Photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant in Ormosia arborea are modulated by abscisic acid under water deficit?

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on gas exchange and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms seedlings under water deficit and its influence on the recovery potential of the seedlings. The experiment was conducted using four treatments, being daily irrigation or water restriction without and with 10 M ABA. Seedlings under water deficit + ABA showed greater adjustment to drought, and when re-irrigated, they restored photosynthetic metabolism and water potential. ABA minimizes the reduction in the photosynthetic metabolism and water potential of the leaf, however, it does not increase the antioxidant activity of the O. arborea seedlings under water deficit. These results suggest that this species exhibits plasticity, which enables it to survive also in environments subjected to temporary water deficit regardless of the supplementation of ABA. We suggest that other doses of ABA be researched to expand the beneficial effect of ABA on this species.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do ácido abscísico (ABA) nas trocas gasosas e na atividade de enzimas antioxidantes de mudas de Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms sob deficiência hídrica e sua influência no potencial de recuperação das mudas. O experimento foi conduzido com quatro tratamentos, sendo eles irrigação diária ou restrição hídrica sem e com 10 M ABA. As mudas sob déficit hídrico + ABA apresentaram maior ajuste à seca e ao serem re-irrigadas restabeleceram o metabolismo fotossintético e o potencial hídrico. O ABA minimizou a redução do metabolismo fotossintético e do potencial da água na folha, porém, não aumentou a atividade antioxidante de mudas de O. arborea sob déficit hídrico. Esses resultados sugerem que esta espécie apresenta plasticidade fisiológica, o que lhe permite sobreviver em ambientes sujeitos a déficit hídrico temporário, independente da suplementação de ABA. Sugerimos que outras doses de ABA sejam avaliadas para ampliar os efeitos benéficos do ABA sobre esta espécie.

Photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant in Ormosia arborea are modulated by abscisic acid under water deficit? / Metabolismo fotossintético e antioxidante em mudas de Ormosia arborea são modulados pelo ácido abscísico sob deficit hídrico?

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on gas exchange and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms seedlings under water deficit and its influence on the recovery potential of the seedlings. The experiment was conducted using four treatments, being daily irrigation or water restriction without and with 10 μM ABA. Seedlings under water deficit + ABA showed greater adjustment to drought, and when re-irrigated, they restored photosynthetic metabolism and water potential. ABA minimizes the reduction in the photosynthetic metabolism and water potential of the leaf, however, it does not increase the antioxidant activity of the O. arborea seedlings under water deficit. These results suggest that this species exhibits plasticity, which enables it to survive also in environments subjected to temporary water deficit regardless of the supplementation of ABA. We suggest that other doses of ABA be researched to expand the beneficial effect of ABA on this species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do ácido abscísico (ABA) nas trocas gasosas e na atividade de enzimas antioxidantes de mudas de Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms sob deficiência hídrica e sua influência no potencial de recuperação das mudas. O experimento foi conduzido com quatro tratamentos, sendo eles irrigação diária ou restrição hídrica sem e com 10 μM ABA. As mudas sob déficit hídrico + ABA apresentaram maior ajuste à seca e ao serem re-irrigadas restabeleceram o metabolismo fotossintético e o potencial hídrico. O ABA minimizou a redução do metabolismo fotossintético e do potencial da água na folha, porém, não aumentou a atividade antioxidante de mudas de O. arborea sob déficit hídrico. Esses resultados sugerem que esta espécie apresenta plasticidade fisiológica, o que lhe permite sobreviver em ambientes sujeitos a déficit hídrico temporário, independente da suplementação de ABA. Sugerimos que outras doses de ABA sejam avaliadas para ampliar os efeitos benéficos do ABA sobre esta espécie.

Photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant in Ormosia arborea are modulated by abscisic acid under water deficit? / Metabolismo fotossintético e antioxidante em mudas de Ormosia arborea são modulados pelo ácido abscísico sob deficit hídrico?

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on gas exchange and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms seedlings under water deficit and its influence on the recovery potential of the seedlings. The experiment was conducted using four treatments, being daily irrigation or water restriction without and with 10 µM ABA. Seedlings under water deficit + ABA showed greater adjustment to drought, and when re-irrigated, they restored photosynthetic metabolism and water potential. ABA minimizes the reduction in the photosynthetic metabolism and water potential of the leaf, however, it does not increase the antioxidant activity of the O. arborea seedlings under water deficit. These results suggest that this species exhibits plasticity, which enables it to survive also in environments subjected to temporary water deficit regardless of the supplementation of ABA. We suggest that other doses of ABA be researched to expand the beneficial effect of ABA on this species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do ácido abscísico (ABA) nas trocas gasosas e na atividade de enzimas antioxidantes de mudas de Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms sob deficiência hídrica e sua influência no potencial de recuperação das mudas. O experimento foi conduzido com quatro tratamentos, sendo eles irrigação diária ou restrição hídrica sem e com 10 µM ABA. As mudas sob déficit hídrico + ABA apresentaram maior ajuste à seca e ao serem re-irrigadas restabeleceram o metabolismo fotossintético e o potencial hídrico. O ABA minimizou a redução do metabolismo fotossintético e do potencial da água na folha, porém, não aumentou a atividade antioxidante de mudas de O. arborea sob déficit hídrico. Esses resultados sugerem que esta espécie apresenta plasticidade fisiológica, o que lhe permite sobreviver em ambientes sujeitos a déficit hídrico temporário, independente da suplementação de ABA. Sugerimos que outras doses de ABA sejam avaliadas para ampliar os efeitos benéficos do ABA sobre esta espécie.

