Bone Resorption in Apical Periodontitis Enhanced by Cigarette Smoke Inhalation: Histometric, Immunohistochemical, and Microtomographic Analysis in Rats.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) on apical periodontitis (AP) induced in rats by histometric, immunohistochemical, and microtomographic analysis. METHODS: A total of 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 8): control, CSI, AP, and CSI + AP. Rats in the CSI and CSI + AP groups inhaled cigarette smoke by remaining inside a smoking chamber for 8 minutes 3 times a day for 50 days. After 20 days of smoke inhalation, rats in the AP and CSI + AP groups had the pulp of their first right lower molar exposed to induce AP. Blood was collected on day 50 to evaluate nicotine and serum cotinine levels. The animals' mandibles were removed for histologic processing to evaluate bone resorption by histometric, immunohistochemical (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin), and microtomographic analysis. The Student t test was applied. RESULTS: Histometric analysis showed a larger area of bone resorption (P < .05) and microtomographic analysis found greater resorption volume (P < .001) for the CSI + AP group compared with the AP group. The CSI + AP group presented a high RANKL immunostaining pattern compared with the AP group (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CSI increased bone resorption caused by AP.

Effects of cigarette smoke inhalation on the immune-inflammatory profile of experimental apical periodontitis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation on the immune-inflammatory profile of experimental apical periodontitis in rats. METHODOLOGY: In total, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8): AP-induced apical periodontitis; S-cigarette smoke inhalation; APS-induced AP and cigarette smoke inhalation; and C (control)-neither AP nor cigarette smoke inhalation. To induce cigarette smoke inhalation, the animals were kept in a chamber filled with tobacco smoke for 8 min thrice a day for 50 days. AP was induced 20 days after inhalation initiation by exposing their coronary pulp to their oral environment for 30 days. After animals were euthanized, their right hemimaxillae were removed for histopathological, semi-quantitative and immunohistochemical (F4/80, CD206 and iNOS) analyses. RESULTS: Quantitative data showed a moderate number of inflammatory infiltrates in AP and an intense number in APS (p < .05). Comparing F4/80+ cells showed no statistically significant differences among groups, but we found more CD206+ cells in AP than in C and S (p > .05). INOS+ immunostaining showed a significant increase in AP and APS, when compared with C and S (p < .05). APS had more iNOS+ cells than AP (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoke inhalation worsened AP, leading to a predominantly pro- inflammatory profile in our experimental model.

Inflammatory profile of apical periodontitis exacerbated by cigarette smoke inhalation: Histological and immunohistochemical analysis in rats.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) on inflammation, pro-inflammatory mediators and haematological parameters in rats with induced apical periodontitis (AP). METHODOLOGY: Thirty-two 3-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8): C-Control; S-rats with CSI; AP-rats with AP; and SAP-rats with CSI + AP. Animals in groups S and SAP inhaled cigarette smoke by remaining inside a smoking chamber for 8 min, three times daily, for 50 days. After 20 days of smoke inhalation, animals in AP and SAP groups had the pulps of the lower right first molar exposed to oral environment for 30 days to induce AP. In these subsequent 30 days, animals in group S and SAP continued with CSI. On Day 50, animals were euthanized and mandibles were histologically processed to assess inflammatory infiltrate, immunohistochemical interleukins (IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α), and blood samples collected for laboratory analysis. The Mann-Whitney test was performed for non-parametric data and the pairwise analyses of Student's t-test for parametric data, with a significance level of p < .050. RESULTS: Inflammatory infiltrate was moderate in AP group and more severe in the SAP (p = .010). The interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α were higher in SAP group (p < .001) when compared to the AP group. A greater number of red blood cells (p = .010), haemoglobin (p = .007) and neutrophils (p = .014) were observed in the SAP group in comparison with the AP group. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoke inhalation induced a more severe inflammatory infiltrate, with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and changes in haematological parameters in rats with induced AP. Thus, CSI aggravated AP, exacerbating the inflammatory response.

