (FIGO) staging system does not involve it for risk stratification.What do the results of this study add? Positive peritoneal cytology was revealed in our study, as an independent prognostic factor in patients with endometrial cancer.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? It is recommended peritoneal cytology for future FIGO staging reviews. Till now, peritoneal washings need to be still regarded as a key part for precise risk-stratification.

Uterine involvement in epithelial ovarian cancer and its risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is an extremely aggressive and lethal carcinoma. Specific data that identify high-risk groups with uterine involvement are not available. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate a gross number of women with EOC to obtain the frequency of uterine involvement and its risk factors. METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted on 1900 histologically confirmed EOC women, diagnosed and treated in our tertiary hospital from March 2009 to September 2020. Data including their demographic, medical and pathological findings were collected. RESULTS: From 1900 histologically confirmed EOC women, 347 patients were eligible for participations. The mean age of study patients was 51.31 ± 11.37 years with the age range of 25 to 87 years. Uterine involvement was detected in 49.6% (173) of the patients either macroscopic (47.4%) or microscopic (52.6%) types. Uterine involvement was significantly associated with having AUB (P-value = 0.002), histological type of ovary tumor (P-value < 0.001), ovarian cancer stage (P-value < 0.001), and abnormal CA-125 concentration (P-value = 0.004). Compared to the other study patient, the patients with metastatic uterine involvement had significantly higher stage (p-value< 0.001), higher grade of ovary tumor (p-value = 0.008), serous histological type (p-value< 0.001), and a higher level of CA-125 concentration (p-value< 0.001). on the other hand, the patients with synchronous uterine cancer were significantly younger (p-value = 0.013), nulliparous (p-value< 0.001), suffered from AUB symptoms (p-value< 0.001) and had endometroid histological type (p-value = 0.010) of ovary cancer in comparison to other study patients. CONCLUSION: Considering the high prevalence of uterine involvement in EOC patients, ultrasound evaluation and/or endometrium biopsy assessment should be done before planning any treatment.

Effects of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 on cytokine production by endometrial cells of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate immunomodulatory effect of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on cytokine production by endometrial cells of women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). DESIGN: In vitro study. SETTING: Academic research center. PATIENT(S): Patients with URSA and healthy controls. INTERVENTION(S): Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Production of interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß), IL-17, IL-6, and IL-8 by whole endometrial cells (WECs) and endometrial stromal cells in the presence and absence of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1α-hydroxylase activity of these cell populations were measured in patients with URSA and healthy controls. RESULT(S): 1,25(OH)2D3 interfered with production of cytokines by WECs of the control and URSA groups, except IL-8 which was increased in URSA group. In endometrial stromal cells, 1,25(OH)2D3 down-regulated cytokine production as well with stimulatory effect on the production of TGF-ß in patients with URSA. Cytokine profile of WECs from patients with URSA skewed toward TH2 phenotype after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. Endometrial cells of both groups had comparable capacity to produce 1,25(OH)2D3. CONCLUSION(S): Considering the complex network of immunoregulation at the fetomaternal interface, potential beneficial effects of vitamin D3 in patients with URSA need to be investigated in clinical practice. Comparable levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 production and similar trend of cytokine expression by WECs of URSA and control groups after vitamin D3 treatment reflect the same local metabolic machinery of this hormone.