Triticale silage replaces sorghum silage in finishing of Braford heifers / Silagem de triticale substitui silagem de sorgo na terminação de novilhas da raça Braford

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sorghum silage substitution with different proportions of triticale silage on the performance and carcass of Braford heifers. Twenty-four Braford heifers were randomly assigned to four diets where sorghum silage was replaced at 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100% for triticale silage in a feedlot system. During sixty-tree days of the experiment, the feed intake, feed ratio conversion, and average daily gain were measured. The heifers were slaughtered and the effects of the sorghum and triticale silage in carcass characteristics were evaluated. The replacement of sorghum silage with triticale silage did not affect the feed intake and average daily gain (P> 0.05). Feed gain ratio was higher for the heifers that received lower proportions of triticale silage (0% and 30%) in replace sorghum silage (P <0.05). Eye loin area and fat thickness were similar among treatments (P<0.05). Other carcass characteristics, such as slaughter live weight, dressing percentage, conformation and fat classification were similar among experimental treatments (P<0.005). Triticale silage can replace sorghum silage for finishing beef heifers in feedlot system and provides similar carcass characteristics.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição da silagem de sorgo por diferentes proporções de silagem de triticale no desempenho e na carcaça de novilhas Braford. A silagem de sorgo foi substituída em 0%, 30%, 60% e 100% pela silagem de triticale como fonte de volumoso na alimentação de 24 novilhas da raça Braford, em um sistema de confinamento. O período experimental total foi de 63 dias para a avaliação do consumo dos componentes da ração, a conversão alimentar e o ganho médio diário. Ao final do experimento, os animais foram abatidos e avaliados em relação às características de carcaça. A substituição da silagem de sorgo pela silagem de triticale não apresentou efeito no consumo dos componentes da ração e no ganho médio diário entre as novilhas (P>0,05). A conversão alimentar foi melhor para as novilhas que receberam menores proporções de silagem de triticale (0% e 30%) em substituição à silagem de sorgo (P<0,05). As características das carcaças foram semelhantes entre os animais independentemente da fonte de volumoso. A silagem de triticale apresenta-se como alimento alternativo à silagem de sorgo em regiões de transição climática para a terminação de novilhas de corte, proporcionando o mesmo desempenho animal e as mesmas características de carcaça.(AU)

A comparative evaluation of methods for estimating the colostrum quality in sows / Avaliação comparativa de métodos para estimar a qualidade do colostro em porcas

Colostrum is the main source of immunoglobulins (Ig) for neonate piglets and plays a crucial role within the health and growth of the piglet. Currently in pig farming, there are still no widespread practical methods for measuring the Ig concentration in colostrum at herd level. We evaluated sows' colostrum IgG concentration using an optical and a digital Brix refractometer and their performance was correlated to an IgG ELISA test, and flow cytometry. Colostrum concentrations of IgG and IgA averaged 74.05 ± 21.37mg/mL and 20.2 ± 5.32mg/mL respectively. The mean value of the Brix percentages for optical refractometer was 26.32%, and for digital was 28.32%. The Brix refractometer measurements of colostrum samples presented high correlation for IgG content analyzed by ELISA (Optical = 0.74, Digital = 0.87; P <0.001). Considering the immunophenotyping, the values for IgG and IgA lymphoblasts indicated a highly significant relationship to ELISA (IgG=0.77, IgA=0.84; P<0.001). The Brix refractometer can be considered a useful tool to be included in a colostrum monitoring program to improve potentially neonatal health. In addition, we demonstrated that flow cytometry can be an important tool to analyze and characterize the immunological potential of sow colostrum.(AU)

