Clinical characteristics of full thickness macular holes that closed without surgery.

PURPOSE: To ascertain the anatomic factors that help achieve non-surgical sealing in full thickness macular hole (FTMH). METHODS: Retrospective collaborative study of FTMH that closed without surgical intervention. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients (mean age 57.9 years) included 18 patients with blunt ocular trauma, 18 patients that received topical or intravitreal therapies and 42 patients with idiopathic FTMH. Mean±SD of the initial corrected visual acuity (VA) in logMAR improved from 0.65±0.54 to 0.34±0.45 (p<0.001) at a mean follow-up of 33.8±37.1 months. FTMH reopened in seven eyes (9.0%) after a mean of 8.6 months. Vitreomacular traction was noted in 12 eyes (15.8%), perifoveal posterior vitreous detachment in 42 (53.8%), foveal epiretinal membrane in 10 (12.8%), cystoid macular oedema (CME) in 49 (62.8%) and subretinal fluid (SRF) in 20 (25.6%). By multivariate analysis, initial VA correlated to the height (p<0.001) and narrowest diameter of the hole (p<0.001) while final VA correlated to the basal diameter (p<0.001). Time for closure of FTMH (median 2.8 months) correlated to the narrowest diameter (p<0.001) and the presence of SRF (p=0.001). Mean time for closure (in months) was 1.6 for eyes with trauma, 4.3 for eyes without trauma but with therapy for CME, 4.4 for eyes without trauma and without therapy in less than 200 µm in size and 24.7 for more than 200 µm. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest an observation period in new onset FTMH for non-surgical closure, in the setting of trauma, treatment of CME and size <200 µm.

Predictors for Visual Outcome After Silicone Oil Removal in Eyes with Complicated Retinal Detachment.

Purpose: To determine the predictors for visual outcome after silicone oil removal (SOR) in eyes with complicated retinal detachment. Patients and Methods: A total of 182 eyes with complicated retinal detachment that had undergone SOR were retrospectively reviewed. Snellen best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and complications were recorded at baseline, 1 day, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively. Good visual outcome was defined as best-corrected visual acuity of ≥20/200 at 3 months visit. Factors predicting visual outcome were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: After SOR, anatomical retinal reattachment was noted in 165 eyes (90.66%). Good visual outcome (VA ≥ 20/200) was achieved in 104 eyes (57.14%) at 3 months after SOR. For the eyes that remained attached after SOR, the percentage of good visual outcome was 63.03%. With univariate and multivariate analysis, visual acuity before SOR (p<0.001), circumferential peripheral retinopexy (p=0.037), additional endolaser during SOR (p=0.004), and pseudophakia status at the last follow up (p=0.021) were associated with visual outcome. Complications after SOR included redetachment (9.4%), hypotony (6.6%) and bullous keratopathy (1.7%). Conclusion: While anatomically attached retina was achieved in most of the patients, the functional outcomes were still much lower. Good BCVA before SOR and pseudophakia status at the last follow up were predictors for good visual outcomes, whereas circumferential peripheral retinopexy and additional endolaser during SOR were predictors for poor visual outcomes after SOR in eyes with complicated retinal detachment.

