Proteotransciptomics of the Most Popular Host Sea Anemone Entacmaea quadricolor Reveals Not All Toxin Genes Expressed by Tentacles Are Recruited into Its Venom Arsenal.

While the unique symbiotic relationship between anemonefishes and sea anemones is iconic, it is still not fully understood how anemonefishes can withstand and thrive within the venomous environment of their host sea anemone. In this study, we used a proteotranscriptomics approach to elucidate the proteinaceous toxin repertoire from the most common host sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor. Although 1251 different toxin or toxin-like RNA transcripts were expressed in E. quadricolor tentacles (0.05% of gene clusters, 1.8% of expression) and 5375 proteins were detected in milked venom, only 4% of proteins detected in venom were putative toxins (230), and they only represent on average 14% of the normalised protein expression in the milked venom samples. Thus, most proteins in milked venom do not appear to have a toxin function. This work raises the perils of defining a dominant venom phenotype based on transcriptomics data alone in sea anemones, as we found that the dominant venom phenotype differs between the transcriptome and proteome abundance data. E. quadricolor venom contains a mixture of toxin-like proteins of unknown and known function. A newly identified toxin protein family, Z3, rich in conserved cysteines of unknown function, was the most abundant at the RNA transcript and protein levels. The venom was also rich in toxins from the Protease S1, Kunitz-type and PLA2 toxin protein families and contains toxins from eight venom categories. Exploring the intricate venom toxin components in other host sea anemones will be crucial for improving our understanding of how anemonefish adapt to the venomous environment.

Cytotoxic and oxidative changes in individuals occupationally exposed to recyclable municipal solid waste.

aste collectors are exposed to a wide variety of bacteria, endotoxins, fungi, allergens, particulate matter, irritating inhalants, and vehicle exhaust, making them more prone to development of chronic diseases. Although several studies described the impact of occupational exposure on the overall health of waste collectors, few investigations were conducted regarding cellular and molecular changes that may occur due to exposure. The aim of this study was to assess biomarkers of oxidative stress such as levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipoperoxidation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), apoptosis, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and mitochondrial function (MitoTrackerTM Green FM and MitoTrackerTM Red) using the peripheral blood from individuals occupationally exposed to recyclable solid waste in Southern Brazil. The study included 30 waste collectors and 30 control individuals, who did not perform activities with recognized exposure to biological and chemical substances. Waste collectors were found to exhibit in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) higher rates of apoptosis, increased production of ROS, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), associated with decreased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and elevated activity of BChE in plasma. Therefore, evidence indicates that cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses may be involved in the multiplicity of adverse health outcomes related to contaminant exposure in waste collectors. It is thus necessary to implement and/or improve occupational health programs aimed at workers as well as mandatory inspections for the use of personal protective equipment.

Alterações bucais associadas ao tratamento antineoplásico e a importância da assistência odontológica ao paciente oncológico: uma revisão integrativa / Oral alterations associated with antineoplastic treatment and the importance of dental care for oncology patients: an integrative review / Alteraciones orales asociadas al tratamiento antineoplásico y la importancia de la atención dental en pacientes oncológicos: una revisión integrativa

O tratamento oncológico por meio da quimioterapia e radioterapia consiste em destruir ou impedir o crescimento das células tumorais, visando a cura ou controle da doença. No entanto, esses tratamentos podem ocasionar danos às células saudáveis e consequentes efeitos colaterais, especialmente na cavidade oral, causando alterações como: mucosite, xerostomia, disgeusia, infecções orais, trismo e osteorradionecrose. Objetivo:Sumarizar estudos sobre a importância da prevenção ecuidado das alterações bucais no manejo odontológico a pacientes em tratamento oncológico.Metodologia:Revisão integrativa, a partir da identificação do tema e elaboração da questão norteadora com busca sistematizada da literatura realizada entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2022. Foram realizadas buscasnas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Google Acadêmicoe PubMed, excluindo-se artigos publicados há mais de cinco anos.Resultados:Obteve-se uma amostra final de seteestudos, após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão.Houve concordância entre todos eles acerca das alterações bucais durante o tratamento oncológico, enfatizando a necessidade de assistência odontológica nesses pacientes antes, durante e após a terapia antineoplásica, além deminimizar efeitos desta intervenção. Conclusões:A atuação do cirurgião-dentista no cuidado aos pacientes oncológicos tem grande relevância, uma vez que as condições de saúde bucal impactam a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. Em suma, o presente estudo contribuino entendimento das alterações bucais e cuidados para o bem-estar do paciente (AU).

Oncologicaltreatment through chemotherapy and radiotherapy consists of destroying or preventing the growth of tumor cells, aiming at curing or controlling the disease. However, these treatments can cause damage to healthy cells and consequent side effects, especially in the oral cavity, causing changes such as: mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, oral infections, trismus and osteoradionecrosis. Objective:To summarize studies on the importance of prevention and care for oral changes in the dental management for patients undergoing oncologicaltreatment.Methodology:Integrative reviewfrom theidentification of the theme and elaboration of the guiding question with a systematic search of the literature carried out between September and November 2022. They were carried out searchesin the Virtual Health Librarydatabase, Google Scholar and PubMed, excluding articles published more than five years ago.Results:A final sample of 07 studies was obtained, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was agreement among all of them about oral changes during cancer treatment, emphasizing the need for dental care in these patients before, during and after antineoplastic therapy, in addition to minimizing the effects of this intervention.Conclusions:The performance of the dental surgeon in the care of cancer patients is of great relevance, since oral health conditions impact the quality of life of these individuals. In short, the presentstudy contributesto the of oral changesand care for the patient's well-being (AU).