O colostro é a principal fonte de imunoglobulinas (Ig) para leitões recém-nascidos e desempenha um papel crucial na saúde e no crescimento dos leitões. Atualmente, na suinocultura, ainda não existem métodos amplamente utilizados na prática de produção para medir a concentração de imunoglobulinas no colostro suíno. Avaliou-se a concentração de IgG no colostro de porcas usando refratômetros Brix óptico e digital, e o desempenho foi comparado com ELISA e citometria de fluxo. As concentrações de IgG e IgA no colostro foram 74,05 ± 21,37mg/mL e 20,2 ± 5,32mg/mL, respectivamente. A percentagem de Brix média das amostras de colostro para o refratômetro óptico foi 26,32%, e para o digital foi 28,32%. As medições dos refratômetros de Brix apresentaram elevada correlação com a concentrações de IgG medidas por ELISA (óptico=0,74, digital=0,87; P<0,001). Considerando a imunofenotipagem, os valores dos linfoblastos IgG e IgA apresentaram alta correlação com o ELISA (IgG=0,77, IgA=0,84; P<0,001). O refratômetro Brix pode ser considerado uma ferramenta útil para ser incluída em um programa de monitoramento de colostro para melhorar a saúde neonatal. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a citometria de fluxo pode ser uma ferramenta importante para analisar e caracterizar o potencial imunológico do colostro de porcas.(AU)

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com cetamina racêmica ou dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas / [Continuous intravenous anesthesia with racemic ketamine or dextroketamine and detomidine in female dogs]

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar a associação de detomidina e cetamina ou dextrocetamina, por via intravenosa contínua, em oito cadelas submetidas a dois protocolos: GCD - indução anestésica com 5mg/kg e infusão intravenosa contínua de 20mg/kg/h de cetamina; e GDD - indução com 3,5mg/kg e infusão de 14mg/kg/h de dextrocetamina. Associou-se detomidina, 30µg/kg/h, em ambos os grupos. Registraram-se frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura (TC), miorrelaxamento, analgesia, hemogasometria e eletrocardiograma, antes e 15 minutos após a MPA (Mbasal e Mmpa); após o início da infusão (Mic); a cada 10 minutos até 90 minutos (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 e M90); e 30 minutos após o fim da infusão (M120). Foi observada bradicardia em Mmpa no GCD e de Mmpa a M10 no GDD. Ocorreu hipotensão em Mmpa e hipertensão a partir de Mic. A f diminuiu de M10 a M30. Foram observados: onda T de alta amplitude, bloqueios atrioventriculares e parada sinusal. Ocorreu acidose respiratória. O período de recuperação foi de 219,6±72,3 minutos no GCD e de 234,1±96,8 minutos no GDD. A cetamina e a dextrocetamina, associadas à detomidina por infusão contínua, causam efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e anestésicos similares.(AU)

The combination of detomidine and ketamine or dextrocetamine for continuous intravenous infusion was compared in eight female dogs submitted to two protocols: GCD - 5mg/kg of anesthetic induction and continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine 20mg/kg/h; and GDD - induction with 3.5mg/kg and infusion of 14mg/kg/h of dextrocetamine. Detomidine, 30µg/kg/h was associated in both groups. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature (CT), myorelaxation, analgesia, blood gas analysis and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 minutes after MPA (Mbasal and Mmpa); after the start of infusion (Mic); every 10 minutes to 90 minutes (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 and M90); and 30 minutes after the end of infusion (M120). Bradycardia was observed in Mmpa in GCD and from Mmpa to M10 in GDD. There was hypotension in Mmpa and hypertension from Mic. The RR decreased from M10 to M30. High amplitude T wave, atrioventricular blocks and sinus arrest were observed. Respiratory acidosis occurred. The recovery period was 219.6±72.3 minutes in GCD and 234.1±96.8 minutes in GDD. Ketamine and S+ ketamine associated with detomidine for continuous infusion cause cardiorespiratory and similar anesthetic effects.(AU)

Valores ecobiométricos e índice de resistividade da artéria oftálmica externa em catetos (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) / [Ecobiometric values and resistivity index of the external ophthalmic artery in collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758)]

Foram avaliados ultrassonograficamente, pela via transpalpebral, 28 bulbos oculares de 14 catetos adultos, através de técnica padronizada pelo operador. Adicionalmente foi realizado o estudo hemodinâmico da artéria oftálmica externa pela técnica de Doppler colorido. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa Bioestat 5.0 for Windows, adotando-se 5% de significância. Com a metodologia empregada, obtiveram-se os seguintes valores para os globos oculares direito e esquerdo, respectivamente D1: 1,72 ± 0,29mm e 1,76 ± 0,40mm; D2: 9,95 ± 1,08mm e 10,6 ± 0,99mm; D3: 7,42 ± 0,93mm e 7,45 ± 0,72mm e D4: 17,6 ± 0,78mm e 17,8 ± 0,59mm. Os valores médios do índice de resistividade da artéria oftálmica externa foram 0,435 ± 0,02 e 0,448 ± 0,02 (globos oculares direito e esquerdo, respectivamente). Não houve diferença estatística quanto aos antímeros oculares em nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Conclui-se que a ecobiometria ocular e a Dopplerfluxometria da artéria oftálmica na espécie Tayassu tajacu é executável e reprodutível, desde que haja domínio do examinador em relação à anatomia e à técnica adequada. Os valores inferidos neste estudo servem de referência para médicos veterinários no diagnóstico de doenças oculares.(AU)