Comparative study of 1 DD and 2 DD radius conventional internal limiting membrane peeling in large idiopathic full-thickness macular holes: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the surgical outcomes of 1-disc diameter (DD) and 2-DD conventional internal limiting membrane peeling (C-ILMP) in large full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled trial. One hundred patients with large idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) were randomized into C-ILMP and extended C-ILMP (EC-ILMP) groups. The primary outcome was closure rate at 6 months after surgery. Secondary outcomes were visual acuity (VA), closure type, consequence of ILMP and complications. RESULTS: The mean symptom duration was 12.19 ± 9.64 months. Mean preoperative VA was 1.25 ± 0.37 logMAR. The average minimum linear diameter was 633.05 ± 129.82 µm and basal linear dimension was 1158.49 ± 249.07 µm. The two groups did not differ in term of demographic data. Closure rate was significantly higher in the EC-ILMP group (76.47% vs. 51.02%, 95% CI 7.24-43.66; p = 0.008). There were also no significant differences in closure type, central foveal thickness, dissociated optic nerve fibre layer detection, or change in fovea-to-disc distance. There were also no significant differences in postoperative VA (p = 0.069) or visual improvement (mean 0.39 ± 0.43 logMAR; p = 0.286). According to subgroup analysis, EC-ILMP resulted in a higher closure rate in patients with chronic FTMH for >6 months, (p = 0.008). Furthermore, EC-ILMP resulted in better anatomical closure and visual result in patients with FTMH with macular hole closure index ≤0.5, p = 0.003 and p = 0.010, respectively. CONCLUSION: Extended C-ILMP yielded a significantly higher closure rate in large FTMHs, but visual outcome did not differ significantly. According to subgroup analysis, extended C-ILMP was more effective in chronic large FTMH with MHCI ≤ 0.5.

Emulsification of Different Viscosity Silicone Oil in Complicated Retinal Detachment Surgery: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To study silicone oil (SO) emulsification, anatomic and visual outcome after complicated retinal detachment surgery by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intraocular SO tamponade, comparing between low and high viscosity SO. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with complicated retinal detachment who had been surgically treated by PPV and intraocular SO tamponade were randomly divided into low viscosity (Group 1) or high viscosity (Group 2). Main Outcome Measures were rate of silicone oil emulsification, anatomic retinal reattachment and visual outcome, assessed at 1,3,6,9 and 12 months. RESULTS: One hundred patients were divided into 50 patients in each group. The rate of silicone oil emulsification in Group 1 (63.64%) was higher than Group 2 (40%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). Rates of anatomic retinal reattachment were 88% in Group 1 and 90% in Group 2 (p = 0.76). For functional visual outcome, final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at Month 12 compared with the baseline BCVA was improved vision 52% in Group 1 and 58% in Group 2 (p = 0.82). CONCLUSION: SO emulsification rate in low viscosity group is non-significantly higher than high viscosity group, but results in a comparable reattachment rate and final visual recovery. Emulsification in both groups is detected at as early as 1 month and mostly within 3 months. We recommend using either low or high viscosity SO in complicated retinal detachment surgery and removing it as early as possible to prevent the consequent serious complications. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02988583.

Ocular angiostrongyliasis in Thailand: a retrospective analysis over two decades.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the clinical manifestations, management, and visual outcomes of patients with ocular angiostrongyliasis. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study of patients with ocular angiostrongyliasis presenting between 1995 and 2017 at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Cases were found based on a search of diagnostic codes. A total of 18 patients were diagnosed through identification of the Angiostrongylus cantonensis parasite within the eye. Medical records and ocular photography were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 18 cases, with a mean age of 40.7±14.2 years. All patients had a history of raw food ingestion, such as snails. Most of the patients presented with blurred vision: 13 cases (72.22%) had best-corrected visual acuity of 2/60 or worse. Only one living larva was detected in each case. The size of larvae varied widely from 2.6-12.6 mm in length. Larvae were commonly detected in the vitreous cavity. Although multiple treatment modalities were used, including focal laser, surgery, antihelminthic drugs, and steroid treatment, the majority of cases (70.6%) did not have visual improvement. CONCLUSION: Focal laser is recommended to eradicate subretinal angiostrongyliasis, while laser treatment prior to surgical removal is recommended to eliminate intracameral and intravitreal angiostrongyliasis. Pulse methylprednisolone therapy may be beneficial in cases of acute optic neuritis. The visual prognosis mainly depends on ocular pathology and parasitic migration pathway.

