Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) in adults of Western Maharashtra, India: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Oral cavity cancer is estimated to be the third most common malignancy after cancer of cervix and stomach in developing countries. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between smoking, alcoholic consumption, betel quid chewing, and OPMD in a prospective manner. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 35-55-year-old adults of Western Maharashtra, India. Oral cavity examination as recommended by the American Dental Association specification was followed. Data recorded were transferred from precoded survey pro forma to the computer. The prevalence of OPMD was assessed by determining the percentage of the study population affected. Analysis was done to find out the risk of oral premalignant disorders. The Chi-square (x2) test and adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis and significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: Odds of having OPMD are five times higher for those who smoke (OR = 5.78; 95% CI, [6.18, 7.82]) as compared to those who do not. The odds of suffering from OPMD are about five times higher among those who chew as compared to those who do not (OR = 4.98; 95%CI, [2.91, 7.28]). The mean frequency of tobacco chewing per day and duration in years in participants with OPMDs was significantly higher as compared with normal oral mucosa (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05), respectively, in the use of different tobacco forms. Conclusion: These findings can be used to design case control or cohort studies to further understand the relation between habits and OPMD.

Awareness and knowledge of tobacco associated risk of development of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders among patients visiting a dental college.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer is considered as a serious health problem in public with an increasing number of cancer patients reported every year hence public health awareness/knowledge on oral cancers oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and their risk factors is crucial for prevention and early detection of OPMD and it is important to prevent transformation of oral cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey with an interviewer-administered questionnaire was conducted. The questionnaire consists of relevant questions to ascertain sociodemographic information, awareness, and knowledge of Oral cancer and OPMDs, and their associated risk factors, and participants exposure to risk factors. Subjects above the age of 20 years (n = 200) were randomly selected, and the questionnaires were administered by the interviewer while they were waiting for treatment. RESULTS: Results showed lack of awareness for OPMDs based on the evaluation of the questionnaires for sociodemographic data. CONCLUSION: Awareness about oral cancer is relatively significant; however, for OPMDs, awareness is low in our study and the subjects were unaware of the risk factors. So a high level of public awareness and knowledge of OPMDs should be brought to people via mass media as it is a very effective source of information. Early detection of oral cancer is the most effective means to improve survival and to reduce morbidity.

Analysis of expression of p53, p63 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen proteins in odontogenic keratocyst: An immunohistochemical study.

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a benign intraosseous lesions (within the jaw bone) of odontogenic origin that account for about 10% of jaw cysts. They are characterized by an aggressive behavior with a relatively high recurrence rate. Early diagnosis and follow-up of the patient with OKC is important because the possibility of such patient there is develop to other features of Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome in future. Considering the roles and effects of p53, p63 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in cells proliferation, this study was designed. OBJECTIVES: To understand the behavior of epithelial cells in pathogenesis and biological aspects of OKC in diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical (IHC)technique was performed in 21 cases of OKCs. RESULTS: Immunological stained p53 cells were mainly located in the suprabasal layers. p63 and PCNA-positive cells were found throughout the lining epithelium including basal and suprabasal cell layers. The intensity of staining was more in p63 and PCNA than the p53 expression of the cystic epithelial lining. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that the biological behavior of OKCs may be related to the suprabasal proliferative compartment in the cystic epithelium as observed. These proteins may participate in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. Taken together, these data may favor tumerigenesis on OKCs.

Influence of risk factors on patients suffering from potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use can alone lead to death worldwide, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. China and Brazil are the world's largest producer of tobacco. India holds the third place in producing, and it is the fourth largest consumer of tobacco and its products in the world. OBJECTIVES: A case-control study was carried out to assess the influence of risk factors on patients with potentially malignant disorders (PMD) and oral cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty cases diagnosed with PMD and oral cancer patients were selected for the study. An equal number 50 healthy controls who were also selected after age and gender matching. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the suspected risk factors for PMD and oral cancers. Chi-square test, Adjusted odd's ratios with 95% confidence interval were also used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: There is a statistically significant difference between the different age group, duration, frequency, exposure time, and synergistic effect of tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Chewing tobacco is one of the major risk factors in the initiation of PMD which can lead to oral cancer.

Analysis of various risk factors affecting potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer patients of Central India.

CONTEXT: The use of tobacco/betel quid can alone lead to death. India is the fourth largest consumer of tobacco/betel quid in the world and the third-largest producer of tobacco/betel quid after China and Brazil. AIMS: A case-control study was carried out to assess the prevalence and various risk factors among potentially malignant disorders (PMD) and oral cancer patients of central India. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A total of 100 clinically and histopathologically diagnosed PMD and oral cancer patients were selected for the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A histopathologically confirmed 100 patients who were suffering from PMD and oral cancers were selected and an equal number 100 healthy controls who were age- and sex-matched at par with the cases were also examined and interviewed. Chi-square (χ(2)) test and adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the suspected risk factors for PMD and oral cancers by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was observed in the age group, socioeconomic status (SES), duration, frequency, exposure time and synergistic effect of tobacco/betel quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking in our study population. CONCLUSIONS: Chewing tobacco/betel quid is a strong risk factor in the development of PMD and oral cancer. Also age, gender, SES, education, and occupation influence the development of PMD and oral cancer.