Twenty-eight ocular bulbs of fourteen adult catheters were evaluated through ultrasound with the transpalpebral approach, using a standardized technique by the operator. Additionally, the hemodynamic study of the external ophthalmic artery was performed using the color Doppler technique. The collected data were statistically analyzed by the Bioestat 5.0 for Windows program, adopting 5% of significance. With the methodology employed, the following values were obtained for the right and left eyeballs, respectively D1: 1.72 ± 0.29mm and 1.76 ± 0.40mm; D2: 9.95 ± 1.08mm and 10.6 ± 0.99mm; D3: 7.42 ± 0.93mm and 7.45 ± 0.72mm and D4: 17.6 ± 0.78mm and 17.8 ± 0.59mm. The mean resistivity index values of the external ophthalmic artery were 0.435 ± 0.02 and 0.448 ± 0.02 (right and left eyeball respectively). There was no statistical difference regarding ocular antimers in any of the studied parameters. We concluded that ocular echobiometry and ophthalmic artery Doppler flowmetry in Tayassu tajacu species is executable and reproducible, provided there is an examiner's domain regarding the anatomy and proper technique. The values inferred in this study serve as a reference for veterinarians in the diagnosis of eye diseases.(AU)

Secondary origin, hybridization and sexual reproduction in a diploid-tetraploid contact zone of the facultatively apomictic orchid Zygopetalum mackayi.

The production of triploids and apomictic reproduction are important processes for polyploid establishment and cytotype coexistence, but we know little about the interaction between triploids and facultatively apomictic plants. To bridge this gap, we studied the pollen-dependent, facultatively apomictic orchid Zygopetalum mackayi from high-elevation outcrops of southeast Brazil. We described the nature of the contact between Z. mackayi cytotypes and patterns of genetic diversity and structure based on eight microsatellite markers and 155 individuals of pure tetraploid, pure diploid and mixed cytotype populations. Our results revealed high values of genetic and genotypic diversity within all populations of Z. mackayi. Each cytotype emerged as a genetic distinct cluster, combining individuals from different populations. Triploids clustered in an intermediate position between diploids and tetraploids. Most genetic variance is associated with individuals within populations and genetic differentiation is high among populations. Mixed cytotype populations of Z. mackayi originate from secondary contact. Triploids are hybrids between diploids and tetraploids and likely act as a bridge. Our results point to the predominance of sexual reproduction in all populations but do not corroborate previous basic chromosome number for this species. Polyploidy rather than facultative apomixis may explain the larger geographic distribution of tetraploids of Z. mackayi.

Aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos de infecção por Mycobacterium bovis em gato doméstico - relato de caso / Clinical and therapeutic aspects of infection by Mycobacterium bovis in domestic cat - case report

Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de infecção por Mycobacterium bovis em um gato doméstico, com seis meses de idade, enfatizando seus aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos. O felino apresentava como histórico a ingestão de leite de vaca não fervido e posteriormente desenvolveu sinais de anorexia, tosse não produtiva e linfadenomegalia. Para elucidação do diagnóstico, foram realizados exames complementares de imagem, hematológicos, citológicos e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Diante da confirmação de infecção por Mycobacterium, o tratamento foi instituído por meio da associação de três antimicrobianos (enrofloxacino 5mg/kg, claritromicina 10mg/kg e rifampicina 15mg/kg), por via oral, a cada 12 horas, aos quais o animal respondeu positivamente, apresentando significativa diminuição dos sinais clínicos; entretanto, após 60 dias de tratamento, foi a óbito devido a um atropelamento. Conclui-se que a realização do tratamento em gatos com tuberculose pode ocasionar melhora dos sinais clínicos e que, embora de ocorrência rara no Brasil, essa enfermidade deve ser incluída como diagnóstico diferencial das enfermidades infecciosas nessa espécie.(AU)

This article aims to report a case of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a six-month-old domestic cat, emphasizing its clinical and therapeutic aspects. The feline presented as history the intake of unboiled cow's milk and later developed signs of anorexia, non-productive cough and lymphadenomegaly. Additional imaging, hematological, cytological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed to elucidate the diagnosis. In the presence of Mycobacterium infection, treatment was instituted by the combination of three antimicrobials (Enrofloxacin 5mg/kg, Clarithromycin 10mg/kg, and Rifampicin 15mg/kg) orally every 12 hours, to which the animal responded positively, presenting significant decrease of the clinical signs, however after 60 days of treatment the cat died accidentally, hit by a car on the street. It is concluded that the treatment in cats affected by tuberculosis can cause improvement of clinical signs and that although rare in Brazil, this disease should be included as a differential diagnosis of infectious diseases in this species.(AU)

HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 levels in the serum of HIV-infected individuals are associated to the disease progression.