El tratamiento oncológicopor mediodequimioterapia y radioterapia consiste en destruir o impedir el crecimiento de las células tumorales, visando lacurar o controla de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, estos tratamientos pueden causar daño a las células sanasy en consecuenciaefectos secundarios, especialmenteen la cavidad oral, causandoalteraciones como: mucositis, xerostomía, disgeusia, infecciones orales, trismoy osteorradionecrosis.Objetivo: Resumir estudios acerca de la importancia de la prevención y cuidados de las alteracionesorales en el manejo dental apacientes en tratamiento oncológico.Metodología: Revisión integrativa, apartir de la identificación detema y elaboración de la pregunta guía con buscasistematizadade la literatura realizada entre los meses de septiembre y noviembre de 2022. Fueron realizadas búsquedas en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Google Académico y PubMed, excluyéndoseartículos publicados hace más de cinco años. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra final de siete estudios, después aplicaciones de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Hubo concordancia entre todos acerca de las alteracionesorales durante el tratamiento oncológico, enfatizando la necesidad de asistencia odontológica en esespacientes antes, durante y después de la terapia antineoplásica, además de minimizar efectos de esta intervención.Conclusiones: La actuación del cirujano dentistaen el cuidado a lospacientes oncológicos tienegran relevancia, una vez que las condiciones de salud oral impactan la calidad de vida de los individuos. En suma, el presente estudio contribuyeen el entendimientode las alteraciones orales y cuidados para el bienestar del paciente (AU).

Remote and Unsupervised Exercise Strategies for Improving the Physical Activity of Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) burden across the world is expected to increase by ~2.2 million new cases and ~1.1 million deaths by 2030. Regular physical exercise is recommended to prevent CRC, but the myriad of protocols preclude further discussion on how to manage its variables for this population. Home-based exercise guided by remote monitoring provides an alternative to surpass the barriers of supervised exercise. However, no meta-analysis was conducted to verify the effectiveness of this intervention for improving physical activity (PA). We performed a systematic review of remote and unsupervised strategies imposed on CRC patients for improving PA and compared, via a meta-analysis, their effectiveness against CRC patients submitted to usual care or no intervention. The databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on 20 September 2022. Eleven studies attained the criteria for eligibility in the qualitative approach, and seven were included in the meta-analysis. No significant effect (p = 0.06) of remote and unsupervised exercise intervention was observed. However, a sensitivity analysis including three studies that only considered CRC patients was performed, demonstrating a significant effect in favor of exercise (p = 0.008). Based on our sensitivity analysis, remote and unsupervised exercise strategies were effective to improve the PA of CRC patients.

Análise de modelos de triagem odontológica / Analysis of dental screening models / Análisis de modelos de cribado dental

Introdução: Diante da realidade virtual que se encontram os procedimentos burocráticos, observa-se a necessidade de se idealizar programas de triagem nas clínicas-escola com os objetivos de se encaminhar pacientes para a clínica mais compatível com as suas necessidades, e substituir os prontuários físicos pelos eletrônicos, numa alternativa ambientalmente correta.Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de um modelo de triagem informatizado, comparando-o ao modelo utilizado atualmente, no serviço de Serviço de Triagem e Documentação Odontológica do Departamento de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Metodologia: O estudo realizado foi do tipo descritivo, constituído de uma amostra de 50 pacientes, que foram submetidos ao modelo de triagem utilizado atualmente no Serviço de Triagem e Documentação Odontológica do Departamento de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte e a triagem com aplicação de um programa informatizado. Foi avaliada a efetividade do dispositivo e feita uma comparação entre os modelos. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do índice de correlação intra-classe, utilizando-se um banco de dados criado no software Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versão 20.0, adotando significância de 95% (p< 0,05).Resultados: Após análise estatística, com realização de correlação entre os resultados do software e o modelo atual de triagem, obteve-se coeficiente de correlação intra-classe de 0,578, com o nível de significância, para avaliação dos dados obtidos de (P<0,05), foi possível evidenciar que ocorreu correlação satisfatória positiva e significativa entre os resultados do software e o modelo atual de triagem.Conclusões:Os resultados denotam concordância entre os modelos de triagem estudados e demonstram que a utilização destes recursos apresenta resultados satisfatórios. Notadamente, evidenciando-se a vantagem da utilização do modelo de triagem informatizado (AU).

Introduction: In view of the virtual reality of bureaucratic procedures, it is necessary to devise screening programs in school clinics to refer patients to the clinic more compatible with their needs and replace physical with electronic records as an environmentally friendly alternative.Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a computerized screening model, comparing it to the model currently used in the Dental Documentation and Screening Service of the Dentistry Department of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Methodology: The descriptive study consisted of a sample of 50 patients who were submitted to the screening model currently used in the abovementioned service and the computerized screening model. The effectiveness of the device was evaluated and a comparison was made between the models. Statistical analysis was made using the intra-class correlation index and a database created in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0, adopting a significance of 95% (p < 0.05). Results: An intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.578 was obtained with the significance level of p < 0.05. There was a positive and significant satisfactory correlation between the software results and the current screening model.Conclusions: There was agreement between the studied models and the use of these resources yield satisfactory results. Therefore, the advantage of using the computerized screening model was confirmed (AU).

Introducción: Ante la realidad virtual de los trámites burocráticos, surge la necesidad de diseñar programas de cribado en las clínicas docentes con el objetivo de enviar a los pacientes a la clínica más compatible con sus necesidades, reemplazando los registros físicos y electrónicos en una alternativa ambientalmente correcta.Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un modelo de cribado informatizado, comparándolo con el modelo utilizado actualmente en el Servicio de Cribado y Documentación Dental del Departamento de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte.Metodología: El estudio realizado fue de tipo descriptivo, constituido por una muestra de 50 pacientes que fueron sometidos al modelo de cribado actualmente utilizado en el dicho servicio y al cribado mediante programa informatizado. Se evaluó la efectividad del dispositivo y se realizó una comparación entre los modelos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el índice de correlación intraclase, utilizando una base de datos creada en el software Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versión 20.0, adoptando un nivel de significación del 95% (p< 0,05).Resultados: Luego del análisis estadístico, con correlación entre los resultados del software y el modelo de cribadoactual, se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0.578, con nivel de significancia, para evaluación de los datos obtenidos de (P<0.05). Fue posible mostrar que hubo una correlación positiva y significativa satisfactoria entre los resultados del software y el modelo de cribado actual. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran concordancia entre los modelos de cribado estudiados y demuestran que el uso de estos recursos presenta resultados satisfactorios. En particular, demostrando la ventaja de usar el modelo de cribado computarizado (AU).

