Rapid differentiation of cystic fibrosis-related bacteria via reagentless atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry.

Breath analysis is an area of significant interest in medical research as it allows for non-invasive sampling with exceptional potential for disease monitoring and diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in breath can offer critical insight into a person's lifestyle and/or disease/health state. To this end, the development of a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective and potentially portable method for the detection of key compounds in breath would mark a significant advancement. Herein, we have designed, built and tested a novel reagent-less atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) source, coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), utilising a bespoke bias electrode within a custom 3D printed sampling chamber for direct analysis of VOCs. Optimal APPI-MS conditions were identified, including bias voltage, cone voltage and vaporisation temperature. Calibration curves were produced for ethanol, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate and eucalyptol, yielding R2 > 0.99 and limits of detection < 10 pg. As a pre-clinical proof of concept, this method was applied to bacterial headspace samples of Escherichia coli (EC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) collected in 1 L Tedlar bags. In particular, PSA and SA are commonly associated with lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. The headspace samples were classified using principal component analysis with 86.9% of the total variance across the first three components and yielding 100% classification in a blind-sample study. All experiments conducted with the novel APPI arrangement were carried out directly in real-time with low-resolution MS, which opens up exciting possibilities in the future for on-site (e.g., in the clinic) analysis with a portable system.

Laparoscopic magnetic sphincter augmentation device placement for patients with medically-refractory gastroesophageal reflux after sleeve gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: The use of the magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) in patients with de novo or persistent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after sleeve gastrectomy has not been thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of MSA device placement in improving GERD symptoms and reducing anti-reflux medication usage in patients with persistent or de novo GERD after sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent laparoscopic MSA device placement between January 2018 and July 2020 after sleeve gastrectomy. RESULTS: A total of twenty-two patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty patients were female (91%) and two patients were male (9%). All patients were taking anti-reflux medications daily to control GERD symptoms prior to MSA device placement. There was a significant improvement in the mean GERD-HRQL survey scores when comparing scores prior to (43.8) and after (16.7) MSA device placement (p < 0.0001). Majority of the patients did well without any post-operative complications (77%). Nearly 82% of patients were no longer taking any anti-acid medications after MSA device placement (p < 0.0485). There were no patients that required MSA device removals. There were no adverse events such as MSA device erosions or device-related mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: MSA device placement in patients with medically refractory GERD after sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and viable alternative to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass without conferring additional risks. We show an improvement in reflux symptoms after MSA device placement as evidenced by decreased post-operative GERD-HRQL scores, decreased anti-acid medication usage, and overall patient satisfaction with the procedure. Further prospective and comparative studies with longer term follow-up are needed to validate the use of MSA in patients who have undergone sleeve gastrectomy.

Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Metabolites in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease.

A growing body of study have documented the association of gut dysbiosis or fecal metabolites with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, it is not clear whether the phenomenon simply reflects the microenvironment changes correlated with the CKD severity or contributes to the progression of CKD. In this study, we identified the gut microbiota and metabolite in feces samples correlated with CKD severity using the Nanopore long-read sequencing platform and UPLC-coupled MS/MS approach. A cross-sectional cohort study was performed from 1 June 2020 to 31 December 2020. One hundred and fifty-six clinical participants, including 60 healthy enrollees and 96 Stage 1-5 CKD patients, were enrolled in this study. The ROC curve generated with the relative abundance of Klebsiella pneumonia or S-Adenosylhomocysteine showed a gradual increase with the CKD severity. Our results further revealed the positive correlation of increased K. pneumonia and S-Adenosylhomocysteine in gut environment, which may be of etiological importance to the deterioration of a CKD patient. In that sense, the microbiota or metabolite changes constitute potential candidates for evaluating the progression of CKD.

Differences in Specific Mass Density Between Dinoflagellate Life Stages and Relevance to Accumulation by Hydrodynamic Processes.

