Next generation sequencing predicting clinical effect of immunotherapy on adult rhabdomyosarcoma patient: A case report.

RATIONALE: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare sarcoma that rarely occurs in adults and accounts for only 1% of all adult tumors. The standard treatment for RMS is surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. PATIENT CONCERNS: Adult patients often present with an aggressive course and poor prognosis. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with RMS in September 2019 and was confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry after surgical resection. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received surgical resection in September 2019. He was admitted to another hospital after the first recurrence in November 2019. After the second routine surgical resection, the patient underwent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and anlotinib maintenance treatment. He relapsed again in October 2020 and was admitted to our hospital. Next-generation sequencing was performed on the punctured tissue of the patient's lung metastatic lesion, and high tumor mutational burden (TMB-H), high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), and positive programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were observed. The patient then received toripalimab and anlotinib combined therapy and was evaluated for a partial response after 2 months. OUTCOMES: This benefit has persisted for more than 17 months. LESSONS: This is the longest progression-free survival for PD-1 inhibitors in RMS, and there is a trend of continued extension of progression-free survival in this patient. This case supports the hypothesis that positive PD-L1, TMB-H, and MSI-H could be beneficial biomarkers for immunotherapy in adult RMS.

Designing a Light-Induced Glycosylation Reaction for Poststage Synthesis of ADP-2″-Deoxyribosyl Derivatives.

Modifications on the hydroxyl groups of ADP-ribosyl units can provide valuable tools for investigating ADP-ribosylation-related molecular interactions, but the chemical syntheses of these compounds are usually difficult due to their inherent complex structures. In this study, we report a poststage synthetic protocol for accessing novel ADP-2″-deoxyribosyl derivatives through designing a light-induced biomimetic reaction, and SPR assays revealed effective binding of ADP-2″-deoxyribosyl peptides to MacroH2A1.1 with a high affinity (KD = 3.75 × 10-6 M).

Sorafenib inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by regulating Lyn-MAPK-NF-kB/AP-1 pathway and TLR4 expression.

Sorafenib is an anti-tumor drug widely used in clinical treatment, which can inhibit tyrosine kinase receptor on cell surface and serine/threonine kinase in downstream Ras/MAPK cascade signaling pathway of cells. Tyrosine kinase phosphorylation plays an important role in inflammatory mechanism, such as TLR4 tyrosine phosphorylation, MAPK pathway protein activation, and activation of downstream NF-кB. However, the effects of sorafenib on LPS-induced inflammatory reaction and its specific mechanism have still remained unknown. We found that sorafenib inhibited the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase Lyn induced by LPS, thereby reducing the phosphorylation level of p38 and JNK, inhibiting the activation of c-Jun and NF-κB, and then inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α. Furthermore, sorafenib also decreased the expression of TLR4 on the macrophage membrane to inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors latterly, which may be related to the inactivation of Lyn. These results provide a new perspective and direction for the clinical treatment of sepsis.

Propofol Upregulates MicroRNA-30b to Inhibit Excessive Autophagy and Apoptosis and Attenuates Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Vitro and in Patients.

Evidence reveals that propofol protects cells via suppressing excessive autophagy induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Previously, we found in a genome-wide microRNA profile analysis that several autophagy-related microRNAs were significantly altered during the process of H/R in the presence or absence of propofol posthypoxia treatment (P-PostH), but how these microRNAs work in P-PostH is still largely unknown. Here, we found that one of these microRNAs, microRNA-30b (miR-30b), in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was downregulated by H/R treatment but significantly upregulated by 100 M propofol after H/R treatment. miR-30b showed similar changes in open heart surgery patients. By dual-luciferase assay, we found that Beclin-1 is the direct target of miR-30b. This conclusion was also supported by knockdown or overexpression of miR-30b. Further studies showed that miR-30b inhibited H/R-induced autophagy activation. Overexpression or knockdown of miR-30b regulated autophagy-related protein gene expression in vitro. To clarify the specific role of propofol in the inhibition of autophagy and distinguish the induction of autophagy from the damage of autophagy flux, we used bafilomycin A1. LC3-II levels were decreased in the group treated with propofol combined with bafilomycin A1 compared with the group treated with bafilomycin A1 alone after hypoxia and reoxygenation. Moreover, HUVECs transfected with Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3b confirmed the inhibitory effect of miR-30b on autophagy flux. Finally, we found that miR-30b is able to increase the cellular viability under the H/R condition, partially mimicking the protective effect of propofol which suppressed autophagy via enhancing miR-30b and targeting Beclin-1. Therefore, we concluded that propofol upregulates miR-30b to repress excessive autophagy via targeting Beclin-1 under H/R condition. Thus, our results revealed a novel mechanism of the protective role of propofol during anesthesia. Clinical Trial Registration Number. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-IPR-14005470. The name of the trial register: Propofol Upregulates MicroRNA-30b to Repress Beclin-1 and Inhibits Excessive Autophagy and Apoptosis.

Urinary podocyte can be an indicator for the pathogenetic condition of patients with IgA nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical significance of the urinary podocytes in patients with IgA nephropathy. METHODS: Urine samples from 102 biopsy-confirmed IgA nephropathy patients were collected to detect urinary podocytes using an indirect immunofluorescence staining method with anti-human Podocalyxin (PCX) antibody. Then, correlation analysis was performed between the urinary podocyte counts and the clinicopathological changes. RESULTS: Upon comparison with IgA nephropathy patients with negative urinary podocytes, IgA nephropathy patients with positive urinary podocytes presented a significant reduction in plasma albumin and glomerular filtration rate and remarkable rise in urinary protein excretion, blood cholesterol, and mean arterial pressure. Pathologically, the renal tissues of IgA nephropathy patients with positive urinary podocytes presented less podocytes in the glomerulus (6.03 ± 3.61 cells/glomerulus vs. 12.58 ± 7.23 cells/glomerulus, p < 0.001), more mesangial matrix, and more aggravated interstitial fibrosis and foot process fusion than in IgA nephropathy patients with negative urinary podocytes. In addition, the urinary podocyte counts were positively correlated with serum creatinine and 24-hour urinary protein excretion (r = 0.332, p < 0.05 and r = 0.387, p < 0.05, respectively) and negatively correlated with the number of podocytes in the renal tissues (r = -0.416, p 0 < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Detection of urinary podocytes can be a noninvasive indicator for reflecting the severity of IgA nephropathy.