Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: A Review of Current Evidence.

Immuno-oncology is a rapidly evolving field with growing relevance in the treatment of numerous malignancies. The prior study of immunotherapy in dermatologic oncology has largely focused on cutaneous melanoma. However, recent focus has shifted to the use of immunotherapy to treat non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). NMSCs represent the most ubiquitous cancers globally and, while they have a lower propensity to develop into advanced disease than cutaneous melanoma, their absolute mortality burden has recently surpassed that of melanoma. Patients with advanced NMSC are now benefiting from the successes of immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibition with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we discuss the existing clinical evidence for immunotherapy in the treatment of NMSCs, with an emphasis on checkpoint inhibitor therapies. We highlight key studies in the field and provide up-to-date clinical evidence regarding ongoing clinical trials, as well as future study directions. Our review demonstrates that checkpoint inhibitors are positioned to provide unparalleled results in the previously challenging landscape of advanced NMSC treatment.

Update on acne scar treatment.

Acne vulgaris and postacne scarring are common in the general population. Even after lesions have resolved, scarring can lead to detrimental psychologic effects and can negatively impact patients' quality of life. Fortunately, there have been several recent advances in therapeutic options to treat acne scarring. This article discusses these treatments with a focus on microneedling, lasers, chemical peels, and dermal fillers.

Infantile hemangiomas: our current understanding and treatment options.

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor of infancy, affecting up to 10% of all infants. Our understanding of IH and its management has greatly evolved. The etiology of IH is unclear but hypoxia is thought to play a key role. Furthermore, GLUT1, IGF2, and HIF-1-? are thought to be important mediators. Current management options include active observation, medical treatment, and surgical intervention. The goals of treatment are preventing cosmetic disfiguration, psychosocial distress, and life-threatening complications. Infantile hemangioma should be managed with an individual, patient-centered approach. Generally, uncomplicated IH can be observed up to 18 months. However, IH should be treated in the setting of bleeding, ulceration, functional compromise, or eventual failure to regress.