One previously unstudied aspect of differences between sexual and asexual life stages in large-scale transport and accumulation is density (mass per unit volume) of cells in each life stage. The specific density was determined for Scrippsiella lachrymosa cells in medium with and without nitrogen (N) enrichment through density-gradient centrifugation. Growth medium without N addition is often called "encystment medium" when used for the purpose of resting cyst formation in cyst-forming dinoflagellates; mating gametes are usually seen after 2-3 days. Significant differences in specific density were found after 2 days in encystment medium simultaneously with the observation of typical gamete swimming behavior and mating. The specific density of cells in encystment medium was 1.06 g · cm-3 ; whereas, the specific density of cells in growth medium was 1.11 g · cm-3 . Cells in encystment medium were found to have significantly increased lipid content, reduced chlorophyll content, and reduced internal complexity. The findings may explain differential transport of less dense and chemotactically aggregating gametes into surface blooms in contrast to denser vegetative cells that perform daily vertical migration and do not aggregate. Passive accumulation of non-migrating gametes into layers in stagnant water also can be explained, as well as sinking of zygotes when the storage of highly dense starch increases. Resting cysts had a density of over 1.14 g · cm-3 and would sink to become part of the silt fraction of the sediment. We suggest that differences in behavior and buoyancy between sexual and asexual life stages cause differences in cell accumulation, and therefore large-scale, environmental transport could be directly dependent upon life-cycle transitions.

Cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation in New Zealand indigenous Maori: a randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To determine whether cytisine was at least as effective as varenicline in supporting smoking abstinence for ≥ 6 months in New Zealand indigenous Maori or whanau (extended-family) of Maori, given the high smoking prevalence in this population. DESIGN: Pragmatic, open-label, randomized, community-based non-inferiority trial. SETTING: Bay of Plenty, Tokoroa and Lakes District Health Board regions of New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Adult daily smokers who identified as Maori or whanau of Maori, were motivated to quit in the next 2 weeks, were aged ≥ 18 years and were eligible for subsidized varenicline. Recruitment used multi-media advertising. INTERVENTIONS: A total of 679 people were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to receive a prescription for 12 weeks of cytisine or varenicline, plus low-intensity cessation behavioural support from the prescribing doctor and community stop-smoking services or a research assistant. Day 5 of treatment was the designated quit date. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was carbon monoxide-verified continuous abstinence at 6 months, analysed as intention-to-treat (with multiple imputation for missing data). Secondary outcomes measured at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-quit date included: self-reported continuous abstinence, 7-day point prevalence abstinence, cigarettes per day, time to (re)lapse, adverse events, treatment adherence/compliance and acceptability, nicotine withdrawal/urge to smoke and health-care utilization/health-related quality of life. FINDINGS: Verified continuous abstinence rates at 6 months post-quit date were 12.1% (41 of 337) for cytisine versus 7.9% (27 of 342) for varenicline [risk difference 4.29%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.22 to 8.79; relative risk 1.55; 95% CI = 0.97-2.46]. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that the findings were robust. Self-reported adverse events over 6 months occurred significantly more frequently in the varenicline group (cytisine: 313 events in 111 participants; varenicline: 509 events in 138 participants, incidence rate ratio 0.56, 95% CI = 0.49-0.65, P < 0.001) compared with the cytisine group. Common adverse events were headache, nausea and difficulty sleeping. CONCLUSION: A randomized controlled trial found that cytisine was at least as effective as varenicline at supporting smoking abstinence in New Zealand indigenous Maori or whanau (extended-family) of Maori, with significantly fewer adverse events.

