Exercise training induces alteration of clock genes and myokines expression in tumor-bearing mice.

To investigate the impact of different exercise training schedules (following a fixed schedule or at random times of the day) on clock genes and myokine expression patterns in the skeletal muscle of tumor-bearing mice. Mice were divided into three groups: tumor (LLC), tumor + exercise training (LLC + T) always performed at the same time of the day (ZT2) and exercise training at random times of the day (ZTAlt). Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The gastrocnemius muscle was dissected and the clock gene expression (Clock/Per1/Per2/Per3/Rev-Erbα/GAPDH) was investigated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with SYBR® Green. Myokine content in muscle (tumour necrosis factor alpha/IL-10/IL-4) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the end of the protocol, the trained groups showed a reduction in total weight, when compared to Lewis lung carcinoma. Tumor weight was lower in the LLC + T (ZTAlt), when compared to LLC. Clock gene mRNA expression showed a significant increase for ZT20 in the groups that performed physical exercise at LLC + T (ZTAlt), when compared with LLC. The Per family showed increased mRNA expression in ZT4 in both trained mice groups, when compared with LLC. LLC + T (ZTAlt) presented reduction of the expression of anti-inflammatory myokines (Il-10/IL-4) during the night, compared with LLC + T(ZT2). Exercise training is able to induce marked modification of clock gene expression and of the production of myokines, in a way that is dependent on schedule exercise training strategy. Taken together, the results show that exercise is a potent Zeitgeber and may thus contribute to change clock genes expression and myokines that are able to reduce the tumor weight.

Formoterol reduces muscle wasting in mice undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy.

Background: Even though doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy promotes intense muscle wasting, this drug is still widely used in clinical practice due to its remarkable efficiency in managing cancer. On the other hand, intense muscle loss during the oncological treatment is considered a bad prognosis for the disease's evolution and the patient's quality of life. In this sense, strategies that can counteract the muscle wasting induced by DOX are essential. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of formoterol (FOR), a ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, in managing muscle wasting caused by DOX. Methods and results: To evaluate the effect of FOR on DOX-induced muscle wasting, mice were treated with DOX (2.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p. administration, twice a week), associated or not to FOR treatment (1 mg/kg b.w., s.c. administration, daily). Control mice received vehicle solution. A combination of FOR treatment with DOX protected against the loss of body weight (p<0.05), muscle mass (p<0.001), and grip force (p<0.001) promoted by chemotherapy. FOR also attenuated muscle wasting (p<0.01) in tumor-bearing mice on chemotherapy. The potential mechanism by which FOR prevented further DOX-induced muscle wasting occurred by regulating Akt/FoxO3a signaling and gene expression of atrogenes in skeletal muscle. Conclusions: Collectively, our results suggest that FOR can be used as a pharmacological strategy for managing muscle wasting induced by DOX. This study provides new insights into the potential therapeutic use of FOR to improve the overall wellbeing of cancer patients undergoing DOX chemotherapy.

Endurance Exercise Mitigates Immunometabolic Adipose Tissue Disturbances in Cancer and Obesity.

Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ whose complex biology can be explained by the diversity of cell types that compose this tissue. The immune cells found in the stromal portion of adipose tissue play an important role on the modulation of inflammation by adipocytokines secretion. The interactions between metabolic active tissues and immune cells, called immunometabolism, is an important field for discovering new pathways and approaches to treat immunometabolic diseases, such as obesity and cancer. Moreover, physical exercise is widely known as a tool for prevention and adjuvant treatment on metabolic diseases. More specifically, aerobic exercise training is able to increase the energy expenditure, reduce the nutrition overload and modify the profile of adipocytokines and myokines with paracrine and endocrine effects. Therefore, our aim in this review was to cover the effects of aerobic exercise training on the immunometabolism of adipose tissue in obesity and cancer, focusing on the exercise-related modification on adipose tissue or immune cells isolated as well as their interaction.

Exercise Reduces the Resumption of Tumor Growth and Proteolytic Pathways in the Skeletal Muscle of Mice Following Chemotherapy.