Long-term visual outcome and its predictors in macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion treated with dexamethasone implant.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the functional long-term outcome in patients with macular oedema (MO) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) treated with dexamethasone implant (DEX implant) and to identify its clinical predictors. METHODS: A 24-month, retrospective, multinational, real-world study. Chart review of patients with either naïve or recurrent MO secondary to CRVO/BRVO treated with DEX implant, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), demographic baseline characteristics and details of any additional treatment during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 155 eyes (65 CRVO, 90 BRVO) from 155 patients were included. At 24 months, mean BCVA did not change significantly in CRVO (-2.1±24.5 letters, p=0.96) and BRVO patients (1.3±27.0 letters, p=0.07). A worse baseline BCVA (p<0.001), visual acuity (VA) gain ≥5 letters at 2 months (p=0.006) and no need for adjunctive intravitreal therapy after first DEX implant (p=0.001) were associated with a better final BCVA gain. Treatment-naïve patients (p=0.006, OR: 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.57) and those with a baseline CST≤400 µm (p=0.02, OR: 0.25, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.63) were identified as being less likely to need additional intravitreal therapy. CONCLUSION: Clinical baseline characteristics and the early treatment response were identified as possible predictors for long-term outcome and the need of adjunctive intravitreal therapy in MO secondary to BRVO/CRVO treated by DEX implant.

Factors affecting visual outcomes after treatment of infectious endophthalmitis in northeastern Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors affecting visual outcomes after treatment of infectious endophthalmitis during 2012-2016 at a large referral eye center in northeastern Thailand. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical charts of patients with a diagnosis of infectious endophthalmitis including demographic data, types of endophthalmitis, causative organisms, methods of treatment, anatomical, and functional outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. Factors associated with improved visual outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Four hundred and eleven patients (417 eyes) were recruited for the study. The three most common types were post-traumatic (44.53%), post-operative (31.87%), and endogenous endophthalmitis (17.52%). Vitreous cultures revealed causative organisms in 41.25%. Most common Gram-positive organisms were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus 30% (36/120), Bacillus spp. 20% (24/120), and Streptococcus pneumoniae 18.33% (20/120). Most common Gram-negatives were Pseudomonas spp. 24.32% (9/37), Klebsiella spp. 24.32% (9/37), and Enterobacter spp. 16.21% (6/37). Methods of treatment were medical treatment (18.71%) and surgical treatment (81.29%), including pars plana vitrectomy with or without silicone oil tamponade (62.59%) and destructive surgery (18.71%). After treatment, visual improvement was noted in 44.6%, stable vision in 18.47%, and worse vision in 36.93%. Factors associated with improved visual outcomes were post-operative endophthalmitis (P<0.001), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (P=0.003), and initial visual acuity before treatment of hand motion or better (P=0.017). CONCLUSION: Most infectious endophthalmitis patients were post-traumatic, post-operative, and endogenous. The most common method of treatment was pars plana vitrectomy. Treatment could improve visual outcomes and at least stabilize the vision in 63.07%. Factors associated with improved visual outcomes were types of endophthalmitis, causative organisms, and initial visual acuity before treatment.

Predictive factors in the treatment of streptococcal endophthalmitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate visual outcomes and possible predictive factors in the treatment of infectious endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus species during 2012-2016 at a large referral eye center in northeastern Thailand. METHODS: A retrospective medical record chart review of patients with culture-positive endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus species was conducted. Demographic data including age, gender, occupation, duration of symptoms, time to surgery, surgical procedures, initial visual acuity at presentation, and final visual acuity after treatment were collected and analyzed. Possible predictive factors associated with improved visual outcomes were also studied. RESULTS: Forty-five eyes of 45 patients were recruited for the study. The 3 most common types of endophthalmitis were postoperative (35.56%), posttraumatic (20%), and endogenous (15.56%). At presentation, most patients (95.56%) had visual acuity of hand motion (55.56%), light perception (28.89%), or no light perception (11.11%). The 3 most common isolates were Streptococcus pneumoniae (44.44%), Group B ß-hemolytic Streptococcus (26.68%), and Streptococcus viridans (20%). Most patients (62.22%) were treated with surgical interventions, either pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotics or pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotics and silicone oil tamponade. After treatment, improved visual outcome was noted in only 9 patients (20%), and no visual improvement was seen in 36 patients (80%). Evisceration and enucleation were performed in 15 patients (33.33%). The only possible predictive factor associated with improved visual outcomes was early vitrectomy, performed within 3 days. CONCLUSION: Streptococcal endophthalmitis is often associated with poor visual prognosis. Only 9 patients (20%) had improved vision after treatment. The only possible predictive factor associated with improved visual outcomes was vitrectomy within 3 days. Early diagnosis and early vitrectomy are therefore recommended.