Whole-Body Diffusion-Weighted MRI Compared to 18 FFDG PET/CT in Initial Staging and Therapy Response Assessment of Hodgkin Lymphoma in Pediatric Patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to compare whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WB-DWI-MRI) to fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in the assessment of initial staging and treatment response in pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study comprised 11 children with Hodgkin lymphoma. Whole-body DWI-MRI and FDG-PET/CT were obtained at baseline and after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Two radiologists measured the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the sites of involvement agreed upon in consensus and 1 nuclear medicine physician assessed the PET/CT. Reliability of radiologists' ratings was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1). The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of DW-MRI relative to PET/CT were calculated for nodal and extranodal sites. The patients were staged according to both modalities. Association of treatment responses was assessed through the Pearson correlation between the ADC ratios and the change standardized uptake value (SUV) between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: There was good agreement between the raters for nodal and extranodal ADC measurements. The sensitivity and PPV of DW-MRI relative to PET/CT of nodal disease was 0.651 and 1.0, respectively, at baseline, and 0.697 and 0.885 at follow-up. The sensitivity and PPV of extranodal disease were 0.545 and 0.6 at baseline, and 0.167 and 0.333 at follow-up. Diffusion-weighted MRI determined correct tumor stage in 8 of 11 examinations. There was poor correlation between the ADC ratios and the absolute change in SUV between baseline and follow-up (0.348). CONCLUSION: Our experience showed that WB-DWI-MRI is inferior to PET/CT for initial staging and assessment of treatment response of Hodgkin lymphoma in pediatric patients.

Cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation for Maori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) and their extended family: protocol for a randomized non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist (like varenicline) found in some plants, is a low-cost, effective smoking cessation medication that may appeal to Maori [the indigenous people of New Zealand (NZ)]. The RAUORA trial aims to determine the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of cytisine (Tabex® ) versus varenicline (Champix® ) for smoking cessation in Maori and the whanau (extended family) of Maori. DESIGN: Pragmatic, community-based, open-label randomized non-inferiority trial. SETTING: Lakes District Health Board region, NZ. PARTICIPANTS: Daily smokers (n = 2140) who self-identify as Maori or whanau of Maori, and are: aged ≥ 18 years, motivated to quit smoking in the next 2 weeks, eligible for subsidized varenicline, able to provide verbal consent and have daily access to a mobile phone/internet. Recruitment uses multi-media advertising. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Participants are randomized (1 : 1 ratio) to receive a prescription for 12 weeks of cytisine tablets [following the manufacturer's dosing regimen for 25 days, then one 1.5-mg tablet every 6 hours (two per day) until 12 weeks] or varenicline tablets (following the manufacturer's dosing regimen). Both groups receive brief stop-smoking advice from the prescribing doctor and withdrawal-orientated behavioural support via community-based stop-smoking counselling services (frequency, duration and mode of delivery tailored for participants) or a research assistant (six weekly 10-15-minute calls). Participants are advised to reduce their smoking over the first 4 days of treatment, with day 5 as their designated quit-date. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome is carbon monoxide-verified continuous abstinence at 6 months post-quit date. Secondary outcomes at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-quit date include: self-reported continuous abstinence, 7-day point prevalence abstinence, cigarettes per day, time to (re)lapse, adverse events, treatment adherence/compliance, treatment acceptability, nicotine withdrawal/urge to smoke and health-care utilization/health-related quality of life. COMMENTS: This trial compares cytisine and varenicline when used by the indigenous people of NZ and their extended family for smoking cessation.

A four-strain probiotic exerts positive immunomodulatory effects by enhancing colonic butyrate production in vitro.

Poorly formulated probiotic supplements intended for oral administration often fail to protect bacteria from the challenges of human digestion, meaning bacteria do not reach the small intestine in a viable state. As a result, the ability of probiotics to influence the human gut microbiota has not been proven. Here we show how (i) considered formulation of an aqueous probiotic suspension can facilitate delivery of viable probiotic bacteria to the gut and (ii) quantitate the effect of colonisation and proliferation of specific probiotic species on the human gut microbiota, using an in-vitro gut model. Our data revealed immediate colonisation and growth of three probiotic species in the luminal and mucosal compartments of the proximal and distal colon, and growth of a fourth species in the luminal proximal colon, leading to higher proximal and distal colonic lactate concentrations. The lactate stimulated growth of lactate-consuming bacteria, altering the bacterial diversity of the microbiota and resulting in increased short-chain fatty acid production, especially butyrate. Additionally, an immunomodulatory effect of the probiotics was seen; production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10) was increased and production of inflammatory chemokines (MCP-1, CXCL 10 and IL-8.) was reduced. The results indicate that the probiotic species alone do not result in a clinical effect; rather, they facilitate modulation of the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity thereby influencing the immune response.