The pathogenesis of muscle atrophy plays a central role in cancer cachexia, and chemotherapy contributes to this condition. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of endurance exercise on time-dependent muscle atrophy caused by doxorubicin. For this, C57 BL/6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC group). One week after the tumor establishment, a group of these animals initiated the doxorubicin chemotherapy alone (LLC + DOX group) or combined with endurance exercise (LLC + DOX + EXER group). One group of animals was euthanized after the chemotherapy cycle, whereas the remaining animals were euthanized one week after the last administration of doxorubicin. The practice of exercise combined with chemotherapy showed beneficial effects such as a decrease in tumor growth rate after chemotherapy interruption and amelioration of premature death due to doxorubicin toxicity. Moreover, the protein degradation levels in mice undergoing exercise returned to basal levels after chemotherapy; in contrast, the mice treated with doxorubicin alone experienced an increase in the mRNA expression levels of the proteolytic pathways in gastrocnemius muscle (Trim63, Fbxo32, Myostatin, FoxO). Collectively, our results suggest that endurance exercise could be utilized during and after chemotherapy for mitigating muscle atrophy promoted by doxorubicin and avoid the resumption of tumor growth.

Moderate aerobic exercise-induced cytokines changes are disturbed in PPARα knockout mice.

The nuclear transcriptional factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) plays a role in regulating genes involved in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis and inflammation. We aimed to assess the role of PPARα on exercise-mediated locally produced cytokines in adipose fat deposits and skeletal muscle. C57BL/6 (WT) and PPARα knockout (PPARα-/-) mice were examined. Each genotype was randomly subdivided into three groups: non-exercised, and euthanized 2 or 24 h after a moderate aerobic exercise session (run on a treadmill at 60% of maximum speed for 1 h). Fat content in gastrocnemius muscle and lipolytic activity in isolated adipose tissue from mesenteric (MEAT) and retroperitoneal (RPAT) adipose tissue were evaluated. In addition, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) content were evaluated by ELISA. WT mice showed a maximum lipolysis rate, as well as higher IL-6, IL-10, and IL10/TNF-α ratio values 2 h post-exercise (RPAT only) compared with PPARα-/- mice. Taken together, our data suggests that PPARα knockout mice exhibited reduced lipolysis and anti-inflammatory response in adipose tissue following exercise, PPARα appears to play an important role in immunomodulatory and lipolysis signaling after acute moderate exercise.

Macrophage immunophenotype but not anti-inflammatory profile is modulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in exercised obese mice.

Moderate aerobic training may be therapeutic for chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases due to the associated anti-inflammatory response that is mediated by immune cells. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulates the M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) polarization, as well as the immunometabolic response of macrophages. Against this background, the present study seeks to clarify whether the conditional deletion of PPARγ in macrophages would have any effect on the anti-inflammatory role of moderate aerobic training. To test this hypothesis, two mice strains were used: PPARγ LyzCre+/+ (KO) and littermates control animals (WT). Each genotype was divided into 1) sedentary high-fat diet (HF) and 2) high-fat diet and moderate aerobic training (HFT) (n = 5-8 per group). The experimental protocol lasted for 12 weeks, comprising 4 weeks of HF diet only and 8 weeks of HF diet and aerobic training (5 times/week, 50-60 minutes/day at 60% of maximum speed). Metabolic analyses were carried out on the serum glucose homeostase, adipose tissue morphology and cytokine content, and macrophage cytokine production.Immunophenotyping and gene expression were also performed. KO male mice were more prone to hypertrophy in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, though only the IL-1ß (p = 0.0049) was higher compared to the values observed in WT animals. Peritoneal macrophages from KO animals exhibited a marked inflammatory environment with an increase in TNF-α (p = 0.0008), IL- 1ß (p = 0.0017), and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The moderate aerobic training protected both genotypes from weight gain and reduced the caloric intake in the KO animals. Despite the attenuation of the M2 marker CD206 (p < 0.001) in the absence of PPAR-γ, the aerobic training modulated cytokine production in LPS stimulated peritoneal macrophages from both genotypes, reducing proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α (p = 0.0002) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001). Overall, our findings demonstrate the essential role of PPARγ in macrophage immunophenotypes. However, the deletion of PPARγ did not inhibit the exercise-mediated anti-inflammatory effect, underscoring the important role of exercise in modulating inflammation.

