Stat3-mediated Atg7 expression enhances anti-tumor immunity in melanoma.

Epigenetic modifications to DNA and chromatin control oncogenic and tumor suppressive mechanisms in melanoma. EZH2, the catalytic component of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which mediates methylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3), can regulate both melanoma initiation and progression. We previously found that mutant Ezh2 Y641F interacts with the immune regulator Stat3 and together they affect anti-tumor immunity. However, given the numerous downstream targets and pathways affected by EZH2, many mechanisms that determine its oncogenic activity remain largely unexplored. Using genetically engineered mouse models we further investigated the role of pathways downstream of EZH2 in melanoma carcinogenesis and identified significant enrichment in several autophagy signatures, along with increased expression of autophagy regulators, such as Atg7. In this study, we investigated the effect of Atg7 on melanoma growth and tumor immunity within the context of an Ezh2 Y641F epigenetic state. We found that expression of Atg7 is largely dependent on Stat3 expression and that deletion of Atg7 slows down melanoma cell growth in vivo, but not in vitro. Atg7 deletion also results in increased CD8+ T cells and reduced myelosuppressive cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting a strong immune system contribution in the role of Atg7 in melanoma progression. These findings highlight the complex interplay between genetic mutations, epigenetic regulators, and autophagy in shaping tumor immunity in melanoma.

The Cell Cycle: a Key to Unlock EZH2-targeted Therapy Resistance.

SUMMARY: In this issue, a study by Kazansky and colleagues explored resistance mechanisms after EZH2 inhibition in malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT) and epithelioid sarcomas (ES). The study identified genetic alterations in EZH2 itself, along with alterations that converge on RB1-E2F-mediated cell-cycle control, and demonstrated that inhibition of cell-cycle kinases, such as Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) could bypass EZH2 inhibitor resistance to enhance treatment efficacy. See related article by Kazansky et al., p. 965 (6).