MEF2 plays a significant role in the tumor inhibitory mechanism of encapsulated RENCA cells via EGF receptor signaling in target tumor cells.

BACKGROUND: Agarose encapsulated murine renal adenocarcinoma cells (RENCA macrobeads) are currently being investigated in clinical trials as a treatment for therapy-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer. We have previously demonstrated the capacity of RENCA macrobeads to produce diffusible substances that markedly inhibit the proliferation of epithelial-derived tumor cells outside the macrobead environment. This study examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed inhibition in targeted tumor cells exposed to RENCA macrobeads. METHODS: We evaluated changes in transcription factor responses, participating intracellular signaling pathways and the involvement of specific cellular receptors in targeted tumor cells exposed to RENCA macrobeads. RESULTS: Factors secreted by RENCA macrobeads significantly up-regulated the activity of the MEF2 transcription factor as well as altered the transcription of MEF2b and MEF2d isoforms in targeted tumor cells. Suppression of individual or multiple MEF2 isoforms in target tumor cells markedly reduced the growth inhibitory effects of RENCA macrobeads. Furthermore, these effects were linked to the activation of the EGF receptor as attenuation of EGFR resulted in a substantial reduction of the cancer cell growth-inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS: Since interruption of the EGFR signaling cascade did not eliminate RENCA macrobead-induced growth control, our data suggests that RENCA macrobeads exert their full growth inhibitory effects through the simultaneous activation of multiple signaling pathways. In contrast to a precision medicine approach targeting single molecular abnormalities, the RENCA macrobead functions as a biological-systems therapy to re-establish regulation in a highly dysfunctional and dysregulated cancer system.

Biomedical ontology alignment: an approach based on representation learning.

BACKGROUND: While representation learning techniques have shown great promise in application to a number of different NLP tasks, they have had little impact on the problem of ontology matching. Unlike past work that has focused on feature engineering, we present a novel representation learning approach that is tailored to the ontology matching task. Our approach is based on embedding ontological terms in a high-dimensional Euclidean space. This embedding is derived on the basis of a novel phrase retrofitting strategy through which semantic similarity information becomes inscribed onto fields of pre-trained word vectors. The resulting framework also incorporates a novel outlier detection mechanism based on a denoising autoencoder that is shown to improve performance. RESULTS: An ontology matching system derived using the proposed framework achieved an F-score of 94% on an alignment scenario involving the Adult Mouse Anatomical Dictionary and the Foundational Model of Anatomy ontology (FMA) as targets. This compares favorably with the best performing systems on the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative anatomy challenge. We performed additional experiments on aligning FMA to NCI Thesaurus and to SNOMED CT based on a reference alignment extracted from the UMLS Metathesaurus. Our system obtained overall F-scores of 93.2% and 89.2% for these experiments, thus achieving state-of-the-art results. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed representation learning approach leverages terminological embeddings to capture semantic similarity. Our results provide evidence that the approach produces embeddings that are especially well tailored to the ontology matching task, demonstrating a novel pathway for the problem.

Clinical laboratory and imaging evidence for effectiveness of agarose-agarose macrobeads containing stem-like cells derived from a mouse renal adenocarcinoma cell population (RMBs) in treatment-resistant, advanced metastatic colorectal cancer: Evaluation of a biological-systems approach to cancer therapy (U.S. FDA IND-BB 10091; NCT 02046174, NCT 01053013).