Exercise rescues the immune response fine-tuned impaired by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ deletion in macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is a powerful tool for prevention and treatment of many conditions related to the cardiovascular system and also chronic low-grade inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) exerts an import role on the regulation of metabolic profile and subsequent inflammatory response, especially in macrophages. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of 8-week moderate-exercise training on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in mice with PPARγ deficiency in myeloid cells. METHODS: Twelve-week old mice bearing PPARγ deletion exclusively in myeloid cells (PPARγlox/lox Lys Cre -/+ , knockout [KO]) and littermate controls (PPARγlox/lox Lys Cre -/- , wild type [WT]) were submitted to 8-week exercise training (treadmill running at moderate intensity, 5 days/week). Animals were evaluated for food intake, glucose homeostasis, serum metabolites, adipose tissue and peritoneal macrophage inflammation, and basal and stimulated cytokine secretion. RESULTS: Exercise protocol did not improve glucose metabolism or adiponectin concentrations in serum of KO mice. Moreover, the absence of PPARγ in macrophages exacerbated the proinflammatory profile in sedentary mice. Peritoneal cultured cells had higher tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion in nonstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated conditions and higher Toll-4 receptor (TLR4) gene expression under LPS stimulus. Trained mice showed reduced TNF-α content in adipose tissue independently of the genotype. M2 polarization ability was impaired in KO peritoneal macrophages after exercise training, while adipose tissue-associated macrophages did not present any effect by PPARγ ablation. CONCLUSION: Overall, PPARγ seems necessary to maintain macrophages appropriate response to inflammatory stimulus and macrophage polarization, affecting also whole body lipid metabolism and adiponectin profile. Exercise training showed as an efficient mechanism to restore the immune response impaired by PPARγ deletion in macrophages.

Macrophage Polarization: Implications on Metabolic Diseases and the Role of Exercise.

Macrophages are cells of the innate immune response that trigger inflammation resolution. The phenotype of "classically activated macrophages" (M1) has anti-tumoricidal and anti-bactericidal activities. On the other hand, "alternatively activated macrophages" (M2) are involved in tissue remodeling and immunomodulatory functions. The change in the polarization of macrophages varies according to the diversity of cytokines present in the microenvironment or by the stimuli of an antigen. It involves such factors as interferon-regulatory factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Switching the phenotype of macrophages can help attenuate the development of an inflammatory disease. Exercise can promote alterations in the number of innate immune cells and stimulates phagocytic function. Chronic exercise seems to inhibit macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue by attenuating the expression of F4/80 mRNA. Furthermore, exercise may also increase the expression of M2 markers and reduce TNF-α and TLR4 mRNA expression, which activates the inflammatory pathway of NF-κB. Chronic exercise reduces ß2-adrenergic receptors in monocytes and macrophages by modulating TLR4 signaling as well as suppressing IL-12 production, a stimulator of interferon Y. In this review, we discuss macrophage polarization in metabolic diseases and how exercise can modulate macrophage plasticity.

Effect of concurrent training on gender-specific biochemical variables and adiposity in obese adolescents

Objective The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of a 20-week concurrent training (20 WCT) intervention program on gender-specific body composition and metabolic variables in obese adolescents.Subjects and methods Sample was composed of twenty-five obese adolescents, aged between 12 and 15 (13.4 ± 0.96) years. Fat-free mass (FFM), percentage trunk fat mass (TFM%) and percentage fat mass (%FM) were evaluated through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measurement of intra-abdominal adiposity (IAAT) was performed using ultrasound. Blood pressure was measured and blood samples analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG) and plasma glucose. All participants performed the concurrent training (combination of weight training and aerobic training) three times per week, one hour per day, for 20 weeks. Descriptive analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures were used to compare baseline, 10 week and 20 week moments using the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant decrease in TC, LDL-c and TFM% were verified in both genders after the 10 initial weeks of concurrent training.Results A significant increase in height was found in both the male and female groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.047, respectively), after 20 weeks of concurrent training. In addition, several modifications were observed in body composition and metabolic variables, with a significant decrease in BMI (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017), BMI z-score (p = 0.033 and p = 0.004), FM% (p = 0.002 and p = 0.002), TFM% (p = 0.009 and p = 0.018), TC (p = 0.042 and p = 0.001) and LDL-c (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001) in the male and female groups, respectively, after 20 weeks of intervention when compared with baseline.Conclusion Our results identified that concurrent training was an effective intervention for treating metabolic variable and body composition disorders, in both genders, by decreasing adiposity with consequent improvement in BMI and BMI z-scores, and enhancement in lipid profile variables.