Validity of the peak velocity to detect physical training improvements in athymic mice.

This study comprises two complementary experiments with athymic Balb/c (Nu/Nu) mice. In experiment 1, the aim was to verify the reproducibility of the peak velocity (VPeak) determined from the incremental test. The second experiment aimed to assess the VPeak sensitivity to prescribe and detect modulations of the physical training in athymic nude mice. Sixteen mice were submitted to two incremental treadmill tests separated by 48-h (Experiment 1). The test consisted of an initial warm-up of 5 minutes. Subsequently, animals initiated the tests at 8 m min-1 with increments of 2 m min-1 every 3 minutes. The VPeak was determined as the highest velocity attained during the protocol. In experiment 2, these animals were randomly allocated to an exercise group (EG) or a control group (CG). The training protocol consisted of 30-min of treadmill running at 70% of the VPeak five times a week for 4 weeks. High indexes of reproducibility were obtained for VPeak (Test = 19.7 ± 3.6 m min-1; Retest = 19.2 ± 3.4 m min-1; p = 0.171; effect size = 0.142; r = 0.90). Animals from the EG had a significant increase of VPeak (Before = 18.4 ± 2.7 m min-1; After = 24.2 ± 6.0 m min-1; p = 0.023). Conversely, a significant decrease was observed for the CG (Before = 21.1 ± 3.9 m min-1; After = 15.9 ± 2.7 m min-1; p = 0.038). The VPeak is a valid parameter for exercise prescription in studies involving athymic nude mice.

Elaboração e implantação de protocolo de infiltração e extravasamento de antineoplásicos em acesso venoso central / Elaboración e implementación de un protocolo para la infiltración y extravación de antineoplásicos en el acceso venoso central / Elaboration and implementation of a protocol for infiltration and extravassion of antineoplastics in central venous access

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência na elaboração e implantação do protocolo de extravasamento e infiltração de antineoplásicos em acesso venoso central. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência realizado de fevereiro a maio de 2021. Resultados: Após a busca de evidências na literatura, foi elaborado um fluxograma referente aos cuidados de enfermagem realizados durante e após o extravasamento/infiltração. Além das medidas iniciais padronizou-se o uso da hialuronidase tópica e da fotobiomodulação (1 a 3 joules, com potência de 100 miliwats). A área deveria ser demarcada e se possível fotografada. Após a validação do protocolo por um grupo de enfermeiros especialistas e pelo escritório de qualidade, foi implantado em um Ambulatório de Oncologia de Hospital Público do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Conclusão: Apesar de raro, o extravasamento em acesso central pode acontecer e a equipe precisa de um protocolo assistencial para padronizar a conduta e garantir o sucesso da terapêutica.(AU)

Objective: To report the experience in the elaboration and implementation of the protocol for extravasation and infiltration of anticancer drugs in central venous access. Method: descriptive study, experience report type carried out from February to May 2021. Results: After searching for evidence in the literature, a flowchart was created referring to the nursing care performed during and after the extravasation/infiltration. In addition to the initial measurements, the use of topical hyaluronidase and photobiomodulation (1 to 3 joules, with a potency of 100 milliwatts) was standardized. The area should be demarcated and, if possible, photographed. After validation of the protocol by a group of specialist nurses and by the quality office, it was implemented in an Oncology Outpatient Clinic of a Public Hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. Conclusion: Although rare, extravasation in central access can happen and the team needs a care protocol to standardize the conduct and ensure the success of the therapy.(AU)

Objetivo: Informar la experiencia en la elaboración e implementación del protocolo de extravasación e infiltración de fármacos antineoplásicos en acceso venoso central. Método: estudio descriptivo, tipo relato de experiencia realizado de febrero a mayo de 2021. Resultados: Después de la búsqueda de evidencias en la literatura, se elaboró un diagrama de flujo sobre los cuidados de enfermería realizados durante y después de la extravasación/infiltración. Además de las mediciones iniciales, se estandarizó el uso de hialuronidasa tópica y fotobiomodulación (1 a 3 julios, con una potencia de 100 milivatios). El área debe ser delimitada y, si es posible, fotografiada. Después de la validación del protocolo por un grupo de enfermeros especialistas y por la oficina de calidad, fue implantado en un Ambulatorio de Oncología de un Hospital Público del interior del Estado de São Paulo. Conclusión: aunque rara, la extravasación en el acceso central puede ocurrir y el equipo necesita un protocolo de atención para estandarizar la conducta y garantizar el éxito de la terapia.(AU)

Profilaxia pré-exposição de tromboembolia venosa e enfermagem: A realidade de um hospital público universitário / Profilaxis preexposición de la tromboembolia venosa y enfermería: La realidad de un hospital público universitario / Pre-exposure prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism and nursing: The reality of a university public hospital

Objetivo: caracterizar o risco de tromboembolismo venoso e uso de profilaxia em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos, avaliando a conformidade ou não-conformidade da prescrição de profilaxia medicamentosa. Método: estudo transversal, com 3341 pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos com protocolo de profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso preenchido aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, com dados extraídos de relatório personalizado gerado automaticamente do prontuário eletrônico do paciente em planilha Excel®, do período de março/2017 a dezembro 2017. As análises iniciais foram obtidas a partir de medidas descritivas para as variáveis quantitativas e frequências e percentuais para variáveis categorizadas. Resultados: A taxa global de conformidade foi de 70% e os pacientes clínicos apresentaram maior conformidade de prescrição de profilaxia em relação aos pacientes cirúrgicos. Conclusão: A profilaxia medicamentosa para tromboembolismo venoso é subutilizada, principalmente em pacientes cirúrgicos. Os pacientes clínicos receberam mais profilaxia que os cirúrgicos, predominando a indicação da enoxaparina sódica.(AU)