AIMS: The objective of this research was to quantify the levels of circulating HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 IgG in HIV-infected individuals and to correlate them with CD4 T cell counts and viral load, as well as to determine the kinetics of those proteins during acute phase. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty serum samples from HIV-positive outpatients, thirty with high viral load and thirty with low viral load were analysed. The HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 were quantified by ELISA. To investigate the kinetic of HspBP1 and anti-HspBp1 during the acute phase, these proteins and antibodies were quantified in samples of a commercial seroconverting HIV panel. All dosages were compared with the CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and HIV viral load. The results indicated that HIV positive outpatients presented significant increase in HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 serum levels, compared with uninfected healthy. HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 were negatively correlated with CD4 counts and CD4:CD8 ratio. In the acute phase, HspBP1 became significantly elevated 15 days after HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the quantification of HspBP1 can be associated to others well-established parameters of the HIV progression. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The discovery that HspBp1 and anti-HspBp1 are associated with progression of HIV infection is new and corroborates to validate the quantification of these proteins as an additional strategy in the management of the HIV infection.

The beetle Costalimaita ferruginea (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) in Eucalyptus plantations in transition area of Amazon and Cerrado Biomes / O besouro Costalimaita ferruginea (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) em plantios de Eucalyptus em áreas de transição dos Biomas Amazon e Cerrado

Abstract Costalimaita ferruginea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) attacks Eucalyptus plants causing severe damage through netting of the leaves. Recently, this Coleoptera has been reported attacking Myrtaceae in Mato Grosso State and, studies about the occurrence of this beetle in commercial plantations of eucalypts has been the subject of researchers through monitoring programmes in the forest protection area. With the beginning of the rainy season, adults were observed causing damage in eucalypt plantations in four cities that are part of the transition region of Amazon and Cerrado Biomes. The spots where these insects were observed are located in Feliz Natal, Lucas do Rio Verde, Sorriso and Vera. The purpose of this study was to report the new occurrences and to characterize the attack period of the beetle C. ferruginea in Eucalyptus plantations in Middle-North region of Mato Grosso State, region of Biomes Transition.

Resumo Costalimaita ferruginea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) ataca plantas de Eucalyptus provocando intensos danos através do rendilhamento das folhas. Recentemente, esse Coleoptera tem sido relado atacando Myrtaceae no Estado de Mato Grosso e, estudos sobre a ocorrência desse besouro em plantios comerciais de eucaliptos tem sido alvo de pesquisadores através de programas de monitoramento na área de proteção florestal. Com o início do período chuvoso, adultos foram observados causando danos em plantios de eucalipto em quatro municípios que fazem parte da região de transição dos Biomas Amazônia e Cerrado. Os pontos onde foram observados esses insetos estão localizados em Feliz Natal, Lucas do Rio Verde, Sorriso e Vera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar as novas ocorrências e caracterizar o período de ataque do besouro C. ferruginea em plantios de Eucalyptus na região Médio-Norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, região de transição de Biomas.

Roles of auxin and ethylene in aerenchyma formation in sugarcane roots.

Although the cross-talk between auxin and ethylene has been described during plant development, the role played by auxin upon gene expression during aerenchyma formation is poorly understood. Root aerenchyma formation results from the opening of gas spaces in the cortex. It is part of a developmental program (constitutive) or due to ethylene treatment or abiotic stress (induced) such as flooding and nutrient starvation. This process relies on programmed cell death and cell wall modifications. Here we followed development of aerenchyma formation in sugarcane along 5 cm from the root apex. As a constitutive process, the aerenchyma formation was observed in the cortex from the 3rd cm onwards. This occurred despite 1-methylcyclepropene (1-MCP) treatment, an inhibitor of ethylene perception. However, this process occurred while ethylene (and auxin) levels decreased. Within the aerenchyma formation zone, the concentration of ethylene is lower in comparison to the concentration in maize. Besides, the ratio between both hormones (ethylene and auxin) was around 1:1. These pieces of evidence suggest that ethylene sensitivity and ethylene-auxin balance may play a role in the formation of aerenchyma. Furthermore, the transcriptional analysis showed that genes related to cell expansion are up-regulated due to 1-MCP treatment. Our results help explaining the regulation of the formation constitutive aerenchyma in sugarcane.

