RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Growing evidence suggests that attentional bias to, and distraction by, emotional stimuli may moderate affective states and motivation for nicotine and other drug use. METHODS: The present study assessed the effects of nicotine and dopamine receptor genotype on distraction by emotional pictures, during a modified spatial attention task, in 46 overnight-deprived smokers. RESULTS: Relative to placebo, 14mg nicotine patch produced shorter overall reaction times (RTs) and individuals with two dopamine type 2 receptor (DRD2) A2 alleles exhibited the greatest RT benefit from nicotine following emotionally negative pictures after the longest cue-target delay (800ms), but benefitted least from nicotine following positive pictures after the shortest delay (400ms). In contrast, at the shortest delay, A1 carriers did not benefit from nicotine following emotionally negative pictures but did following positive ones. CONCLUSIONS: These genetic differences in the effects of nicotine on attention immediately following emotionally positive versus negative stimuli may reflect differential excitatory and inhibitory transmitter processes related to approach (reward) and avoidance (punishment) sensitivities of dopamine-related neural networks that support positive and negative affect.
Assuntos
Atenção/efeitos dos fármacos , Emoções/efeitos dos fármacos , Nicotina/farmacologia , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Imidazóis/efeitos adversos , Marketing , Piridazinas/efeitos adversos , Retirada de Medicamento Baseada em Segurança , United States Food and Drug Administration , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Piridazinas/uso terapêutico , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Amplificação de Genes , Hibridização In Situ/métodos , Receptor ErbB-2 , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/dietoterapia , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização In Situ/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismoRESUMO
The present study examined the hypothesis that nicotine is associated with reduced attentional bias to affective and smoking-related stimuli in a modified Stroop task. A total of 56 habitual smokers were each tested on 4 days with 14 mg nicotine patches and placebo patches, counterbalanced, as a within-subjects factor in a double-blind design. A modified Stroop using negative-affect words, smoking words, color words, and neutral words was presented via computer in blocked format. As predicted, nicotine, relative to placebo, was associated with decreased attentional bias to negative words. Nicotine speeded performance during smoking-word and color-word blocks to the same degree as during neutral words and thus appeared to also have a nonspecific performance-enhancing effect. In an exploratory analysis, nicotine-attention effects occurred only in the initial presentation of pairs of blocked word pages. Nicotine also was associated with improved mood. The results are discussed in terms of affect-attention and smoking literatures.