Objective: to characterize the risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of prophylaxis in clinical and surgical patients, evaluating the compliance or non-compliance with the prescription of drug prophylaxis. Method: a cross-sectional study with 3341 clinical and surgical patients with a completed venous thromboembolism prophylaxis protocol approved by the Research Ethics Committee CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, with data extracted from a personalized report automatically generated from the patient's electronic medical record in an Excel® spreadsheet, from the period from March/2017 to December 2017. The initial analyzes were obtained from descriptive measures for quantitative variables and frequencies and percentages for categorized variables. Results: The overall compliance rate was 70% and clinical patients showed greater compliance with prophylaxis prescriptions compared to surgical patients. Conclusion: Drug prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism is underused, especially in surgical patients. Clinical patients received more prophylaxis than surgical patients, with the indication of enoxaparin sodium predominating.(AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso y el uso de profilaxis en pacientes clínicos y quirúrgicos, evaluando el cumplimiento o incumplimiento de la prescripción de profilaxis farmacológica. Método: estudio transversal con 3341 pacientes clínicos y quirúrgicos con protocolo completo de profilaxis de tromboembolismo venoso aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación CAAE 62055616.7.00005411, con datos extraídos de un informe personalizado generado automáticamente a partir de la historia clínica electrónica del paciente en un Excel® hoja de cálculo, del período de marzo/2017 a diciembre de 2017. Los análisis iniciales se obtuvieron a partir de medidas descriptivas para variables cuantitativas y frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categorizadas. Resultados: La tasa de cumplimiento global fue del 70% y los pacientes clínicos mostraron un mayor cumplimiento de las prescripciones de profilaxis en comparación con los pacientes quirúrgicos. Conclusión: La profilaxis farmacológica del tromboembolismo venoso está infrautilizada, especialmente en pacientes quirúrgicos. Los pacientes clínicos recibieron más profilaxis que los pacientes quirúrgicos, predominando la indicación de enoxaparina sódica.(AU)

Microplastics in intertidal water of South Australia and the mussel Mytilus spp.; the contrasting effect of population on concentration.

Microplastics, plastic particles <5 mm in size, are of global concern as human-caused pollutants in marine and fresh waters, and yet little is known of their distribution, behaviour and ecological impact in the intertidal environment of South Australia. This study confirms for the first time, the presence of microplastic in the South Australian intertidal ecosystem by quantifying the abundance of particles in intertidal water and in the keystone species, the blue mussel, Mytilus spp., an important fisheries species, at ten and six locations respectively, along the South Australian coastline. For a remote region known for its pristine environment, microplastic concentration in intertidal water was found to be low to moderate (mean = 8.21 particles l-1 ± 4.91) relative to global levels and microplastic abundance in mussels (mean = 3.58 ± 8.18 particles individual-1) was within the range also reported globally. Microplastic particles were ubiquitous across sites and bioavailable by size in water (mean = 906.36 µm) and in mussel (mean = 983.29 µm) raising concerns for the health of South Australia's unique coastal ecosystems and for the human food chain. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between human coastal population size and microplastic concentration in intertidal water, irrespective of influences from industry - tourism, fishing and shipping ports. FTIR analysis determined plastic type to include polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), acrylic resin, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and cellulose, suggesting synthetic and semi-synthetic particles from single-use, short-life cycle products, fabrics, ropes and cordage. Our findings shed light on the urgent need to establish the local sources of microplastic pollution in order to assist the community, industry and government to reduce the impact of microplastic on the fragile marine systems within South Australian intertidal waters and on the organisms associated with the human food chain.

Low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumours with a prominent oligodendroglioma-like component: The diagnostic challenges.

AIMS: We searched for recurrent pathological features and molecular alterations in a retrospective series of 72 low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumours (LEATs) with a prominent oligodendroglioma-like component, in order to classify them according to the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumours. METHODS: Centralised pathological examination was performed as well as targeted molecular analysis of v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B (BRAF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) by multiplexed digital polymerase chain reaction (mdPCR). DNA methylation profiling was performed in cases with sufficient DNA. In cases with no genetic alteration by mdPCR and sufficient material, RNA sequencing was done. RESULTS: We first reclassified our cohort into three groups: ganglioglioma (GG, n = 14), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNTs, n = 19) and glioneuronal tumours/paediatric-type low-grade glioma (LGG) not otherwise specified (GNT/PLGG NOS, n = 39). mdPCR found an alteration in 38/72 cases. Subsequent RNA sequencing revealed a fusion transcript involving BRAF, FGFR1/2/3 or neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 [NTRK2] in 9/25 cases. DNA methylation profiling found 12/46 cases with a calibrated score ≥0.9. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed two clusters: Cluster 1 was enriched with cases classified as DNT at histology, belonging to the LGG-DNT methylation class (MC), with haematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) negativity and FGRF1 alterations; Cluster 2 was enriched with cases classified at histology as GG, belonging to the LGG-GG MC MC, with BRAF V600E mutation and CD34 positivity. The tumours reclassified as GNT/PLGG NOS were equally distributed across both clusters. Interestingly, all polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumour of the young belonged to Cluster 2, whereas diffuse LGG mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-altered were equally distributed among the two clusters. This led us to build an algorithm to classify LEATs with a prominent oligodendroglioma-like component. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated histomolecular diagnosis of LEATs with a prominent oligodendroglioma-like component remains challenging. Because these tumours can be split into two major clusters of biological significance, the clinicopathological relevance of the four types recognised by the WHO CNS5 within this spectrum of tumours is questionable.