Toxoplasma gondii in milk of naturally infected dairy ewes on west mesoregion of Santa Catarina state, Brazil / Toxoplasma gondii em leite de ovelhas leiteiras naturalmente infectadas na mesorregião oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil

This study aimed to detect Toxoplasma gondii in the milk of dairy sheep in the Western mesorregion of state of Santa Catarina by bioassay (22 milk samples from eight ewes seropositive; IFA ≥256) and PCR [for the detection of agent in the brains of mice inoculated on bioassay and directly from milk (108 samples from 42 seropositive ewes (IFA, ≥64) in different lactation periods)]. T. gondii DNA was detected in mice brains inoculated with milk from eight sheep (a sample of the 45th day of lactation and seven in the collection of 90th day) and directly from the milk in samples of the second collection (90 days) in five animals. Taking into account both assays, from a total of 42 ewes in lactation and seropositive for T. gondii, 30.95% (13/42) of the animals presented evidences of T. gondii presence in milk. Positive PCR samples were sequenced and the results confirmed ≥97% identity with the membrane antigen P22 gene of T. gondii. The results showed that T. gondii is present in the milk of sheep, representing a possible source of infection to humans through the consumption of milk "in natura" and/or derivatives, besides the possibility of lactogenic transmission to lambs.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar Toxoplasma gondii no leite de ovinos leiteiros na mesorregião oeste de Santa Catarina, por meio do bioensaio (22 amostras de leite de oito ovelhas soropositivas para T. gondii - RIFI ≥256) e PCR [nos cérebros de camundongos inoculados no bioensaio e diretamente do leite (108 amostras de 42 ovelhas soropositivas (RIFI ≥64) em diferentes períodos de lactação)]. DNA de T. gondii foi detectado no cérebro de camundongos inoculados com leite das oito ovelhas (uma amostra do dia 45 e sete do dia 90 de lactação) e diretamente do leite em amostras da segunda coleta (90 dias de lactação), em cinco animais. Considerando os resultados de ambos os ensaios, de 42 ovelhas em lactação e soropositivas para T. gondii, 30,95% (13/42) dos animais apresentaram evidências da presença do parasito no leite. As amostras positivas na PCR foram sequenciadas e os resultados confirmaram ≥97% de identidade com o antígeno de membrana gene P22 de T. gondii. Os resultados mostraram que o T. gondii está presente no leite de ovelhas, o que representa uma possível fonte de infecção para os seres humanos, por meio do consumo de leite in natura e/ou de derivados, além da possibilidade de transmissão lactogênica aos cordeiros.(AU)

Intestinal intussusception secondary to enteritis caused by Pythium insidiosum in a bitch: case report / Intussuscepção intestinal secundária à enterite causada por Pythium insidiosum em uma cadela: relato de caso

We report a case of intestinal intussusception secondary to enteritis caused by Pythium insidiosum infection in a 1-year-old mixed breed bitch that died after a 30-day history of bloody diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, listlessness, dehydration, and pale mucous membranes. Necropsy revealed two areas of intussusception, one jejunum-jejunal and one ileum-cecum-colic. The first intussusception showed slight congestion of the intestinal loop, which was resolved by manual traction, while the second intussusception exhibited thickening, irregular yellow spots, and transmural congestion. Histologically, the jejunum-jejunal segment had ischemic lesions secondary and ileum-cecum-colic intussusception there was also necrotizing, pyogranulomatous enteritis associated with negative images of intralesional fungal hyphae that were well visualized by silver impregnation. Immunohistochemistry identified the hyphae as Pythium insidiosum. The diagnosis was made based on the histological changes and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. We can conclude that enteritis by P. insidiosum in dogs can occasionally cause intestinal intussusception and result in acute death.(AU)

Relata-se um caso de intussuscepção intestinal secundária à enterite causada por Pythium insidiosusm em uma cadela, sem raça definida, com um ano de idade, que morreu após apresentar 30 dias de diarreia sanguinolenta, anorexia, perda de peso, apatia, desidratação e mucosas pálidas. Na necropsia verificaram-se duas áreas de intussuscepções, sendo uma jejuno-jejunal e outra íleo-ceco-cólica. Na primeira havia discreta congestão, que foi desfeita pela tração manual, e na segunda observou-se espessamento segmentar, focos amarelados irregulares e congestão transmural do intestino. Microscopicamente, no segmento jejuno-jejunal observaram-se moderadas lesões isquêmicas secundárias à intussuscepção, e no segmento íleo-ceco-cólica verificou-se enterite piogranulomatosa e necrosante, segmentar, associada a imagens negativas de hifas intralesionais, impregnadas pela prata. Pela imuno-histoquímica, as hifas foram imunomarcadas para Pythium insidiosum. O diagnóstico foi realizado com base nas características microscópicas das lesões e morfotintoriais das hifas e foi confirmado pela imuno-histoquímica. De acordo com esses dados, é possível concluir que a infecção intestinal por P. insidiosum em cães pode causar intussuscepção e morte.(AU)