Efeito da fumaça do cigarro na periodontite apical induzida em ratos: análise do perfil inflamatório e imuno-histoquímica macrofágica / Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation on induced apical periodontitis in rats: inflammatory profile and macrophage immunohistochemistry analysis

Objetivo: Avaliar a severidade da periodontite apical (PA) em ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro, por meio da análise histológica do perfil inflamatório e imunomarcação macrofágica. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizados trinta e dois ratos machos Wistar distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=8): PA (ratos com PA induzida); F (ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro); FPA (ratos com PA induzida expostos à fumaça do cigarro); C (ratos sem PA e sem exposição ao cigarro). Para inalação da fumaça do cigarro, os animais permaneceram em câmara de tabagismo por oito minutos, três vezes ao dia por vinte dias antes da indução da PA. Em seguida, os animais tiveram as polpas coronárias expostas ao meio oral por 30 dias para a indução da PA e continuaram inalando fumaça até completarem 50 dias. No momento da eutanásia, as hemi-maxilas do lado direito foram removidas para avaliar o perfil inflamatório por coloração em hematoxilina e eosina e imuno-histoquímica para marcação macrofágica F4/80 (macrófago), CD206 (M2) e iNOS (M1). Dados não paramétricos foram analisados por Kruskal-Wallis, seguido de post-hoc Dunn e Mann- Whitney (P<.05). Resultados: O infiltrado inflamatório foi moderado no grupo PA e intenso no grupo FPA (P>.05). Na imunomarcação de macrófagos M1, os grupos C e F apresentaram diferenças significantes quando comparado aos grupos PA e FPA (P<0,05). No anticorpo F4/80 não houve diferença entre os grupos (P>.05). Conclusão: A inalação da fumaça do cigarro em ratos contribuiu para uma reação inflamatória periapical mais intensa, com presença predominante de macrófagos pró-inflamatórios M1, agravando a severidade da periodontite apical(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the severity of apical periodontitis (AP) in rats exposed to cigarette smoke, through histological analysis of the inflammatory profile and macrophage immunostaining. Material and Methods: thirty-two male Wistar rats were used, distributed into four groups (n=8): PA (rats with induced AP); F (rats exposed to cigarette smoke); FPA (AP-induced rats exposed to cigarette smoke); C (rats without AP and without exposure to cigarettes). For cigarette smoke inhalation, animals remained in a smoking chamber for eight minutes, three times daily for twenty days before AP induction. Then, animals had the coronary pulp exposed to oral environment for 30 days to induce AP while continued inhaling smoke until completing 50 days of experimental period. During euthanasia process, the right hemimaxillas were removed to assess inflammatory profile by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for macrophage immulabeling: F4/80 (macrophage), CD206 (M2) and iNOS (M1). Nonparametric data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, followed by post-hoc Dunn and Mann-Whitney (P<.05). Results: The inflammatory infiltrate was moderate in the PA group and intense in the FPA group (P<.05). Histomorphometric analysis of M2 macrophages revealed statistical differences between groups C and PA, and F and FPA (P>.05). In the immunostaining of M1 macrophages, groups C and F showed significant differences when compared to groups PA and FPA (P<0.05). While the PA and FPA groups presented a large amount of immunoreactive cells, being higher for the FPA group (P<0.05). In the F4/80 antibody there was no difference between the groups (P>.05)Conclusion: Inhalation of cigarette smoke in rats contributed to a more intense periapical inflammatory reaction, with a predominant presence of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, aggravating the severity of apical periodontitis(AU)

New Surgical Model for Bone-Muscle Injury Reveals Age and Gender-Related Healing Patterns in the 5 Lipoxygenase (5LO) Knockout Mouse.