The Implementation of DNA Methylation Profiling into a Multistep Diagnostic Process in Pediatric Neuropathology: A 2-Year Real-World Experience by the French Neuropathology Network.

DNA methylation profiling has recently emerged as a powerful tool to help establish diagnosis in neuro-oncology. Here we present our national diagnostic strategy as the French neuropathology network (RENOCLIP-LOC) and our current approach of integrating DNA methylation profiling into our multistep diagnostic process for challenging pediatric CNS tumors. The tumors with diagnostic uncertainty were prospectively selected for DNA methylation after two rounds of review by neuropathology experts. We first integrated the classifier score into the histopathological findings. Subsequent analyses using t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding) representation were performed. An additional step consisted of analyzing copy-number variation data (CNV). Finally, we combined all data to establish diagnoses and evaluated the impact of DNA methylation profiling on diagnostic and grading changes that would affect patient management. Over two years, 62 pediatric tumors were profiled. (1) Integrating the classifier score to the histopathological findings impacted the diagnosis in 33 cases (53%). (2) t-SNE analysis provided arguments for diagnosis in 26/35 cases with calibrated scores <0.84 (74.3%). (3) CNV investigations also evidenced alterations used for diagnosis and prognostication. (4) A diagnosis was finally established for 44 tumors (71%). Our results support the use of DNA methylation for challenging pediatric tumors. We demonstrated how additional methylation-based analyses complement the classifier score to support conventional histopathological diagnosis.

Impacto orçamentário na compra de equipamentos de proteção individual para enfrentamento da Covid-19 / Budgetary impact on the purchase of personal protective equipment for coping with Covid-19 / Impacto presupuestario en la compra de equipo de protección personal para enfrentar el Covid-19

A Covid-19 é causada pelo coronavírus e transmitida por contato próximo, gotículas e aerossóis. Para minimizar o risco de transmissão, profissionais de saúde devem fazer uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, como máscaras ou respiradores, aventais e luvas. Objetivou-se analisar a quantidade consumida destes equipamentos de proteção individual antes e durante a pandemia e também o impacto orçamentário causado para sua aquisição. Estudo retrospectivo, compreendendo os meses de janeiro/fevereiro de 2020 (antes da pandemia Covid ­ 19) e março/abril (durante a pandemia Covid ­ 19), em um hospital público. Realizado avaliação do consumo e custo de aquisição dos insumos considerados equipamento de proteção individual.Os dados foram coletados em sistema de informação próprio da instituição. Todos os itens analisados apresentaram aumento importante na quantidade utilizada e, principalmente, no valor de compra, chegando custar 525% mais caro comparado aos meses sem pandemia. O aumento dos custos estava relacionado à escassez dos produtos tanto no mercado nacional, quanto internacional. Entender os valores pagos e estabelecer controle de dispensação dos equipamentos, favorece o planejamento orçamentário.(AU)

Covid-19 is caused by the coronavirus and transmitted by close contact, droplets and aerosols. To minimize the risk of transmission, healthcare professionals should use personal protective equipment, such as masks or respirators, aprons and gloves. The objective was to analyze the amount consumed of this personal protective equipment before and during the pandemic and also the budgetary impact caused for its acquisition. Retrospective study, comprising the months of January / February 2020 (before the Covid pandemic - 19) and March / April (during the Covid pandemic - 19), in a public hospital. Evaluation of consumption and cost of acquisition of inputs considered as personal protective equipment was performed. Data were collected in the institution's own information system. All the items analyzed showed an important increase in the quantity used and, mainly, in the purchase value, reaching 525% more expensive compared to the months without a pandemic. The increase in costs was related to the scarcity of products both in the national and international markets. Understanding the amounts paid and establishing equipment dispensing control, favors budgetary planning.(AU)

El covid-19 es causado por el coronavirus y se transmite por contacto cercano, gotitas y aerosoles. Para minimizar el riesgo de transmisión, los profesionales de la salud deben usar equipo de protección personal, como mascarillas o respiradores, delantales y guantes. El objetivo fue analizar la cantidad consumida de este equipo de protección personal antes y durante la pandemia y también el impacto presupuestario que ocasionó su adquisición. Estudio retrospectivo, que comprende los meses de enero / febrero de 2020 (antes de la pandemia Covid - 19) y marzo / abril (durante la pandemia Covid - 19), en un hospital público. Se realizó una evaluación de consumo y costo de adquisición de insumos considerados como equipo de protección personal, los datos fueron recolectados en el sistema de información propio de la institución. Todos los artículos analizados mostraron un aumento importante en la cantidad utilizada y, principalmente, en el valor de compra, llegando a ser un 525% más caro respecto a los meses sin pandemia. El aumento de costos estuvo relacionado con la escasez de productos tanto en el mercado nacional como internacional. Conocer los montos pagados y establecer el control de dispensación de equipos favorece la planificación presupuestaria.(AU)

[Low grade glioma with MYBL1 alteration: Case report of an uncommon pediatric neoplasm]. / Gliome de bas grade avec altération de MYBL1 : observation d'une nouvelle entité tumorale pédiatrique.

Diffuse gliomas with MYB or MYBL1 alterations are rare tumours mostly affecting children or young adults with long-term epilepsy. This category of glioma includes two morphological subtypes. The angiocentric subtype is characterized by an angiocentric pattern of growth and a frequent MYB:QKI fusion. The isomorphic subtype corresponds to a highly differentiated astrocytic glioma with low cellularity, low proliferation and no specific microscopic features. The diagnosis is based on the imaging, demonstrating a supratentorial tumor, associated with the confirmation of a MYB or MYBL1 rearrangement. Here, we report the case of a 7-year-old child who presented a right frontal brain lesion corresponding to an isomorphic diffuse glioma with MYBL1 alteration.