12-year retrospective study of Sturge-Weber syndrome and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical manifestations and neuroimaging features of patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) treated at Srinagarind Hospital over a 12-year period. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study of sixteen patients with SWS (9 males and 7 females) was conducted. The medical records, photographs, and neuroimaging studies were reviewed RESULTS: All patients had port-wine stain (PWS) involving the eyelid. Bilateral cutaneous lesions were revealed in four patients (25%). Glaucoma was the main ocular disease being diagnosed in 11 eyes of nine patients (56.25%); four eyes were finally blind. The cyclodestructive procedure and/or surgical treatment was required in four eyes. Other ocular abnormalities were refractive error dilated episcleral vessels, corneal abnormalities, tortuous retinal vessels, choroidal hemangioma, amblyopia, and strabismus. Twelve patients (75%) had neurological impairment including seizure, hemiparesis, headache, and delayed development. However the most common neurological manifestation was epilepsy (75%), which could be controlled with antiepileptic drugs. Neurological imaging was performed in the majority of cases (14 patients). Intracranial abnormalities were demonstrated in 11 patients (78.57%). These included cerebral atrophy (81.82%), cerebral calcification (54.55%), leptomeningeal angioma (27.27%), and enlarged choroidal plexus (27.27%). The ocular complication and intracranial abnormalities were usually ipsilateral to the PWS. One patient with unilateral PWS, however had bilateral intracranial lesion. CONCLUSION: Port-wine stains, glaucoma, and seizure were the most common clinical features of Sturge-Weber syndrome detected in the present study. Complete ophthalmic and neurological evaluation should be performed at the time ofdiagnosis. Multidisciplinary team management as well as lifelong follow-up is needed.

Advanced exudative retinopathy with neovascular glaucoma as the clinical presentation of diabetes mellitus and severe combined hyperlipidemia: a case report.

UNLABELLED: A 50-year-old man presented with bilateralprogressive visual loss for 5 months. Visual acuity was reduced to countingfingers in the right eye and light perception in the left. Although neovascularizations were detected in the angles of the eyes, neovascular glaucoma and rubeosis iridis were demonstrated only in the left. Fundus examination showed bilateral advanced exudative retinopathy in both eyes. Severe attenuated retinal arteries and enlarged cupping with disc pallor were observed in the left eye. Generalized eruptive xanthomas were found on the back and extremities. Extreme dyslipidemia (serum cholesterol 1311 mg/dl and triglycerides 6356 mg/dl) and diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose 325 mg/dl and HbA1 c 12.1%) were first diagnosed. The serum lipid profiles and glucose levels were dramatically decreased within a month after treatment with subcutaneous insulin injections and oral hypolipidemic agents; notwithstanding, his vision was not significantly improved, even after treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injection, intravitreal steroid injection and panretinal photocoagulation. CONCLUSION: The principle causes of advanced exudative retinopathy are severe breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier due to diabetes mellitus and altered retinal pigment epithelium lipid metabolism. In ourpatient, central retinal vascular occlusion was also the suspected cause ofneovascular glaucoma.

Spontaneous bilateral retinal pigment epithelium rips with good visual acuity.