Treinamento concorrente e o treinamento funcional promovem alterações benéficas na composição corporal e esteatose hepática não alcoólica de jovens obesos / Concurrent training and functional training promotes beneficial changes in body composition and nonalcoholic fatty liver of obese youth

Comparar efeito do treinamento concorrente e o treinamento funcional na composição corporal, perfil lipídico e esteatose hepática não alcoólica (EHNA) em adolescentes obesos. Estudo longitudinal/analítico por amostragem não aleatória. Amostra de 49 adolescentes obesos (treinamento concorrenteENT#091;n=36ENT#093;; treinamento funcionalENT#091;n=13ENT#093;). Nos dois tipos de treinamento físico 50% de atividade aeróbia, e 50% resistida (concorrente: musculação; funcional: peso do próprio corpo e/ou pesos livres). Para distribuição normal aplicou-se Teste t de Student para dados pareados. Treinamento concorrente apresentou redução para lipoproteína de baixa densidade (-16,45%), colesterol total (-11,55%), gordura corporal (-8,52%) e gordura de tronco (-9,95%) e aumento da massa muscular (5,05%). Treinamento funcional reduziu 76,9% a ocorrência da EHNA, gordura corporal (-4,97%), gordura intra-abdominal (-19,90%), e aumento na massa muscular (4,18%). Devido ao alto acometimento da EHNA neste grupo, futuras investigações se fazem necessárias. Para tanto, o treinamento concorrente parece ser uma ferramenta útil para o tratamento da EHNA em adolescentes obesos.

To compare the effect of concurrent and functional exercise training on body composition, lipid profile and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese adolescents. Longitudinal/analytical study by non-random sampling carried out with 49 obese adolescents (n=36 in concurrent and n=13 in functional exercise training). Both protocols had 50% of the session designed to aerobic activities and the other half session to resistance and functional training (activities using self-body weight and dumbbells). Set data had normal distribution and the paired sample t test was applied. Concurrent exercise training decreased low density lipoprotein (-16.45%), total cholesterol (-11.55%), body fatness (-8.52%), trunk fatness (-9.95%) and increased fat free mass (5.05%). On the other hand, functional exercise training decrease body fatness (-4.97%), trunk fatness (-5.11%), intra-abdominal adiposity (-19,9%), increase fat free mass (4.18%) and occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (reduction of 76.9%). Concurrent training seems a relevant tool to the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese adolescents.

Effect of concurrent training on risk factors and hepatic steatosis in obese adolescents / Efecto del entrenamiento concurrente sobre factores de riesgo y esteatosis hepatica en adolescentes obesos / Efeito do treinamento concorrente sobre fatores de risco e esteatose hepatica em adolescentes obesos

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of a 20-week concurrent training on the variables of body composition, lipid profile, and fatty liver diagnosis in obese adolescents. METHODS An open clinical trial was carried out with 34 obese adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years. Total body fat, trunk fat mass, total cholesterol and its fractions (HDL, LDL and VLDL), and triglycerides were analyzed; an upper abdominal ultrasound was performed in order to diagnose fatty liver. The participants underwent concurrent training (association of weight training with aerobic training) three times per week, lasting one hour for 20 weeks. Statistical analysis included paired Studentâ€(tm)s t-test and frequency analysis in order to verify the relative and absolute reductions of fatty liver diagnosis, being significant p<0.05. RESULTS The studied adolescents showed statistically significant improvement in body composition, with a decrease of total body fat percentage, total fat mass, trunk fat, and an a increase in the lean body mass. They also presented reduced size of liver lobes, decrease in total cholesterol and in LDL-cholesterol, with a lower prevalence of fatty liver. CONCLUSIONS The concurrent training was effective for promoting significant improvements in body fat composition and lipid profile variables, besides reducing fatty liver prevalence rate. .