Signaling lipid mediators released from 5 lipoxygenase (5LO) pathways influence both bone and muscle cells, interfering in their proliferation and differentiation capacities. A major limitation to studying inflammatory signaling pathways in bone and muscle healing is the inadequacy of available animal models. We developed a surgical injury model in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle and femur in 129/SvEv littermates mice to study simultaneous musculoskeletal (MSK) healing in male and female, young (3 months) and aged (18 months) WT mice compared to mice lacking 5LO (5LOKO). MSK defects were surgically created using a 1-mm punch device in the VA muscle followed by a 0.5-mm round defect in the femur. After days 7 and 14 post-surgery, the specimens were removed for microtomography (microCT), histopathology, and immunohistochemistry analyses. In addition, non-injured control skeletal muscles along with femur and L5 vertebrae were analyzed. Bones were microCT phenotyped, revealing that aged female WT mice presented reduced BV/TV and trabecular parameters compared to aged males and aged female 5LOKO mice. Skeletal muscles underwent a customized targeted lipidomics investigation for profiling and quantification of lipid signaling mediators (LMs), evidencing age, and gender related-differences in aged female 5LOKO mice compared to matched WT. Histological analysis revealed a suitable bone-healing process with osteoid deposition at day 7 post-surgery, followed by woven bone at day 14 post-surgery, observed in all young mice. Aged WT females displayed increased inflammatory response at day 7 post-surgery, delayed bone matrix maturation, and increased TRAP immunolabeling at day 14 post-surgery compared to 5LOKO females. Skeletal muscles of aged animals showed higher levels of inflammation in comparison to young controls at day 14 post-surgery; however, inflammatory process was attenuated in aged 5LOKO mice compared to aged WT. In conclusion, this new model shows that MSK healing is influenced by age, gender, and the 5LO pathway, which might serve as a potential target to investigate therapeutic interventions and age-related MSK diseases. Our new model is suitable for bone-muscle crosstalk studies.

Itinerários terapêuticos, cuidados e atendimento na construção de ideias sobre maternidade e infância no contexto da Zika / Itinerarios terapéuticos, cuidados y atención en la construcción de ideas sobre maternidad e infancia en el contexto del Zika / Therapeutic paths, care and assistance in the construction of ideas about maternity and childhood in the context of the Zika virus

Com pesquisa de campo etnográfico, seguimos itinerários terapêuticos de cuidadoras de filhos com Síndrome Congênita do Zika para compreender como diferentes contextos (descoberta, casa, unidades de saúde, assistência social, associações) contribuem para formar noções sobre maternidade e infância. O conceito de "conjunturas vitais" em ritos de passagem geracionais singulariza experiências que levam a estabilizações e/ou caminhos invertidos na passagem entre etapas. A construção prática e simbólica de maternidade e infância oscila entre uma multiplicidade de significados marcados pela obrigatoriedade de mulheres se empenharem na tarefa de cuidar, vivendo sofrimento e sacralização do cuidado, numa realidade cotidiana que amarra suas vidas a buscas de explicações causais e respostas terapêuticas diversas sem mudanças geracionais marcadas. Quem trilha esses itinerários terapêuticos constrói uma imagem multifacetada de si mesma em relação, direta ou indiretamente, à maternidade, à infância e à filiação biológica e social.(AU)

Con investigación de campo etnográfico seguimos itinerarios terapéuticos de cuidadoras de hijos con Síndrome congénito del zika para comprender cómo diferentes contextos (descubrimiento, casa, unidades de salud, asistencia social, asociaciones) contribuyen para formar nociones sobre maternidad e infancia. El concepto de "coyunturas vitales" en ritos de pasaje generacionales singulariza experiencias que llevan a estabilizaciones y/o caminos invertidos en el paso entre etapas. La construcción práctica y simbólica de maternidad e infancia oscila entre una multiplicidad de significados marcados por la obligatoriedad de que las mujeres se empeñen en la tarea de cuidar, viviendo el sufrimiento y la sacralización del cuidado, en una realidad cotidiana que amarra sus vidas a búsquedas de explicaciones causales y respuestas terapéuticas diversas sin cambios generacionales marcados. Quien recorre estos itinerarios terapéuticos construye una imagen multi-facetada de sí misma en relación, directa o indirectamente, a la maternidad, a la infancia y a la filiación biológica y social.(AU)

Based on an ethnographic field research, we followed the therapeutic paths of caregivers of children with the Zika congenital syndrome in order to understand the way different contexts (discovery, household, health units, social work, associations) contribute to creating notions about maternity and childhood. The concept of "vital conjunctures" in generational rites of passage singularizes experiences that lead to stabilization and/or inverted paths in the passage between stages. The practical and symbolic construction of maternity and childhood oscillates among a multiplicity of meanings marked by the obligatoriness of women to strive in the task of caring and experiencing suffering and care sacralization, in a daily reality that ties their lives to searches for causal explanations and diverse therapeutic answers without marked generational changes. Those who take these therapeutic paths build a multifaceted image of themselves in a direct or indirect relationship to maternity, childhood and their social and biological affiliation.(AU)