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from naturally infected Gallus domesticus in Santa Catarina state, Brazil / Genotipagem de Toxoplasma gondii isolados de Gallus domesticus naturalmente infectados no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonosis that can infect warm-blooded animals including birds and humans, and chickens are considered to be indicators of environmental contamination. In Brazil, Toxoplasma gondii has a non-clonal population structure composed of three lineages (I, II, and III), presenting high recombination, and resulting in wide genetic diversity. This study aimed to genetically characterize T. gondii isolates from naturally infected chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil region. Sera from 133 free-range chickens were analyzed by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect IgG antibodies against T. gondii. Brain and heart from 30 positive animals, based on IFA (≥ 1:64), were used to isolate the parasite using a mouse bioassay. Strain genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP using 12 genetic markers (SAG1, 5´-3´SAG2, alt. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, and CS3). The results were classified according to the genotypes based on the ToxoDB (http://toxodb.org/toxo/). Of 133 chicken sera analyzed, 84 (63.16%) were positive, with antibody titers ranging from 16 to 1024. Eleven isolates were obtained from mouse bioassay (Ck3, Ck32, Ck35, Ck56, Ck63, Ck89, Ck102, Ck103, Ck125, Ck127, and Ck128). Genotyping revealed six genotypes; three were classified as #26, #53, and #120, and three (NEO1, NEO2, and NEO3) were had not been previously described. No clonal lineages of type I, II, or III were identified. The present study confirms the high genetic diversity of T. gondii in Brazil.(AU)

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de ampla distribuição, que acomete animais homeotérmicos, incluindo as aves e o ser humano. Galinhas podem ser consideradas indicadoras de contaminação ambiental. No Brasil, Toxoplasma gondii não apresenta estrutura populacional clonal (I, II e III), ocorrendo alta frequência de recombinação, o que resulta na grande diversidade genética observada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar geneticamente T. gondii de galinhas (Gallus domesticus) naturalmente infectadas do estado de Santa Catarina. Soros de 133 aves criadas extensivamente foram analisados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) para detecção de anticorpos IgG contra T. gondii. Para o isolamento do parasito (bioensaio em camundongos), foram utilizados coração e cérebro de 30 aves que apresentaram títulos maiores que 64 na RIFI. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos à caracterização genotípica por meio da RFLP-PCR utilizando 12 marcadores genéticos (SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico e CS3). Os resultados obtidos foram classificados de acordo com os genótipos presentes no ToxoDB (http://toxodb.org/toxo/). Das 133 amostras de soros de galinha analisadas, 84 (63,16%) foram positivas, com títulos de anticorpos variando de 16 a 1024. No bioensaio, foram obtidos 11 isolados (Ck 3, Ck 32, Ck 35, Ck 56, Ck 63, Ck 89, Ck 102, Ck 103, Ck 125, Ck127 e Ck 128). A análise genotípica revelou a presença de seis genótipos, três dos quais classificados como #26, #53 e #120, e três, NEO1, NEO2 e NEO3, não descritos anteriormente. Nenhuma linhagem clonal I, II ou III foi encontrada. O presente trabalho confirma a ampla diversidade genética do parasito observada no Brasil.(AU)

Primeiro registro de Amblyomma geayi (Acari: ixodidae) em preguiça (Bradypus variegatus) no estado do Acre, Amazônia Ocidental: relato de caso / First record of amblyomma geayi (acari: ixodidae) in sloth (bradypus variegatus) in the Acre state, Western Amazon: case report

O Amblyomma geayi é um carrapato da família Ixodidae, encontrado principalmente em mamíferos e aves silvestres de regiões tropicais da América do Sul. Descreve-se a ocorrência de um carrapato ixodídeo da espécie A. geayi, encontrado em uma preguiça (Bradypus variegatus) proveniente do Parque Zoobotânico da Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Amazônia Ocidental.(AU)

Amblyomma geayi is a tick of the Ixodidae family found primarily in mammals and wild birds from tropical regions in South America. This case report the occurrence of an ixodid tick species A. geayi found in a brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) from the botanical zoo Park of the Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Western Amazon.(AU)

Multi-trait multi-environment quantitative trait loci mapping for a sugarcane commercial cross provides insights on the inheritance of important traits.

Breeding trials typically consist of phenotypic observations for various traits evaluated in multiple environments. For sugarcane in particular, repeated measures are obtained for plant crop and one or more ratoons, such that joint analysis through mixed models for modeling heterogeneous genetic (co)variances between traits, locations and harvests is appropriate. This modeling approach also enables us to include molecular marker information, aiding in understanding the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Our work aims at detecting QTL and QTL by environment interactions by fitting mixed models with multiple QTLs, with appropriate modeling of multi-trait multi-environment data for outcrossing species. We evaluated 100 individuals from a biparental cross at two locations and three  years for fiber content, sugar content (POL) and tonnes of cane per hectare (TCH). We detected 13 QTLs exhibiting QTL by location, QTL by harvest or the three-way interaction. Overall, 11 of the 13 effects presented some degree of pleiotropy, affecting at least two traits. Furthermore, these QTLs always affected fiber and TCH in the same direction, whereas POL was affected in the opposite way. There was no evidence in favor of the linked QTL over the pleiotropic QTL hypothesis for any detected genome position. These results provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of quantitative variation in sugarcane and the genetic relation between traits.

New loci of Lychnophora ericoides and transferability to Lychnophora pinaster, endangered medicinal species from Brazil.