OBJETIVO Analizar los efectos de 20 semanas de entrenamiento concurrente sobre las variables de composición corporal, perfil lipídico y diagnóstico de la esteatosis hepática en adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS Se realizó un ensayo clínico abierto con 34 adolescentes obesos con edades entre los 12 y los 15 años (13,7±1,17). Se analizaron grasa corporal total y de tronco, colesterol total y sus fracciones (HDL, LDL y VLDL) y triglicéridos, siendo realizado examen de ultrasonografía abdominal superior para diagnosticar esteatosis hepática. Los participantes fueron sometidos al entrenamiento concurrente (asociación de entrenamiento con pesos y ejercicio aeróbico) tres veces por semana, con duración de una hora clase durante 20 semanas. Para el tratamiento estadístico, se realizaron análisis descriptivo, prueba t de Student pareada y análisis de frecuencia, a fin de verificar las reducciones relativa y absoluta del diagnóstico de la esteatosis hepática, adoptando p<0,05. RESULTADOS Los adolescentes estudiados presentaron mejoras significativas de la composición corporal, con reducción del porcentaje de grasa total, de la masa gorda total, de la grasa de tronco y del aumento de masa magra, además de reducción del tamaño de los lóbulos del hígado, de los índices de prevalencia de la esteatosis hepática, del colesterol total y del LDL-colesterol. CONCLUSIONES El entrenamiento concurrente fue efectivo por promover mejorías significativas de variables de la composición corporal y del perfil lipídico, además de reducir la prevalencia de la esteatosis hepática. .

OBJETIVO Analisar os efeitos de 20 semanas de treinamento concorrente sobre as variáveis de composição corporal, perfil lipídico e diagnóstico da esteatose hepática em adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS Realizou-se um ensaio clínico aberto com 34 adolescentes obesos com idades entre 12 e 15 anos. Foram analisados gordura corporal total e de tronco, colesterol total e suas frações (HDL, LDL e VLDL) e triglicérides, sendo realizado exame de ultrassonografia de abdome superior para diagnosticar esteatose hepática. Os participantes foram submetidos ao treinamento concorrente (associação de treino com pesos e exercício aeróbio) três vezes por semana, com duração de uma hora-aula durante 20 semanas. Para o tratamento estatístico, foram realizados o teste t de Student pareado e a análise de frequência, a fim de verificar as reduções relativa e absoluta do diagnóstico da esteatose hepática, adotando-se p<0,05. RESULTADOS Os adolescentes estudados apresentaram melhoras significativas da composição corporal, com diminuição do percentual de gordura total, da massa gorda total, da gordura de tronco e do aumento da massa magra, além de redução do tamanho dos lóbulos do fígado, dos índices de prevalência da esteatose hepática, do colesterol total e LDL-colesterol. CONCLUSÕES O treinamento concorrente foi efetivo por promover melhorias significativas de variáveis da composição corporal e do perfil lipídico, além de reduzir a prevalência da esteatose hepática. .

Prevenção da síndrome metabólica em crianças obesas: uma proposta de intervenção / Prevention of metabolic syndrome in obese children: a proposal of intervention

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito de 12 semanas de intervenção envolvendo prática de atividade física, orientações alimentar e psicológica sobre fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica em crianças e adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal com 23 crianças e adolescentes obesos, com idade entre seis e 16 anos (12,0±3,2 anos). Foram mensurados: gordura corporal total e de tronco, glicemia, colesterol total e triglicérides, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Os jovens foram submetidos a três sessões semanais de 60 minutos de exercício físico (atividades esportivas recreativas, ginástica, circuitos e caminhadas), durante 12 semanas. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar dados categóricos daqueles que apresentaram valores acima das recomendações para cada fator de risco. O teste t para dados pareados foi aplicado para comparar os dois momentos do estudo. RESULTADOS: Em indivíduos com alterações metabólicas no início do estudo, observou-se, após a intervenção, a diminuição de 11,6 por cento na glicemia (105 para 93mg/dL; p=0,046) e de 24,9 por cento no triglicérides (217 para 163mg/dL; p=0,013); porém, não houve diferenças na pressão arterial e no colesterol total. CONCLUSÕES: O programa de exercício físico aplicado nas crianças e adolescentes foi eficiente para melhorar os valores de glicemia e triglicérides.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of a 12-week intervention program based on physical activity practice, alimentary and psychological orientation on the risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted with 23 obese children and adolescents, aged six to 16 years (12.0±3.2 years). Total body and trunk fat mass, glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured. The children were submitted to physical activity three times a week during 12 weeks. Each session of 60 minutes consisted of recreational sports activities, gymnastics, circuits and track-walking. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical data for those patients who had values above the recommendations for each risk factor and Student's t-test for paired data was used to compare the two moments of the study. RESULTS: In subjects who had altered baseline values in the beginning of the study, the glycemia levels decreased 11.6 percent (from 105 to 93mg/dL; p=0.046) and the triglycerides decreased 24.9 percent (from 217 to 163mg/dL; p=0.013) after the intervention. On the other hand, no differences were noted for blood pressure and total cholesterol after the intervention. CCONCLUSIONS: The intervention was effective in improving blood glucose and triglycerides levels in children and adolescents enrolled in the study.