OBJECTIVE: The complexity, heterogeneity and capacity of malignant neoplastic cells and tumors for rapid change and evolution suggest that living-cell-based biological-systems approaches to cancer treatment are merited. Testing this hypothesis, the tumor marker, metabolic activity, and overall survival (OS) responses, to the use of one such system, implantable macrobeads [RENCA macrobeads (RMBs)], in phase I and IIa clinical trials in advanced, treatment-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are described here. METHODS: Forty-eight mCRC patients (30 females; 18 males), who had failed all available, approved treatments, underwent RMB implantation (8 RMB/kg body weight) up to 4 times in phase I and phase IIa open-label trials. Physicals, labs [tumor and inflammation markers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging to measure number/volume and metabolic activity of the tumors were performed pre- and 3-month-post-implantation to evaluate safety and initial efficacy (as defined by biological responses). PET-CT maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) (baseline and d 90; SUVmax ≥2.5), LDH, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and/or cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) response (baseline, d 30 and/or d 60) were assessed and compared to OS. RESULTS: Responses after implantation were characterized by an at least 20% decrease in CEA and/or CA 19-9 in 75% of patients. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positive lesions (phase I, 39; 2a, 82) were detected in 37/48 evaluable patients, with 35% stable volume and stable or decreased SUV (10) plus four with necrosis; 10, increased tumor volume, SUV. LDH levels remained stable and low in Responders (R) (d 0-60, 290.4-333.9), but increased steadily in Non-responders (NR) (d 0-60, 382.8-1,278.5) (d 60, P=0.050). Responders to RMBs, indicated by the changes in the above markers, correlated with OS (R mean OS=10.76 months; NR mean OS=4.9 months; P=0.0006). CONCLUSIONS: The correlations of the tumor marker, tumor volume and SUV changes on PET-CT, and LDH levels themselves, and with OS, support the concept of a biological response to RMB implantation and the validity of the biological-systems approach to mCRC. A phase III clinical trial is planned.

Developing the Quantitative Histopathology Image Ontology (QHIO): A case study using the hot spot detection problem.

Interoperability across data sets is a key challenge for quantitative histopathological imaging. There is a need for an ontology that can support effective merging of pathological image data with associated clinical and demographic data. To foster organized, cross-disciplinary, information-driven collaborations in the pathological imaging field, we propose to develop an ontology to represent imaging data and methods used in pathological imaging and analysis, and call it Quantitative Histopathological Imaging Ontology - QHIO. We apply QHIO to breast cancer hot-spot detection with the goal of enhancing reliability of detection by promoting the sharing of data between image analysts.

First-in-Human Phase 1 Trial of Agarose Beads Containing Murine RENCA Cells in Advanced Solid Tumors.

PURPOSE: Agarose macrobeads containing mouse renal adenocarcinoma cells (RMBs) release factors, suppressing the growth of cancer cells and prolonging survival in spontaneous or induced tumor animals, mediated, in part, by increased levels of myocyte-enhancing factor (MEF2D) via EGFR-and AKT-signaling pathways. The primary objective of this study was to determine the safety of RMBs in advanced, treatment-resistant metastatic cancers, and then its efficacy (survival), which is the secondary objective. METHODS: Thirty-one patients underwent up to four intraperitoneal implantations of RMBs (8 or 16 macrobeads/kg) via laparoscopy in this single-arm trial (FDA BB-IND 10091; NCT 00283075). Serial physical examinations, laboratory testing, and PET-CT imaging were performed before and three months after each implant. RESULTS: RMBs were well tolerated at both dose levels (mean 660.9 per implant). AEs were (Grade 1/2) with no treatment-related SAEs. CONCLUSION: The data support the safety of RMB therapy in advanced-malignancy patients, and the preliminary evidence for their potential efficacy is encouraging. A Phase 2 efficacy trial is ongoing.

Blending as the best compliance option for the management of radioactivity in drinking water supplied from the deep sandstone aquifer in Southern Jordan.

This paper describes management options and interventions taken by the Government of Jordan to ensure that the quality of drinking water supplied to consumers via the Disi Water Conveyance Project (DWCP) meets Jordanian drinking water standards and WHO guidelines for drinking water quality in respect of their radiological composition. Results from an initial survey of radioactivity present in water abstracted from each of the 55 wells (which comprise the operational well field) indicated an average radiological dose of 0.8 milliSieverts per year (mSv/y) would be accrued by members of the population if consuming water directly from the well head. During full scale operation, the estimated accrued dose from the well field as a whole decreased to an average of 0.7 mSv/y which was still approximately 1.4 times the Jordanian reference radiological limit for drinking water (0.5 mSv/y). Following assessment of treatment options by relevant health and water authorities, blending prior to distribution into the consumer network was identified as the most practicable remedial option. Results from monthly sampling undertaken after inline blending support the adoption of this approach, and indicate a reduction in the committed effective dose to 0.4 mSv/y, which is compliant with Jordanian standards.