Planejamento e implementação do curso Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner para o atendimento às vítimas de violência sexual: relato de experiência / Planificación e implementación del curso Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner para asistir a víctimas de violencia sexual: un informe de experiencia / Planning and implementation of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner course to assist victims of sexual violence: an experience report

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a experiência dos autores enfermeiros no planejamento e implementação de um curso de treinamento baseado no Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. Método Trata-se de um relato de experiência com características qualitativas de natureza descritiva e recorte transversal. No ano de 2019, foram treinados enfermeiros para o atendimento de vítimas de violência sexual por meio de um curso, nos Estados Unidos, conhecido como Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. O curso teve carga horária de 40 horas e foi oferecido para enfermeiros. As estratégias didáticas utilizadas foram: exposição dialogada, dinâmicas em grupos e simulação realística para o exame clínico-ginecológico com voluntárias. Resultados Durante cinco dias, 20 enfermeiros foram capacitados. Os conteúdos abordados abrangeram a legislação brasileira, protocolos de atendimentos às vítimas, a anamnese, exame físico, coleta e preservação de vestígios forenses. As aulas práticas aconteceram nos dois últimos dias de treinamento. Ao final do curso, aplicou-se uma avaliação escrita. Conclusão O curso oportunizou a consolidação de conhecimentos importantes para o atendimento pelo enfermeiro às vítimas de violência sexual, coleta e preservação de vestígios e participação na cadeia de custódia.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la experiencia de enfermeras autoras en la planificación e implementación de un curso de capacitación basado en el Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. Método Se trata de un relato de experiencia con características cualitativas de carácter descriptivo y de corte transversal. En 2019, se capacitó a enfermeras para atender a víctimas de violencia sexual a través de un curso en los Estados Unidos, conocido como Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. El curso tuvo una carga de trabajo de 40 horas y se ofreció a enfermeras. Las estrategias didácticas utilizadas fueron: exposición de diálogo, dinámica de grupo y simulación realista para examen clínico-ginecológico con voluntarios. Resultados Durante cinco días se capacitó a 20 enfermeras. Los contenidos cubrieron la legislación brasileña, protocolos de atención a las víctimas, anamnesis, exploración física, recolección y preservación de restos forenses. Las clases prácticas tuvieron lugar en los dos últimos días de formación. Al finalizar el curso se aplicó una evaluación escrita. Conclusión El curso brindó una oportunidad para la consolidación de conocimientos importantes para los enfermeros en la atención de víctimas de violencia sexual, recolección y preservación de huellas y participación en la cadena de custodia.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the authors' experiences in planning and implementing a training course based on the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. Method This is an experience report with qualitative characteristics of a descriptive nature and cross-sectional cut. In 2019, nurses were trained to care for victims of sexual violence through a course known in the United States as Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. The course lasted 40 hours and was offered to nurses. The didactic strategies used were dialogued exposure, group dynamics and realistic simulation for clinical-gynecological examination with volunteers. Results For five days, 20 nurses underwent training. The contents covered Brazilian legislation, protocols for assisting victims, anamnesis, physical examination, collection and preservation of forensic remains. The practical classes took place in the last two days of training. At the end of the course, a written assessment was applied. Conclusion The course provided the opportunity for the consolidation of important knowledge for nurses to care for victims of sexual violence, collection and preservation of traces and participation in the chain of custody.

The structuring of the defensive phase of beach handball

Abstract Aims: To analyze the structuring elements of the defensive phase of beach handball based on the coaches' speeches. Methods: Five coaches of adult male and/or female teams that played the Beach Handball championship of Sao Paulo State were interviewed. For the analysis of the speeches, the Collective Subject Discourse method was used. Results: The defensive phase is structured from hierarchical aspects: numerical asymmetry (by the presence of the specialist player), defensive systems (influenced by the characteristics of the players of their own team and the opponents), and technical-tactical specific actions (defensive blocking, coverage, dissuading…). The numerical asymmetry and the defensive system are responsible for the choices of the technical-tactical actions. Conclusion: The defensive structuring elements are related in a hierarchical way, which provides a better understanding of beach handball by coaches and players.

Patient absenteeism in outpatient consultations: an integrative literature review / O absenteísmo dos pacientes em consultas ambulatoriais: revisão integrativa da literatura / O absenteísmo dos pacientes em consultas ambulatoriais: revisão integrativa da literatura / El absentismo de los pacientes en citas médicas ambulatorias: revisión integrativa de la literatura

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and analyze the production of knowledge in national and international literature on patient absenteeism in scheduled medical consultations. Method: This is an integrative literature review in the databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, LILACS, Virtual Health Library of the São Paulo State Department of Health and Spanish Bibliographic Index in Health Sciences, accessed through the Virtual Health Library Portal, based on the guiding question. Results: A total of 767 articles was found and nine were selected. Forgetfulness predominated among the reasons for absence. Other findings regarding the cost to the health service and strategies for solving the problem are highlighted. Conclusion: As the focus of the studies, the concern with the quality of care, increased treatment queues and high demand, as well as the cost of absent patients, are evident. Despite the relevance of the theme for the health services organization, the literature is still scarce.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar y analizar la producción de conocimiento en la literatura nacional e internacional sobre el absentismo de los pacientes en las citas médicas programadas. Método: Revisión Integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, LILACS, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud de la Secretaría de la Salud de la provincia de São Paulo e Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud, accedidas por la Portada de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, basada en la cuestión norteadora. Resultados: Fueron encontrados 767 artículos y seleccionados nueve. El olvido predominó entre los motivos de ausencia. Otros hallazgos en relación al costo para el servicio de salud y estrategias para resolución del problema son destacados. Conclusión: Se evidencian, como enfoque de los estudios, la preocupación con la calidad del atendimiento, aumento de las colas y alta demanda, además del costo de los pacientes ausentes. A pesar de la relevancia del tema para organización de los servicios de salud, la literatura todavía es escasa.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e analisar a produção de conhecimento na literatura nacional e internacional sobre o absenteísmo dos pacientes nas consultas médicas agendadas. Método: Revisão Integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, LILACS, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo e Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol em Ciências da Saúde, acessadas pelo Portal da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, com base na questão norteadora. Resultados: Foram encontrados 767 artigos e selecionados nove. O esquecimento predominou entre os motivos de ausência. Outros achados em relação ao custo para o serviço de saúde e estratégias para resolução do problema são apontados. Conclusão: Evidenciam-se, como focos dos estudos, a preocupação com a qualidade do atendimento, aumento das filas e alta demanda, bem como o custo dos pacientes ausentes. Apesar da relevância do tema para organização dos serviços de saúde, a literatura ainda é escassa.