Retinalpigment epithelium (RPE) rips commonly occur in retinochoroidal disorders including age-related macular degeneration, idiopathic polypoid alchoroidal vasculopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, high myopia andchoroidal neovascularization. Most patients have unilateral involvement and poor visual prognosis. A 55-year-old female presented with decreased vision in her right eye for one week. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 6/12 in the right eye and 6/6-2 in the left. Fundus examination revealed a large juxtafoveal RPE rip in the right eye and multiple small pigment epithelium detachments in the left. No abnormal hyperfluorescent lesions were detected byfundus angiography. High-doseoral antioxidant was prescribed. A pigment epithelium detachment (PED) in the left eye grew larger over the follow-up period. Ultimately, a RPE rip also occurred in the left eye in the 17th week offollow-up. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 6/9. Although reinvestigation was done, no other choroidal abnormalities were demonstrated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus angiography. During the observation, RPE tears were reattached spontaneously in both eyes. A considerable amount of RPE proliferation, migration, and repopulation was also demonstrated by OCT and fundus autofluorescence. After 2.5 years of follow-ups, her best-corrected visual acuity was 6/9 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left. We hypothesize that the increased surface tension of RPE is the etiology of RPE rips in this case. Furthermore, the underlying chorioretinal abnormality directly affects the visual prognosis and further studies are needed in prevention, pathogenesis and treatment.

Infectious endophthalmitis: review of 420 cases.

BACKGROUND: To characterize the causative pathogens and the visual outcomes among patients with endophthalmitis at a large referral center in northeastern Thailand. METHODS: All cases of infectious endophthalmitis treated between 1983 and 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. The patient data - including age, sex, history of ocular injuries, previous treatment and duration of the symptoms - were recorded. The ocular examination included affected side, anterior chamber reaction, vitreous haze, and presence of intraocular foreign bodies. Smears and cultures were prepared from anterior chamber paracentesis and/or vitreous tapping. Intraocular antibiotics were administered at the time of anterior chamber paracentesis and/or vitreous tapping. Vitrectomy and/or lensectomy were performed when indicated. Initial visual acuity before treatment and the final best-corrected vision were compared. RESULTS: A total of 420 cases of endophthalmitis were reviewed: 181 cases (43.1%) had ocular trauma before the infection; 135 (32.2%) developed endophthalmitis after intraocular surgery; and, 122 (29.1%) had a positive culture. Bacteria were isolated in 114 cases (93.4%) and fungi were noted in eight (6.6%). The common causative bacterium was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Combined vitrectomy and intraocular antibiotics were performed in 189 cases (45.0%), whereas 69 cases (16.4%) were treated with intraocular antibiotics alone. CONCLUSION: Most of the reviewed cases were associated with trauma and intraocular surgery. The most frequently encountered bacterium causing infectious endophthalmitis was S. epidermidis. Most cases were treated with combined vitrectomy and intraocular antibiotics. The final visual outcomes seem to vary according to the type of endophthalmitis.

Effect of cataract on electroretinographic response.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of cataract on electroretinographic responses. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thirty subjects with dense cataracts underwent electroretinogram (ERG) recordings before and after cataract surgery, using RETIport32 (Roland Instruments, Germany). The degree of cataract was classified according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). No significant eye diseases were noted in all subjects. Following the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV), scotopic, mesopic, photopic, oscillatorypotentials and 30 Hz flicker ERG responses were recorded. The mean amplitudes of a- and b-waves, pre and post-cataract surgery were analyzed using the paired t-test. RESULTS: Following cataract surgery, most of the ERG responses were slightly increased but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the mesopic b-wave amplitude was decreased significantly after cataract surgery. CONCLUSION: Most of the ERG waves after cataract surgery were slightly higher than pre-operative waves, but the differences were not statistically significant. The ERG remains a reliable guide in evaluation of the visual prognosis before cataract surgery.