Differences in pigmentation between life cycle stages in Scrippsiella lachrymosa (dinophyceae).

Various life cycle stages of cyst-producing dinoflagellates often appear differently colored under the microscope; gametes appear paler while zygotes are darker in comparison to vegetative cells. To compare physiological and photochemical competency, the pigment composition of discrete life cycle stages was determined for the common resting cyst-producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella lachrymosa. Vegetative cells had the highest cellular pigment content (25.2 ± 0.5 pg · cell(-1) ), whereas gamete pigment content was 22% lower. The pigment content of zygotes was 82% lower than vegetative cells, even though they appeared darker under the microscope. Zygotes of S. lachrymosa contained significantly higher cellular concentrations of ß-carotene (0.65 ± 0.15 pg · cell(-1) ) than all other life stages. Photoprotective pigments and the de-epoxidation ratio of xanthophylls-cycle pigments in S. lachrymosa were significantly elevated in zygotes and cysts compared to other stages. This suggests a role for accessory pigments in combating intracellular oxidative stress during sexual reproduction or encystment. Resting cysts contained some pigments even though chloroplasts were not visible, suggesting that the brightly colored accumulation body contained photosynthetic pigments. The differences in pigmentation between life stages have implications for interpretation of pigment data from field samples when sampled during dinoflagellate blooms.

Novel psoriasis therapies and patient outcomes, Part 3: Systemic medications.

The therapeutic armamentarium for patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has been strengthened by research affording more individualized treatment regimens with new therapeutic targets. In this article, new systemic therapies for psoriasis are discussed, including a review of the relevant clinical trials for novel therapeutics and their respective mechanisms of action, patient outcomes, and safety profiles. This article is the final installment in a 3-part series on agents in the pipeline for the management of psoriasis and PsA including topical agents, biologic treatments, and systemic therapies in phase 2 through phase 4 clinical trials. These systemic agents offer patients more targeted treatment regimens with the prospect of enhanced therapeutic efficacy and more favorable side-effect profiles with better tolerability.

Novel psoriasis therapies and patient outcomes, part 2: biologic treatments.

Biologic treatments have revolutionized the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α monoclonal antibodies presently are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of these conditions. In this article, new therapies that target this pathway and other steps in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and PsA are discussed, including IL-12/IL-23, IL-17, T-cell activation in antigen-presenting cells, regulatory T cells, toll-like receptors, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. This article is the second in a 3-part series on treatments presently in the pipeline for the management of psoriasis and PsA including topical agents, biologic treatments, and systemic therapies in phase 2 through phase 4 clinical trials as well as agents that are recently FDA approved. Pivotal clinical trials, mechanisms of action, patient outcomes, and pertinent safety information will be discussed for each new therapy. As our knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis of psoriasis and PsA deepens, it enables the development of more targeted therapies in the management of these conditions.

Electronegativity effects and single covalent bond lengths of molecules in the gas phase.

This paper discusses in detail the calculation of internuclear distances of heteronuclear single bond covalent molecules in the gaseous state. It reviews briefly the effect of electronegativity in covalent bond length. A set of single bond covalent radii and electronegativity values are proposed. Covalent bond lengths calculated by an adapted form of a simple expression (which calculated internuclear separation of different Group 1 and Group 2 crystalline salts to a remarkable degree of accuracy) show very good agreement with observed values. A small number of bond lengths with double bonds as well as bond lengths in the crystalline state are calculated using the same expression and when compared with observed values also give good agreement. This work shows that covalent radii are not additive and that radii in the crystalline state are different from those in the gaseous state. The results also show that electronegativity is a major influence on covalent bond lengths and the set of electronegativity scale and covalent radii proposed in this work can be used to calculate covalent bond lengths in different environments that have not yet been experimentally measured.