Associação da fotobiomodulação e da hialuronidase tópica no extravasamento e infiltração de antineoplásicos. Estudo retrospectivo / Association of photobiomodulation and topical hyaluronidase in extravasation and infiltration of antineoplastics. Retrospective study / Asociación de fotobiomodulación y hialuronidasa tópica en extravasación e infiltración de antineoplásticos. Estudio retrospectivo

Objetivo: avaliar a ação da fotobiomodulação associada a hialuronidase tópica nos extravasamentos e infiltrações de antineoplásicos, na prevenção de formação de lesões. Método: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo que analisou os dados referentes a extravasamento e infiltração de antineoplásicos em um Ambulatório de Oncologia de um Hospital Público do interior do Estado de São Paulo no período de janeiro de 2018 a outubro de 2019. Resultados: A população do estudo constitui-se de 15 participantes, destes, 53% (n=8) apresentaram extravasamento e 47% (n=7) infiltração, gerando uma incidência de 0,6% e 0,5% respectivamente. Os antineoplásicos mais envolvidos foram paclitaxel e carboplatina. Não houve formação de lesões nos 15 pacientes estudados. Foram realizadas apenas 02 sessões de FBM em cada paciente com exceção de 01 paciente que foram realizadas 07 sessões, por ser extravasamento de antraciclina. Conclusão: O protocolo administrado foi efetivo na prevenção de formação de lesões durante extravasamento e infiltrações de antineoplásicos. (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the action of photobiomodulation associated with topical hyaluronidase on extravasations and infiltrations of antineoplastic agents, in preventing the formation of lesions. Method: Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study that analyzed data referring to extravasation and infiltration of antineoplastic agents in an Oncology Outpatient Clinic of a Public Hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo from January 2018 to October 2019. Results: The population the study consists of 15 participants, of which 53% (n = 8) had leakage and 47% (n = 7) infiltration, generating an incidence of 0.6% and 0.5% respectively. The most involved antineoplastic agents were paclitaxel and carboplatin. There was no lesion formation in the 15 studied patients. Only 02 sessions of FBM were performed in each patient with the exception of 01 patient who were performed 07 sessions, for being anthracycline leakage. Conclusion: The administered protocol was effective in preventing the formation of lesions during extravasation and infiltration of antineoplastic agents.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar la acción de la fotobiomodulación asociada a la hialuronidasa tópica sobre extravasaciones e infiltraciones de agentes antineoplásicos, en la prevención de la formación de lesiones. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo, que analizó datos referentes a extravasación e infiltración de agentes antineoplásicos en un Ambulatorio de Oncología de un Hospital Público del interior del Estado de São Paulo de enero de 2018 a octubre de 2019. Resultados: La población el estudio consta de 15 participantes, de los cuales el 53% (n = 8) presentaba fugas y el 47% (n = 7) infiltración, generando una incidencia de 0,6% y 0,5% respectivamente. Los agentes antineoplásicos más implicados fueron paclitaxel y carboplatino. No hubo formación de lesiones en los 15 pacientes estudiados. Solo se realizaron 02 sesiones de FBM en cada paciente con excepción de 01 paciente que se realizaron 07 sesiones, por ser fuga de antraciclinas. Conclusión: El protocolo administrado fue eficaz para prevenir la formación de lesiones durante la extravasación e infiltración de agentes antineoplásicos.(AU)

Influence of early use of antimicrobial on the health and performance of Holstein calves in the first month of life / Influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade de bezerras holandesas no primeiro mês de vida

The early use of antimicrobial therapy has been introduced in many farms to prevent diarrhea and respiratory disease in young calves; however, there is controversy about whether this practice has a beneficial effect on the health of these animals. This study evaluated the influence of the early use of antimicrobials on the health and performance of neonatal Holstein calves. Twenty-six Holstein calves were screened and divided into two groups, according to the administration (ATB+), or not (ATB-) of tulathromycin (2.5mg/kg, subcutaneously) within the first 12 hours of life. Calves were evaluated by general clinical examination, fecal score, respiratory score, and external palpation of the umbilical region, besides fecal output of dry matter. Anemia was determined by using an automatic system and, also, using a commercial kit for iron dosage. Diarrhea was diagnosed by a centrifuge-flotation technique using a sugar solution (Cryptosporidium) and multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavirus/coronavirus). The performance of the calves was estimated by Daily Weight Gain (DWG). The young dairy calves were evaluated within 12 hours of birth (≤12h) and at 3-5th (D3-5), 7-9th (D7-9), 13-15th (D13-15), 20-23rd (D20-23), and 27-30th (D27-30) days of life. No difference was noted between the ATB+ and ATB- groups concerning heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature. Erythrogram showed a higher frequency of anemia in ATB- group (P=0.016) at the D3-5 check-up; lower values of serum iron were also observed simultaneously (P=0.051). Thirteen cases of respiratory disease were detected during this study; however, no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. The frequency of diarrhea (fecal score 2-3) was high in both groups, peaking at D13-D15. No differences were noted between the groups regarding the frequency of diarrhea when considering the dry fecal matter. The predominant etiological agent for diarrhea was Cryptosporidium spp.. The DWG was similar between groups, with maximum weight reduction on D13-15. The administration of tulathromycin in prophylactic dose (2.5mg/kg) at birth decreased the frequency of anemia but did not influence weight gain or the prevalence of diarrhea.(AU)

