RESUMO
Human infection associated with a novel reassortant avian influenza H7N9 virus has recently been identified in China. A total of 132 confirmed cases and 39 deaths have been reported. Most patients presented with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although the first epidemic has subsided, the presence of a natural reservoir and the disease severity highlight the need to evaluate its risk on human public health and to understand the possible pathogenesis mechanism. Here we show that the emerging H7N9 avian influenza virus poses a potentially high risk to humans. We discover that the H7N9 virus can bind to both avian-type (α2,3-linked sialic acid) and human-type (α2,6-linked sialic acid) receptors. It can invade epithelial cells in the human lower respiratory tract and type II pneumonocytes in alveoli, and replicated efficiently in ex vivo lung and trachea explant culture and several mammalian cell lines. In acute serum samples of H7N9-infected patients, increased levels of the chemokines and cytokines IP-10, MIG, MIP-1ß, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-α were detected. We note that the human population is naive to the H7N9 virus, and current seasonal vaccination could not provide protection.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/fisiologia , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Aves/virologia , Brônquios/citologia , Brônquios/metabolismo , Brônquios/virologia , Linhagem Celular , Quimiocinas/sangue , China , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/imunologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/fisiologia , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/transmissão , Influenza Humana/sangue , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Pulmão/virologia , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/química , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/metabolismo , Especificidade de Órgãos , Alvéolos Pulmonares/citologia , Alvéolos Pulmonares/metabolismo , Alvéolos Pulmonares/virologia , Receptores Virais/química , Traqueia/virologia , Replicação Viral , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/virologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS: This study investigated the remediation of cadmium-polluted soil using a combination of stainless steel slag and ammonium humate. These remedial agents were added to an artificially polluted garden soil to inhabit cadmium toxicity in soil by changing the physical and chemical properties of soil in a pot experiment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the co-application of ammonium humate and stainless steel slag significantly decreased the total and available soil cadmium concentrations, with maximum decreases of 16.30% and 58.04%, respectively. The co-application of an adequate dose of these remedial agents can significantly increase soil pH. The soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity, as well as the amount of soil aggregates, were also significantly increased by the addition ammonium humate, but not stainless steel slag.