Air vs perfluoropropane gas in pneumatic retinopexy: a randomized noninferiority trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether air is as effective as perfluoropropane gas in treating rhegmatogenous retinal detachment by pneumatic retinopexy. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, clinically controlled noninferiority trial, eligible patients were randomized into 2 treatment groups by using block randomization and treated by pneumatic retinopexy using filtered air or perfluoropropane gas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retinal reattachment rate and final visual recovery. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-six patients were recruited. Half (63 patients) were assigned to receive filtered air during pneumatic retinopexy and half received perfluoropropane gas. The single-procedure reattachment rate was higher for the perfluoropropane gas group (73.0%[46 patients]) than for the air group (60.3% [38]), but the difference was not statistically significant (risk difference, -12.7%; 95% confidence interval, -29.0% to 3.6%). The final reattachment rate after additional pneumatic retinopexy and/or surgical procedures was 92.1% (58) in the air group and 96.8% (61) in the perfluoropropane gas group. This result showed an equivalent effect on the final reattachment rate (risk difference, -4.7%; 95% confidence interval, -12.7% to 3.2%). Final visual acuity did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION: Pneumatic retinopexy using filtered air is associated with a nonsignificantly lower initial reattachment rate than using perfluoropropane gas but results in an equivalent final reattachment rate and final visual recovery. APPLICATION TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Air is an acceptable alternative to perfluoropropane gas when treating rhegmatogenous retinal detachment by pneumatic retinopexy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00120445.

Translimbal fixation of posterior chamber lenses.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the result of a surgical technique to insert and secure a standard posterior chamber lens through a simple limbal incision in eyes that had no capsular support or whose capsule was inadvertently ruptured during extracapsular cataract extraction. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective review of the medical records of patients who underwent translimbal fixation of posterior chamber lenses according to age, gender, preoperative visual acuity, postoperative visual acuity, follow-up period and any complications, especially those that may be related to the surgical technique. RESULTS: Twelve patients were recruited in the present study. The patents' age ranged from 31 to 77 years, with a mean of 62.58 years. There were 9 male and 3 female patients. The preoperative visual acuity ranged from hand motion to counting fingers, and the postoperative visual acuity ranged from 6/6 to 6/24 except one patient who had postoperative visual acuity of counting fingers due to a pre-existing macular hole. The length of follow-up period ranged from 3 to 12 months, with a mean of 6.17 months. There was no clinically significant lens-related complication. CONCLUSION: This simple surgical technique controls the location of the needle entry and exit to decrease the risk of bleeding and increase the chance of ciliary sulcus placement. An inferior groove was made to bury the suture knot and was sutured closed to prevent the knot erosion through the conjunctiva.

Surgical outcomes in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment at Srinagarind Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the surgical outcome for patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and to find out the factors influencing the anatomic reattachment and visual results. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective review of the medical records of patients for the following details: age, sex, time to diagnosis, time to surgery, phakic status, types, numbers and locations of the retinal breaks, macular status, presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), types of surgical procedures, anatomic reattachment and visual improvement. RESULTS: Two hundred and twelve patients were surgically treated by pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy or combined procedures. Initial anatomic reattachment was found in 157 cases (74.06%) and final reattachment in 193 cases (91.04%). Several factors including age, phakic status, number of the retinal breaks, macular detachment, PVR and types of surgical procedures have been identified to have a correlation with the anatomic success rate. Types of surgical procedures and time to surgery within 8 weeks of detachment have also been demonstrated to have a correlation with final visual improvement. However, only types of surgical procedures had statistically significant difference. Pneumatic retinopexy had a lower anatomic reattachment rate, but obtained a higher visual improvement than did other surgical procedures. Moreover, after repeated pneumatic retinopexy or further surgical procedures, the final anatomic success rate improved from 65.52% to 92.24%. CONCLUSION: Surgical outcomes for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment are comparable to other studies. Types of surgical procedures had a significant correlation with anatomic reattachment and final visual improvement.