O uso precoce de antimicrobianos tem sido adotado em muitas fazendas para profilaxia das diarreias e doença respiratória em bezerras, no entanto existem controvérsias sobre os beneficios desta prática na saúde desses animais. Esta pesquisa avaliou a influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade e desempenho de bezerras holandesas recém-nascidas. Para tanto foram selecionadas 26 bezerras Holandesas distribuídas de acordo com a aplicação (ATB+) ou não (ATB-) de tulatromicina (2,5mg/Kg) por via subcutânea até 12h de vida. As bezerras foram examinadas por meio de exame clínico geral, escore fecal, escore respiratório e palpação externa da região umbilical, além da matéria seca fecal. A presença de anemias foi determinada pelo eritrograma utilizando sistema automático e além da dosagem de ferro utilizando kit comercial. O diagnóstico etiológico das diarreias foi investigado por meio da técnica de flutuação em solução saturada de sacarose (Cryptosporidium) e multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavírus/coronavírus). O desempenho das bezerras foi estimado pelo ganho de peso. As bezerras foram avaliadas até doze horas após o nascimento (≤12h); 3-5º (D3-5); 7-9º (D7-9); 13-15º (D13-15); 20-23º (D20-23); e 27-30º dias de vida (D27-30). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos ATB+ e ATB- em relação à frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. O eritrograma revelou maior frequência de anemias no grupo ATB- (P=0,016) no D3-5. Neste momento também foram observados menores valores de ferro sérico (P=0,051). Foram detectados treze casos de doença respiratória durante o estudo, no entanto não foi possível detectar diferença entre os grupos. A frequência de diarreias (escore fecal 2 e 3) foi alta em ambos os grupos, observando-se pico no D13-15 (ATB+=92,3%; ATB-=92,3%). Não observamos diferenças entre os grupos em relação a frequência de diarreia considerando-se a matéria seca fecal. O agente etiológico predominante nas diarreias foi o Cryptosporidium. O ganho de peso diário foi igual entre grupos, com intensa redução no GPD no D13-15. A administração de tulatromicina na dose profilática (2,5mg/Kg) ao nascimento diminuiu a frequência de anemias e não influenciou no ganho de peso e prevalência de diarreias.(AU)

Phytophagous insects and natural enemies in kale under organic and chemical fertilizers / Insetos fitófagos e inimigos naturais em couve sob adubação orgânica e química

Organic agriculture is distinguished by practices that benefit the environment and support sustainable agriculture. In the present study, leafy kale, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., was submitted to chemical and organic (castor bean cake and bovine manure) fertilization treatments aiming to verify the influence of these fertilizers on the occurrence of insect pests and natural enemies. The insects were sampled by visual examination of plants and pitfall traps. Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were the phytophagous insects that occurred more significantly in kale, under chemical rather than organic fertilization, whereas Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) were abundant in kale under organic fertilizer. The study showed that castor bean cake and bovine manure as leafy kale fertilizers can reduce the use of insecticides and provide quality food.(AU)

A agricultura orgânica destaca-se pelo emprego de práticas que beneficiam o meio ambiente e aumentam a sustentabilidade na agricultura. No presente estudo, a couve-de-folha, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., foi submetida a tratamentos de adubação química e orgânica à base de torta de mamona e esterco bovino para se verificar a influência dos fertilizantes na ocorrência de insetos pragas e inimigos naturais. Os insetos foram amostrados por meio de exame visual de plantas e armadilhas tipo alçapão. Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) e Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) foram os insetos fitófagos que ocorreram significativamente em maior número em couve sob adubação química que orgânica, enquanto Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e aranhas (Arachnida: Araneae) foram abundantes em couve sob adubo orgânico. O estudo evidenciou que o uso de torta de mamona e esterco bovino como adubo de couve-de-folha pode reduzir o uso de inseticidas e fornecer alimentos de qualidade.(AU)

B Lymphocytes and Macrophages in the Perivascular Adipose Tissue Are Associated With Coronary Atherosclerosis: An Autopsy Study.

Background Macrophages and T lymphocytes in the perivascular adipose tissue (PvAT) were previously linked to coronary artery disease. However, the role of these cells and B lymphocytes in the human PvAT adjacent to unstable atherosclerotic plaques has not been investigated. Moreover, previous studies were inconclusive on whether PvAT inflammation was restricted to the surroundings of the atheroma plaque. Methods and Results Coronary arteries were freshly dissected with the surrounding PvAT. Atherosclerotic plaques were classified according to the internationally accepted anatomopathological criteria. Immune cells in the PvAT were detected using immunohistochemistry and then quantified. We used linear and logistic regressions with robust standard errors, adjusted for possible confounding factors. In 246 atherosclerotic plaques (205 stable and 41 unstable plaques) from 82 participants (mean age=69.0±14.4 years; 50% men), the percentage of arterial obstruction was positively correlated with the densities of CD68+ macrophages (P=0.003) and CD20+ B lymphocytes (P=0.03) in the periplaque PvAT. The number of cells was greater in the periplaque PvAT than in the distal PvAT (macrophages, P<0.001; B lymphocytes, P=0.04). In addition, the density of macrophages in the periplaque PvAT was greater in the presence of unstable plaques (P=0.03) and was also greater near unstable plaques than in the distal PvAT (P=0.001). CD3+ T lymphocytes were not associated with percentage of obstruction and stable/unstable plaque composition. Conclusions The density of CD20+ B lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in periplaque PvAT was increased with plaque size, and the CD68+ macrophages were greater near unstable atherosclerotic plaques than near stable lesions. This inflammation was more intense in the periplaque PvAT than in the PvAT distal to the atherosclerotic plaques.