OBJETIVO: Analizar el efecto de 12 semanas de intervención implicando práctica de actividad física, orientación alimentar y psicológica sobre factores de riesgo respecto al desarrollo del síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal con 23 niños y adolescentes obsesos, con edad entre seis y 16 años (12,0±3,2 años). Se midió: grasa corporal total y de tronco, glucemia, colesterol total y triglicéridos, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica Los jóvenes fueron sometidos a tres sesiones semanales de 60 minutos de ejercicio físico (actividades deportivas recreativas, gimnástica, circuitos y caminatas) durante 12 semanas. En el tratamiento estadístico, se realizó el análisis descriptivo, con promedio, desviación estándar y error estándar. La prueba de chi cuadrado fue usada para comparar datos categóricos con aquellos que presentaron valores por encima de las recomendaciones para cada Factor de Riesgo y la prueba t para datos pareados fue usada para comparar los dos momentos del estudio. RESULTADOS: En individuos con alteraciones metabólicas en el inicio del estudio, se observó, después de la intervención, reducción del 11,6 por ciento en la glucemia (1053mg/dL para 93mg/dL; p=0,046) y del 24,9 por ciento en los triglicéridos (217mg/dL para 163mg/dL; p=0,013); sin embargo, no hubo diferencias en la presión arterial y en el colesterol total. CONCLUSIÓN: El programa de ejercicio físico aplicado en los niños y adolescentes fue eficiente para mejorar los valores de glucemia y triglicéridos.

Desempenho de diferentes equações antropométricas na predição de gordura corporal excessiva em crianças e adolescentes / Performance of different anthropometric equations that predict excess body fat in children and adolescents

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a eficiência de diferentes equações antropométricas para a identificação de excesso de gordura corporal entre crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 1.498 indivíduos (678 meninos e 820 meninas), com idade entre 7 e 17 anos (M=13,7, DP=2,0), da cidade de Presidente Prudente (SP). A massa corporal e a estatura foram mensuradas para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal. Também foi realizada a mensuração da circunferência de cintura e das dobras cutâneas subescapular, tricipital, abdominal e da panturrilha. O percentual de gordura corporal foi calculado por meio de quatro equações: Slaughter et al., Slaughter II et al., Dezenberg et al., e Deurenberg et al.. Para indicar a eficiência das diferentes equações antropométricas na indicação da obesidade, foi utilizada a análise da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. RESULTADOS: No grupo masculino, foram observados valores de sensibilidade elevados (82,4 por cento a 100,0 por cento) e valores oscilando de baixo a alto, para a especificidade (20,9 por cento a 94,9 por cento). Para o sexo feminino, os valores de sensibilidade variaram entre moderado e alto (72,2 por cento a 99,4 por cento); e os de especificidade apresentaram, também, grande oscilação entre baixo e alto (21,6 por cento a 98,2 por cento). CONCLSÃO: A equação proposta por Deurenberg et al., apresentou o melhor desempenho no diagnóstico tanto da presença como da ausência de obesidade na amostra investigada.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficiency of different anthropometric equations that identify excess body fat in children and adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 1,498 subjects (678 males and 820 females), aged 7 to 17 years (13.7 SD=2.0), from Presidente Prudente (SP). Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index. Waist circumference and triceps, abdominal, and thigh skinfold thicknesses were also measured. The percentage of body fat was estimated by four anthropometric equations: Slaughter et al., Slaughter II et al., Dezenberg et al., and Deurenberg et al.. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve was used to indicate the efficiency of these equations. RESULTS: High sensitivity values (82.4 percent to 100,0 percent) and high and low specificity scores (20.9 percent to 94.9 percent) were observed in males. In females, the sensitivity values ranged from moderate to high (72.2 percent to 99.4 percent) and the specificity scores were high (21.6 percent to 98.2 percent). CONCLUSION: The Deurenberg et al., equation was the most accurate for identifying presence or absence of obesity in this sample.