Lychnophora ericoides and Lychnophora pinaster are species used in popular medicine as analgesic or anti-inflammatory agents to treat contusions, rheumatism, and insect bites. In this study, 21 simple sequence repeat loci of L. ericoides were developed and transferred to L. pinaster. Three populations of L. ericoides and 2 populations of L. pinaster were evaluated; they were collected in the State of Minas Gerais. Population parameters were estimated, and the mean values of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.297 and 0.408 (L. ericoides) and 0.228 and 0.310 (L. pinaster), respectively. Greater genetic variability was observed within populations than between populations of L. ericoides (62 and 37%) and L. pinaster (97 and 2.8%). These results provide information for genetic conservation and taxonomic studies of these endangered species.

Microsatellite in Aeschynomene falcata (Leguminosae): diversity, cross-amplification, and chromosome localization.

Aeschynomene falcata is an important forage species; however, because of low seed production, it is underutilized as forage species. Aeschynomene is a polyphyletic genus with a challenging taxonomic position. Two subgenera have been proposed, and it is suggested that Aeschynomene can be split in 2 genera. Thus, new markers, such as microsatellite sequences, are desirable for improving breeding programs for A. falcata. Based on transferability and in situ localization, these microsatellite sequences can be applied as chromosome markers in the genus Aeschynomene and closely related genera. Here, we report the first microsatellite library developed for this genus; 11 microsatellites were characterized, with observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.0000 to 0.7143 and from 0.1287 to 0.8360, respectively. Polymorphic information content varied from 0.1167 to 0.7786. The departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium may have resulted from frequent autogamy, which is characteristic of A. falcata. Of the 11 microsatellites, 9 loci were cross-amplified in A. brevipes and A. paniculata and 7 in Dalbergia nigra and Machaerium vestitum. Five of these 7 cross-amplified microsatellites were applied as probes during the in situ hybridization assay and 2 showed clear signals on A. falcata chromosomes, ensuring their viability as chromosome markers.

Avaliação da eficácia do fipronil em Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus em tratamentos consecutivos / Evaluating the effectiveness of fipronil in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in consecutive treatments

A realização deste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do fipronil em Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, durante e após 14 tratamentos, no período de dezembro de 2006 a abril de 2009. O experimento foi realizado em uma propriedade rural do município de Lages, SC, utilizando-se 20 bovinos mestiços charolês mantidos em campo nativo, naturalmente infestados com R. (B.) microplus. A cada 14 dias, foram realizadas contagens das fêmeas de carrapato, maior ou igual a 4,5mm. Os animais foram tratados com fipronil 1mg/kg via pour on, quando a média do número de carrapatos foi igual ou superior a 40 fêmeas. Ao final do experimento, para análise da eficácia do fipronil 1%, foi realizado o teste de estábulo, utilizando 10 animais infestados com larvas provenientes de teleóginas coletadas de bovinos da propriedade. Os animais foram randomizados, de acordo com a produção inicial de teleóginas, estabelecendo-se dois grupos: controle (n=5) e tratado (n=5). A redução da média do número de fêmeas de R. (B.) microplus nas contagens após tratamentos foi de 100% nos três primeiros, com um leve declínio até o sexto tratamento. No sétimo tratamento a redução foi de 91,3%. Ao final do experimento a eficácia do fipronil 1%, avaliada pelo teste de estábulo, na redução do número de teleóginas, foi de 79,3%. A porcentagem média de inibição de reprodução calculada foi de 22,47%. Concluiu-se que, após seis tratamentos com fipronil, média de um a cada 2,7 meses, o princípio ativo deve ser substituído e que, após 14 tratamentos, o R. (B.) microplus adquiriu resistência parcial a esse carrapaticida.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fipronil in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during and after 14 treatments from December 2006 to April 2009. The experiment was performed on a rural property in the city of Lages/SC, using 20 crossbred Charolais cattle maintained on open pasture naturally infected with R. (B.) microplus. Every 14 days, tick counts of the females greater than or equal to 4.5mm were conducted. When tick counts averaged 40 females or more the animals were treated with applications of a 1% applied to the dorsal formulation of fipronil 1mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, barn testing was performed on 10 animals infested with larvae of the Engorging females collected from the cattle on the property, for analysis of the effectiveness of 1% fipronil. The animals were randomized according to the initial production of Engorging females, establishing five animals in the control group and five in the treated group. The reduction in the average number of females of R. (B.) microplus was 100% during the first three treatments, with a slight decline up to the sixth treatment. On the seventh treatment the reduction was 91.3%. At the end of the experiment the effectiveness of 1% fipronil for reducing the number of ticks was 79.3%, assessed by the barn testing. The average percentage of inhibition of reproduction was calculated at 22.47%. It was concluded that after six treatments with fipronil, with an average of one treatment every 2.7 months, there must be a change in the active ingredient and that after 14 treatments R. (B.) microplus acquired partial resistance to this acaricide.