Documenting the Sporangium Development of the Polypodiales Fern Pteris multifida.

Reconstructing the development of sporangia in seed-free vascular plants provides crucial information about key processes enabling the production of spores that are important in the life cycle of these plants. By applying fluorescence imaging in intact tissues using dyes and confocal microscopy, this study aimed to reconstruct the key steps during the development of sporangia. Special emphasis was taken on the cell wall structures of tapetum and spore mother cells that have been challenged by microscopical documentation in the past. After staining the cell wall and cytoplasm using calcofluor white and basic fuchsin, the sporangium development of Pteris multifida was observed using confocal microscopy. The clear cell lineages from the sporangial initial cell to stalk, epidermis, inner tapetum, outer tapetum, and sporogenous cells were revealed by confocal imaging. The sporangium development improved in this work will be useful for a general understanding of fern spore formation.

[Genetic regulatory pathway of gene related breast cancer metastasis: primary study by linear differential model and k-means clustering].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential genetic regulatory pathway of gene related breast cancer metastasis. METHODS: Microarray technique was used to identify the gene expression profile and to screen the differential expression genes in breast cancer with special emphasis on the metastasis factors. A gene chip was available, obtained from the surgical samples, including breast cancer primary tissues and metastasis tissues, of 30 female patients with breast cancer at different clinical stages. Then potential genetic regulatory pathway of gene related breast cancer metastasis was analyzed with a linear differential model and k-means clustering. RESULTS: Twenty-seven differential expression genes were identified. It was suggested that the potential regulatory pathway of gene related to breast cancer metastasis is made up of GRP, BPAG1, and SFRP2 genes. CONCLUSION: The metastasis of breast cancer is related to the cancerization caused by the abnormal expression of multiple genes. It is reliable to analyze the Genetic regulatory pathway of gene related breast cancer metastasis by using multiple bio-informatic measures.